Chapter Three

Expressions

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 Expression

C++ expression consists of operators, constants, and variables

which are arranged according to the rules of the language.

Expressions are the fundamental means of specifying
computations in a Programming Language.
An expression is said to return a value, while variables are the

means for specifying storage

To understand expression evaluation, need to be familiar with

the orders of operator and operand evaluation

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 Operators

The operations (specific task) are represented by operators

and the objects of the operation(s) are referred to as operands

An operator is a symbol that causes the compiler to take an

action. Operators act on operands, and in C++ all operands

are expressions.
Operand is part of computer instruction which specifies

what data is to be manipulated or operated on, while at the

same time representing the data itself.

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 cont…
Operators act on operands, and in C++ all operands are

expressions.
In the expression m+4, m and 4 are operands and + is

operator.

y= ax+b

Note: All expression have at least one operand

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 C++ provides different types of operators

 Arithmetic Operator
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Increment/Decrement Operators
 Assignment Operator
 Conditional Operator
We will look at each category of operators in turn

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 1) Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform calculations.
C++ provides operators for five (5) basic arithmetic
operations
Operator symbol and name Example
Addition (+) 12 + 4.9 // gives 16.9
Subtraction (-) 3.98 - 4 // gives -0.02
Multiplication (*) 2 * 3.4 // gives 6.8
Division (/) 9 / 2.0 // gives 4.5
Remainder (%) 13 % 3 //gives 1
// gives 1

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 Arithmetic Operation cont…
Addition and subtraction work as you would expect

Divisions performed with integral operands will

produce integral results; for example, 7/2 computes to

3.
If at least one of the operands is a floating-point

number, the result will also be a floating-point number;

e.g., the division 7.0/2 produces an exact result of 3.5.

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 Arithmetic Operation cont…
Remainder division is only applicable to integral

operands and returns the remainder of an integral

division. For example, 5%3 computes to 2.
Normal mathematical rules (multiplication before

addition) apply when evaluating an expression, i.e. the

*, /, % operators have higher precedence than + and -.

Example : 2 + 7 * 3=23

(2 + 7) * 3=27
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 2. Relational operators
The operators which determine the relations among

different operands.
The relational operators are used to determine whether

two numbers are equal, or if one is greater or less than

the other.
Every relational statement evaluates to either 1

(TRUE) or 0 (FALSE).

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 Relational operators cont…
 C++ provides six different relational operators which
works with numbers and characters but not with strings.
These relational operators are:--
Example: Evaluates
1. < 100 < 50; false
2. <= 100 <= 50; false
3. == 100 == 50; false
4. > 100 > 50; true
5. >= 100 >= 50; true
6. != 100 != 50; true

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 Cont…
Note that the <= and >= operators are only supported
in the form shown.
In particular, =< and => are both invalid and do not
mean anything.
DON'T confuse the assignment operator (=) with the
equals relational operator (==).

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 3. Logical operator
Logical operators refer to the ways these relationships
(among values ) can be connected.
C++ provides three logical operators .
They are:-
1. || (logicalOR)
2. && (logical AND)
3. ! (logical NOT)

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 Logical AND
A logical AND statement evaluates two expressions,
and if both expressions are true, the logical AND
statement is true as well.
If it is true that you are hungry, AND it is true that you
have money, THEN it is true that you can buy lunch.
Thus, if ( (x == 5) && (y == 5) )
would evaluate TRUE if both x and y are equal to 5,
and it would evaluate FALSE if either one is not
equal to 5.

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 Logical OR
A logical OR statement evaluates two expressions.
If either one is true, the expression is true.
Example: if ( (x == 5) || (y == 5) ) evaluates TRUE if
either x or y is equal to 5, or if both are.
Note: logical OR is two || symbols. A single | symbol
is a different operator logical AND is && symbols and
& does not mean logical AND.

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 Logical Not
A logical NOT statement evaluates true if the
expression being tested is false.
Again, if the expression being tested is false, the value
of the test is TRUE! Thus,
if ( !(x == 5) ) is true only if x is not equal to 5.
This is exactly the same as writing if (x != 5)

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 4. Increment /decrement
operators(++, --)
The auto increment (++) and auto decrement (--)

operators provide a convenient way of, respectively,

adding and subtracting 1 from a numeric variable.
In C++, increasing a value by 1 is called incrementing,

and decreasing by 1 is called decrementing.

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 Cont…
The increment operator (++) increases the value of the variable

by 1, and the decrement operator (--) decreases it by 1. Thus, if

you have a variable, C, and you want to increment it, you
would use this statement:

C++; //start with C and increment by 1

This statement is equivalent to the more verbose statement

C = C + 1;
which is also equivalent to the moderately verbose statement

(C += 1)==(C++);

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 Cont…
Both the increment operator (++) and the decrement
operator(--) come in two varieties: prefix and postfix. The
prefix variety is written before the variable name (++myAge);
the postfix variety is written after (myAge++).
Example: Let x=5;

a=++x; //evaluated before the assignment i.e. Increment the

value and then fetch it. X=6 & a=6
 a=x++;//is evaluated after i.e. Fetch the value and then

increment the original. a=5 & x=6

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 Assignment operators
The assignment operator (=) causes the operand on the
left side of the assignment operator to have its value
changed to the value on the right side of the assignment
operator.
The expression
x = 2 + 3; assigns the value that is the result
of adding a and b to the operand x.
An operand that legally can be on the left side of an
assignment operator is called an lvalue.
That which can be on the right side is called (you guessed
it) an rvalue.
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 Cont…
Constants are r-values.
They cannot be lvalues. Thus, you can write
x = 35; // ok
but you can't legally write
35 = x; // error, not an lvalue!

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 Conditional operator ( ? )
The conditional operator evaluates an
expression and returns a different value
according to the evaluated expression,
depending on whether it is true or false.
Syntax: condition ? result1 : result2
if condition is true the expression will
return result1, if not it will return result2.

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 Example:
7==5 ? 4 : 3
returns 3 since 7 is not equal to 5.
7==5+2 ? 4 : 3
returns 4 since 7 is equal to 5+2.
5>3 ? a : b
returns a, since 5 is greater than 3.
a>b ? a : b
returns the greater one, a or b.
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 Bitwise Operators ( &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> ).
Bitwise operators modify variables considering the bits

that represent the values that they store, that means,

their binary representation.
The bitwise operators are often used in cipher routines.

If you want to make a disk file appear unreadable,

perform some bitwise manipulations on it.

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 Bitwise op…..
Operator Action

& AND

| OR

^ XOR

~ One’s complement

<< Shift left

>> Shift right

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 Operator AND

The AND operator (&) is a single ampersand, as

opposed to the logical AND, which is two ampersands.
When you AND two bits, the result is 1 if both bits are
1, but 0 if either or both bits are 0.
The way to think of this is: The result is 1 if bit 1 is set
and if bit 2 is set.
E.g.
0 000010 1
0 000011 0

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 Operator OR

The second bitwise operator is OR (|).

Again, this is a single vertical bar, as opposed to the
logical OR, which is two vertical bars.
When you OR two bits, the result is 1 if either bit is set
1 or if both are.
E.g.
0 000010 1
0 010011 0

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 Operator Exclusive OR
The third bitwise operator is exclusive OR (^).
When you exclusive OR two bits, the result is 1 if the
two bits are different.
E.g.
0 000010 1
0 010011 0

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 The Complement Operator
The one's complement operator, ~, reverses the state of
each bit in its operand. That is, all 1's are set to 0, and all
0's are set to 1.
Example:
Original: 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
One’s complement: 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
Two’s complement: 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Notice that a sequence of two complements in a row
always produces the original number. Thus, the first
complement represents the coded version of that byte. The
second complement decodes the byte to its original value.

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 Explicit type casting operators.
 Type casting operators allows you to convert a datum
of a given type to another data type.
E.g. int i;
float f = 3.14;
i = (int)f; -> equivalent to i = int(f);
Then variable i will have a value of 3 ignoring the
decimal point

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 Operator Precedence.
 The order in which operators are evaluated in an
expression is known as operator precedence.
Operators in higher levels take precedence over
operators in lower levels.

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 Level Operator Order

Highest ++ -- (post fix) Right to left

++ -- (prefix) Right to left
*/% Left to right
+- Left to right
< <= > >= Left to right

== != Left to right

&& Left to right

|| Left to right

?: Left to right

= ,+=, -=, *=, /=,^= ,%=, &= ,|= ,<<= ,>>= Right to left

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 Cont…

E.g. a==b+c*d
Firstly c * d is evaluated because * has a higher
precedence than + and = =.
Then result is added to b because + has a higher
precedence than = =
Finally == is evaluated.

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 Cont…
Precedence rules can be overridden by using brackets.
E.g. rewriting the above expression as:
a = = (b + c) * d causes + to be evaluated before *.
Operators with the same precedence level are
evaluated in the order specified by the column on
the table of precedence rule.
E.g. a = b += c the evaluation order is right to left,
so the first b += c is evaluated followed by a = b.

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 End Of Chapter Three

Thank you!!!!
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