Programming Fundamentals

(Using C++)
Huma Israr
Department Of Information Engineering Technology
National Skills University, Islamabad.
[email protected]
Fall 2023, BS-CS
 2

Week 05

Lecture – 01
Lecture – 02
Operators in C++

Semester Calendar
 3

Class Schedule

Lab Hours (Practice)

Monday (11:00 to 01:00)

C++ Operators
 Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables
and values.
 For Example , + operator to add together two values:
int x = 100 + 50;
 Although the + operator is often used to add together two
values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add
together a variable and a value, or a variable and another
variable.
int sum1 = 100 + 50; // 150 (100 + 50)
int sum2 = sum1 + 250; // 400 (150 + 250)
int sum3 = sum2 + sum2; // 800 (400 + 400)
C++ Operators:
 Operators in C++ can be classified into 6 types:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Other Operators
Assignment operator (=)
 The assignment operator assigns a value to a variable.
x = 5;
 This statement assigns the integer value 5 to the variable x.
The assignment operation always takes place from right to
left, and never the other way around:
x = y;
 This statement assigns to variable x the value contained in
variable y. The value of x at the moment this statement is
executed is lost and replaced by the value of y.
 Assignment Operators
 Assignment operations are expressions that can be evaluated.
y = 2 + (x = 5);
 Assignment Operator could be used as
x = 5;
y = 2 + x;
 The following expression is also valid in C++:
x = y = z = 5;
 It assigns 5 to the all three variables: x, y and z; always from
right-to-left.
Arithmetic Operators:
 These are the operators used to perform
arithmetic/mathematical operations on operands.

Operator A+B Operands

 Arithmetic operators are of two types:

 Unary Operators: Operators that operate or work with a single
operand are unary operators. For example: (++ , --)
a--
 Binary Operators: Operators that operate or work with two
operands are binary operators. For example: (+ , - , * , /)
 Unary Operator Unary Operator

#include<iostream> #include<iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main() int main()
{ {
int a; // Variable declaration int a; // Variable declaration
a = 5; // Actual initialization a = 5; // Actual initialization
a=a+1; a++;
cout<<“a = ”<<a; cout<<“a = ”<<a;
return 0; return 0;
} }
Arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, /, % )
 Five arithmetical operations are supported by C++
 Arithmetic operator (+,-,*,/,%) directs the computer to
perform certain mathematical manipulations .
 +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-point data
types.
 The expression x = x+3; equivalent to x+=3;
 Similarly
x = x-5;
x -=5;
Operators
+ Addition A+B
- Subtraction A-B
* Multiplication A*B
/ Division A/B
% Modulus Division A%B
+= Add and Assign A+=B A=A+B
-= Subtract and Assign A-=B A=A-B
*= Multiply and Assign A*=B A=A*B
/= Divided and Assign A/=B A=A/B
%= Mod and Assign A%=B A=A%B
Increment(++) & Decrement(– –) Operators :
 C++ supports 2 useful operators namely
1. Increment ++ operators
2. Decrement – – operators
 ++ Increment operator: increment variable by 1
 --Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
 Pre-increment: ++variable
 Post-increment: variable++
 Pre-decrement: --variable
 Post-decrement: variable--
 Increment Operators Decrement Operators

Increment Operator adds 1 to the Decrement Operator subtracts 1 from

operand. the operand.
Postfix increment operator means the Postfix decrement operator means the
expression is evaluated first using the expression is evaluated first using the
original value of the variable and then original value of the variable and then
the variable is incremented the variable is decremented
(increased). (decreased).

Prefix increment operator means the Prefix decrement operator means the
variable is incremented first and then variable is decremented first and then
the expression is evaluated using the the expression is evaluated using the
new value of the variable. new value of the variable.

Generally, we use this in decision This is also used in decision making

making and looping. and looping.
 Pre Increment Operator Post-Increment Operator

#include<iostream> #include<iostream>
void main() void main()
{ {
int x,i; int x,i;
i=10; i=10;
x=++i; x=i++;
cout<<"x: "<<x; cout<<"x: "<<x;
cout<<"i: "<<i; cout<<"i: "<<i;
Return 0; Return 0;
} }
Relational Operators:
 These are used for the comparison of the values of two
operands. For example, checking if one operand is equal to
the other operand or not, an operand is greater than the
other operand or not, etc. Some of the relational operators
are (>, < , ==, >= , <= , !=).
// checks if a is greater than b
a > b;
> and < Operators
 Greater than operator: Represented as ‘>’, the greater than
operator checks whether the first operand is greater than the
second operand or not. If so, it returns true. Otherwise it
returns false. For example, 6>5 will return true.
A>b;
 Less than operator: Represented as ‘<‘, the less than operator
checks whether the first operand is lesser than the second
operand. If so, it returns true. Otherwise it returns false. For
example, 6<5 will return false.
A<b;
>= and <= Operators
 Greater than or equal to operator: Represented as ‘>=’, the
greater than or equal to operator checks whether the first
operand is greater than or equal to the second operand. If so, it
returns true else it returns false. For example, 5>=5 will return
true.
A >= B
 Less than or equal to operator: Represented as ‘<=’, the less
than or equal to Operator checks whether the first operand is
less than or equal to the second operand. If so, it returns true
else false. For example, 5<=5 will also return true
A <= B
== and != Operators
 Equal to operator: Represented as ‘==’, the equal to operator
checks whether the two given operands are equal or not. If so,
it returns true. Otherwise it returns false. For example, 5==5
will return true.
x == y
 Not equal to operator: Represented as ‘!=’, the not equal to
operator checks whether the two given operands are equal or
not. If not, it returns true. Otherwise it returns false. It is the
exact boolean complement of the ‘==’ operator. For example,
5!=5 will return false.
X != Y
int x = 10; int x = 10;
int y = 15; int y = 15;
int z = 10; int z = 10;
x == y // false x != y // true
x == z // true x != z // false

int x = 10; int x = 10;

int y = 15; int y = 15;
x > y // false x < y // true
y > x // true y < x // false
int x = 10; int x = 10;
int y = 15; int y = 15;
int z = 10; int z = 10;

x >= y // false x <= y // true

y >= x // true y <= x // false
z >= x // true z <= x // false
Logical Operators:
 Logical Operators are used to combine two or more
conditions/constraints or to complement the evaluation of the
original condition in consideration.
 Logical AND && ( Expression 1 and Expression 2)
 Logical OR || ( Expression 1 OR Expression 2)
 Logical Not ! ( Not Expression )
Logical Operators:
 Logical Operators are used to combine two or more
conditions/constraints or to complement the evaluation of the
original condition in consideration.
 The result of the operation of a logical operator is a boolean
value either true or false. For example, the logical AND
represented as ‘&&’ operator in C or C++ returns true when
both the conditions under consideration are satisfied.
Otherwise, it returns false. Therefore, a && b returns true
when both a and b are true (i.e. non-zero).
Bitwise Operators:
 The Bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations
on the operands. The operators are first converted to bit-level
and then the calculation is performed on the operands. The
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, etc. can be performed at bit-level for faster
processing. For example, the bitwise AND represented as &
operator in C or C++ takes two numbers as operands and does
AND on every bit of two numbers. The result of AND is 1 only
if both bits are 1.
Bitwise Operators:
6 bitwise operators included in C++.
Operator Description
& Bitwise AND Operator
| Bitwise OR Operator
^ Bitwise XOR Operator
~ Bitwise Complement Operator
<< Bitwise Shift Left Operator
>> Bitwise Shift Right Operator.
Bitwise Operators:
 Bit wise AND
a b a&b
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

 Bitwise OR
a b a|b
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
 Bitwise AND

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// declare variables
int a = 12, b = 25;

cout << "a = " << a << endl;

cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "a & b = " << (a & b) << endl;

return 0;
}
Any Question