Introduction to C++ Notes Week 1

Hello everyone welcome to the weekly lecture notes

Topics to be covered:
Introduction to C++
Variables
Data Types
Identifiers
C++ Output
C++ Input
C++ Operators
C++ Operator Precedence and Associativity

Introduction to C++
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs.
C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of
UNIX.C++ is closer to the compiler and faster than C language.
C++ is both a procedural and an object-oriented programming language. It supports OOP features
such as polymorphism, encapsulation, and inheritance. As C++ is an object-oriented programming
language so it gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering
development costs.

Variables
A variable is the title of a reserved region allocated in memory. In other words, it may be referred
to as the name of a memory location.
Syntax for Declaring a Variable:
<data_type> <variable_name>

Example:
 int x = 10; // here int is the data type and x is variable
int y = 50;

Changing values of variables: A variable's value can also be changed in the program.
Example :

int x = 10;
x = 20; // now the value changes to 20
int z = 30;
z = 40; // now the value changes to 40

NOTE: Assigning value to variable while declaring is optional.

Variables Naming Rules

Variables can start from an alphabet or underscore _ or $.
Special characters except _ and $ are not allowed.
Some particular keywords are not allowed.
Commas or blanks are not allowed.
A variable name cannot start with a digit.

Data Types in C++

Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in the variable. Hence, by
assigning different data types, we can store integers, decimals, or characters in these variables.
The different types are :
C++ int: int keyword is used to indicate integers.
C++ char: This data type is used to store a single character.
C++ bool: A Boolean data type is declared with bool keyword.
C++ float : float is used to store floating-point numbers (decimals and exponentials).
C++ double: double is used to store floating-point numbers (decimals and exponentials).
C++ void: The void keyword means "nothing" or "no value".

Identifiers in C++
It is a name given to a package, class, interface, method, or variable. All identifiers must have
different names.
Rules for identifiers in C++ are :
All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), $ and _ and must be unique.
After the first character/letter, identifiers can have any combination of characters.
A keyword cannot be used as an identifier.
The identifiers are case sensitive.
 Whitespaces are not permitted.
Examples of Identifiers in C++ are:
abc, _abc, __xyz

Output in C++
In C++, all lines that start with a pound or hashtag # sign are called directives and are processed
by a preprocessor which is a program invoked by the compiler.
#include<iostream> tells the preprocessor to include the iostream header file(file that has
some already pre-written code which we are importing to avoid reinventing the wheel) in the
program and iostream is the header file which contains all the basic functions of the program like
input/output etc.
Using namespace std is used to define which input/output form is going to be used.
(Explained in the forthcoming lectures).
int main(): This line is used to declare a function having the name “main” whose return type is
integer. Every C++ program’s execution begins with the main() function, no matter where the
function is located in the program.
Example :

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
// prints hello world in C++
cout << "Hello World in C++";
}

Output:

Hello World in C++

NOTE :
To print a new line in C++, we use endl command or '\n' command.

Taking Input in C++

This can be done using cin . cin is a predefined object that reads data from the user with the
extraction operator ( >> ) (like scanf is used in case of C language).
Example :
 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x, y;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> x >> y;
sum = x + y;
// prints sum
cout << sum <<endl;
return 0;
}

C++ Operators
Operators are the symbols that are used to perform pre-defined operations on variables and
values (commonly referred to as operands).
Operators in C++ can be classified into 6 types:
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Bitwise Operators
Miscellaneous Operator
Arithmetic Operators: They are used in mathematical expressions in a program. They function in
the same way as they do in algebra.
Example :

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x = 5;
int y = 10;
int sum = x+y; // using addition operator
int diff = x-y; // using subtraction operator
int div = y/x; // using division operator
int product = x*y;
cout << sum << endl;
cout << diff << endl;
cout << product << endl;
cout << div << endl;
}

C++ Relational Operators:

Operator Description Example

== Is Equal To 4 == 5 returns false

!= Not Equal To 1!= 5 returns true

> Greater Than 1 > 5 returns false

< Less Than 2 < 5 returns true

>= Greater Than or Equal To 4 >= 5 returns false

<= Less Than or Equal To 1 <= 5 returns true

C++ Logical Operators : Logical operators are used for decision making. This class of operators
is used to check whether an expression is true or false. Some of the commonly used logical
operators are mentioned in the table below.

Operator Example Meaning

&& (Logical AND) expression1 && expression2 true only if both expression1
and expression2 are true

| (Logical OR) expression1 | expression2 true if either expression1 or

expression2 is true

! (Logical NOT) !expression true if expression is false and

vice versa

C++ assignment operators:

It assigns the value of its right hand operator to a variable or a property given by its left
hand operator.

Operator Example Equivalent to

it is = p = q; p = q;

+= p += q; p = p + q;

-= p -= q; p = p - q;

*= p *= q; p = p * q;

/= p /= q; p = p / q;

%= p %= q; p = p % q;

Bitwise Operators :
Operator Description

~ Bitwise Complement

<< Left Shift

>> Right Shift

>>> Unsigned Right Shift

& Bitwise AND

^ Bitwise exclusive OR

Miscellaneous Operators:

S.No Operator & Description

1 sizeof
This operator is used to compute the size of a variable. For example, sizeof(p) ,
where ‘p’ is integer, and will return 4.

2 Condition ? Expression1 : Expression2

Conditional operator Condition is true then it returns the value of Expression1 otherwise
it returns the value of Expression2.

3 ,
Comma operator is a binary operator. The value of the entire comma expression is
actually the value of the last expression of the comma-separated list.

4 . (dot) and -> (arrow)

Member operators are for reference individual members of classes, structures,
and unions.
The dot operator is used for the actual object. The arrow operator is used with a
pointer to an object.

6 &
Address-of operator & returns the memory address of a variable. For example &p; will
give the actual memory address of the variable p.

C++ Operator Precedence and Associativity

Operator precedence determines the order/sequence of evaluation of operators in an expression
(analogous to BODMAS concept in math).
Associativity specifies the order in which operators are evaluated by the compiler, which can be
left to right or right to left.
Category Operators Associativity

Postfix ++, - - Left to right

Unary +, -, !, ~, ++, - - Right to left

Multiplicative *, /, % Left to right

Additive +, - Left to right

Shift <<, >> Left to right

Relational < <=, > >= Left to right

Equality != , == Left to right

Bitwise AND & Left to right

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right

Bitwise OR | Left to right

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR | Left to right

Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment += , -=, >> = , << = , ^=, | = Right to left