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    Matrices

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    randeepa srimantha

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Matrices

    Uploaded by

    randeepa srimantha
    6 views27 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    6 views27 pages

    Matrices

    Uploaded by

    randeepa srimantha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 27

    INTRODUCTION TO

    MATRICES

    MS.B.S WIJERATHNE
    APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES

    • Robotics - matrices allow rotations, translations through planes to


    be easily calculated
    • Graphics/gaming – store (x,y) pairs of coordinates of
    pixel/vertices in computer graphics
    • Circuits-matrix arithmetic helps us calculate the electrical
    properties of a circuit, with voltage, amperage, resistance, etc.
    • Betting(Game Theory) - matrices allow complex betting
    combinations without separate formulae such as multiple complex
    simultaneous equations. 2
    MATRIX

    A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

    For example:

     6 2 − 1
    − 2 0 5  2 rows

      2X3 3
    3 columns
    TYPES OF MATRICES

    NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE


    Row matrix A matrix with only 1
    row
    3 2 1− 4
    Column matrix A matrix with only I 2
    column  
    3
    Square matrix A matrix with same
     2 4
    number of rows and
     
    columns  −1 7
    Zero matrix A matrix with all zero
    entries
    0 0 
    0 0 
      
    Identity matrix A square matrix with 1 0 
    1 in the diagonal 0 1 
      4
    NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
    Upper Triangular All the elements 1 2 3
    matrix below diagonal are 0 5 6
    zero 0 0 9
    Lower Triangular All the elements 1 0 0
    matrix above diagonal are 4 5 0
    zero 7 8 9
    Diagonal matrix All the elements 1 0 0
    except diagonal are 0 5 0
    zero 0 0 9

    Symmetric matrix 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =𝑎𝑗𝑖 (A=𝐴𝑇 ) 1 2 3


    2 4 5
    3 5 7

    5
    Skew Symmetric matrix 𝑨𝑻 = - A 𝟎 𝟑 −𝟏
    The elements on the −𝟑 𝟎 𝟐
    diagonal of a skew 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
    symmetric matrix are
    zero
    Orthogonal matrix A𝑨𝑻 = I (Identity matrix)

    6
    MATRIX OPERATIONS

    7
    ADDING MATRICES

    Matrices of same dimension can be added

    For Example:

     1   2  1 + 2   3 
    − 5 + 3 = − 5 + 3 = − 2
           
     2  0  2 + 0   2 

    8
    SUBTRACTING MATRICES
    Matrices of same dimension can be subtracted

    For example:

    6 2 2 − 5 6 − 2 2 − (−5)  4 7 
    2 1  − 4 0  = 2 − 4 −  =
    − 
         1 0   2 1 

    9
    PRODUCT OF TWO MATRICES
    Example : suppose A is a 3  2 matrix, while B is a 2  4 matrix.
    1) can the product AB be calculated?
    Solution : the following diagram shows that ab can be calculated,
    because the number of columns of a is equal to the number of rows of
    b. (Both are 2.)

    Matrix A Matrix B
    32 24
    must
    match
    size of AB
    34
    2) can BA be calculated?

    Solution : the diagram below shows that BA cannot be calculated.


    Matrix B Matrix A

    24 32
    different
    MATRIX MULTIPLICATION-EXAMPLE
    WITH STEPS
    • TO FIND THE PRODUCT OF TWO MATRICES, SUCH AS

    −6 4
     −3 4 2
    A=  and −B =  2 3 ,
     5 0 4   
     3 − 2 
    First locate row 1 of A and column 1 of B, shown shaded below.
    −6 4
     −3 4 2  2 ,
    A=  and − B = 3
     5 0 4   
     3 − 2 

    Multiply corresponding elements, and find the sum of the


    products.

    −3( −6) + 4( 2) + 2(3) = 32


    • This result is the element for row 1, column 1 of the product
    matrix. Now use row 1 of A and column 2 of B to determine
    the element in row 1, column 2 of the product matrix.

    −6 4
     −3 4 2  
     5 0 4  2 3 − 3( 4) + 4(3) + 2( −2) = −4
      
     3 − 2 
    Next, use row 2 of A and column 1 of B; this will give the row 2,
    column 1 entry of the product matrix.
    −6 4
     −3 4 2  
     5 0 4  2 3 5( −6) + 0( 2) + 4(3) = −18
      
     3 − 2 

    Finally, use row 2 of A and column 2 of B to find the entry for row
    2, column 2 of the product matrix.

    −6 4
     −3 4 2  
     5 0 4  2 3 5( 4) + 0(3) + 4( −2) = 12
      
     3 − 2 
    THE PRODUCT MATRIX CAN NOW BE WRITTEN.

    −6 4
     −3 4 2    32 − 4
     5 0 4  2 3 =
        −18 12 
     3 − 2 
    DETERMINANT OF 22 MATRIX
    The determinant of a 22 matrix is the difference of
    the entries on the diagonal.

    a b
    det  = ad − bc
    c d 
    17
    EXAMPLE
    Find the determinant of the matrix:

    1 3
     
    2 5
    Solution:

    1 3
     2 5 = 1(5) − 2(3) = 5 − 6 = −1
    18
    INVERSE MATRIX
    To find the inverse determinant of the matrix
    has to be non zero.(Non-singular matrix)

    a b 
    A= 
     c d 
    −1 1  d − b
    A = 
    A − c a 
    −1 1  d − b
    A =
    ad − cb − c a 
    provided
    ad − cb  0
    19
    EXAMPLE

    Find the inverse of

     3 1
    A = 
    4 2

    Solution:

      −1
         1
    A −1 =
    1 2 −1 1 2 −1 2
     =  = 3
    6 − 4 −4 3  2 −4 3  −2 
     2
    20
    EXERCISE : FIND THE INVERSES OF FOLLOWING MATRICES

     2 4 1  3 − 4   1.5 − 2 
    A =   A −1 =  = 
     1 3  2  − 1 2   − 0.5 1 
     5 10  1  2 − 10   0.1 − 0.5 
    B =   B−1 =  = 
     − 1 2  20  1 5   0.05 0.25 

     3 2 1  1 − 2   −1 2 
    C =   C −1 =  = 
     2 1  − 1  − 2 3   2 − 3 

     8 2 1  0 − 2   0 − 1
    D =   D −1 =  = 
    2  1 8   0.5 4 
     −1 0 
     2 − 8 E −1 cannot be found as det = 2  4 − (−1 −8) = 8 − 8 = 0
    E =  
     − 1 4 
    1  −1 0   −1 0 
     −1 0  F−1 =  = self inverting
    F =   1  0 − 1  0 − 1
     0 − 1
    GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION

    22
    ROW ECHELON FORM OF A MATRIX

    23
    ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS

    1. Interchange any two rows, “interchange the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ and


    𝑗 𝑡ℎ rows”
    2. Multiply every element in a row by a nonzero constant,
    say “multiply the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ row by 𝑐 ≠ 0”.
    3. Add elements of one row to corresponding elements of
    another row. Say “replace the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ row by 𝑘 𝑡ℎ row plus
    𝑐 times the 𝑗 𝑡ℎ row”
    25
    26
    27

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