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MATRICES

An arrangement of numbers in rows and columns. A matrix of type “(m x n)” is


defined as arrangement of (m x n) numbers in ‘m’ rows & ‘n’ columns. Usually these
numbers are enclosed within square brackets [ ] (or) simple brackets ( ) are denoted
by capital letters A, B, C etc.
Example

1 3 4
1 2 3 4
A= B= 2 10 2
9 10 -1 3
9 -1 3
4 2 8 5
4 8 5

Here A is of type 3 x 4 & B is of type 4 x 3


Types of matrices
1. Row matrix: It is a matrix containing only one row and several columns .It is also
called as row vector.
Example:
[1 3 7 9 6]

(1 x 5) matrix called row vector.


2. Column matrix: It is a matrix containing only one column. It is also known as
column vector.

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Example:
4
1 (3x1)
3. Square matrix: A matrix is called as square matrix, if the number of rows is equal to
number of columns.

4 2 4
1 9 8
6 5 2
Example
The elements a 11 , a 22 , a 33 etc fall along the diagonal & this is called a leading
diagonal (or) principal diagonal of the matrix.

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4. Trace of the matrix
It is defined as the sum of the elements along the leading diagonal.
In this above matrix the trace of the matrix is
4 + 9 + 2 = 15.
5. Diagonal matrix
It is a square matrix in which all the elements other than in the leading diagonals
are zero’s.

1 0 0

Eg: 0 2 0
0 0 3

6.Scalar matrix
It is a diagonal matrix in which all the elements in the leading diagonal are same.

2 0 0
0 2 0
Eg:
0 0 2

7. Unit matrix or identify matrix


It is a diagonal matrix, in which the elements along the leading diagonal are
equal to one. It is denoted by I

1 0 0
I=
0 1 0
0 0 1

8. Zero matrix (or) Non-matrix


It is matrix all of whole elements are equal to zero denoted by “O”

0 0 0 0 0
Eg: O= 2x3 O= 2x2
0 0 0 0 0

9. Triangular matrix
There are two types. 1. Lower Triangular Matrix 2. Upper Triangular Matrix.

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Lower Triangular matrix
It is a square matrix in which all the elements above the leading diagonal are
zeros.

1 0 0
Eg: 3 1 0
4 6 2

Upper Triangular matrix


Square matrix in which all the elements below the leading diagonal are zeros

5 2 6

Eg: 0 1 3

0 4
0

10. Symmetric matrix

aij = aijA = {a ij } said i = 1 to n ;


A square matrix j = 1 to n said
to symmetric, if for all i and j.

1 3 4
Eg: 3 6 -5
4 -5 2

11. Skew symmetric matrix


aijn=, -aj ji= 1 to n is called skew symmetric, if
A square matrix A = {a ij } i = 1 to
for all i & j. Here a ii = 0 for all i

0 3 -4
-3 0 5
Eg:
4 -5 0

Algebra of matrices
1. Equality of matrices
Two matrices A & B are equal, if and only if,
(i) Both A & B are of the same type
(ii) Every element of ‘B’ is the same as the corresponding element of ‘A’.

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Example
1.
1 3 4
1 2 3 4
A= B= 2 10 2
9 10 -1 3
9 -1 3
4 2 8 5
4 8 5

Here order of matrix A is not same as order matrix B, the two matrices are not
equal.
A ≠ B
2. Find the value of a and b given
4 5 4 5
a =
 b 3 2 
Solution:
The given matrices are equal
∴ a = 3, b = 2

2. Addition of matrices
Two matrices A & B can be added if and only if,
(i) Both are of the same type.
(ii) The resulting matrix of A & B is also of same type and is obtained by
adding the all elements of ‘A’ to the corresponding elements of ‘B’.
Example
4 5  2 3
1. Find  +
5  6 2 1 
Solution
4 5  2 3 4 + 2 5 + 3 6 8
5 +
6 2 1  5 + 2 6 + 1  7 7 
= =

3. Subtraction of the matrices
This can be done, when both the matrices are of same type.
(A-B) is obtained by subtracting the elements of ‘A’ with corresponding elements of ‘B’.
Example
4 5  2 3
1. Find  −
5  6 2 1 

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Solution
4 5  2 3 4 − 2 5 − 3 2 2
5 −
6 2 1  5 − 2 6 − 1  3 5 
= =

4. Multiplication of matrix
They are of two types : 1. By a scalar K B.
2. By a matrix A x B.
i) Scalar multiplication
To multiply a matrix ‘A’ by a scalar ‘K’, then multiply every element of a matrix
‘A’ by that scalar.
Example
4 5
1. Find 2 
5 6
Solution:
4 5  8 10
2
6 10 12
=
5
ii) Matrix Multiplication
Two matrices A & B can be multiplied to form the matrix product AB, if and only if
the number of columns of 1st matrix A is equal to the number of rows of 2nd matrix B.
If A is an (m x p) and B is an (p x n) then the matrix product AB can be formed. AB is a
matrix by (m x n).
In this case the matrices A and B are said to be conformable for matrix
multiplication.
Example

1. Find 2 3 6 4
4 5 2 -3
Solution

2 3 6 4
2 × 6 + 3 × 2 2 × 4 + 3 × −3
= 
4 × 4 + 5 × −3
4 5 2 -3
4 × 6 + 5 × 2

12 + 6 8 + −9 
=
24 + 10 16 + −15

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18 −1
=
34 1 
Note: The matrix product AB is different from the matrix product BA.

1. The matrix AB can be formed but not BA


Eg: A is a (2 x 3) matrix
B is a (3 x 5) matrix
AB alone can be formed and it is a (2 x 5) matrix.

2. Even if AB & BA can be formed, they need not be of same type.


Eg: A is a (2 x 3) matrix
B is a (3 x 2) matrix
AB can be formed and is a (2 x 2) matrix
BA can be formed and is a (3x 3) matrix

3. Even if AB & BA are of the same type, they needn’t be equal. Because, they need not
be identical.
Eg: A is a (3 x 3) matrix
B is a (3 x 3) matrix
AB is a (3 x 3) matrix
BA is a (3x 3) matrix
AB ≠ BA
The multiplication of any matrix with null matrix the resultant matrix is also a null
matrix.
When any matrix (ie.) A is multiplied by unit matrix; the resultant matrix is ‘A’
itself.
Transpose of a matrix
The Transpose of any matrix (‘A’) is obtained by interchanging the rows &
columns of ‘A’ and is denoted by AT. If A is of type (m x n), then AT is of type (n x m).

Eg: A = 2 3
2 1 4
1 0 AT =
3 0 5
4 5 (3 x 2) (2 x 3)

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Properties of transpose of a matrix
1) (AT)T = A
2) (AB)T = BT AT is known as the reversal Law of Transpose of product of two
matrices.
DETERMINANTS
Every square matrix A of order n x n with entries real or complex there exists a
number called the determinant of the matrix A denoted by by Aor det (A). The
determinant formed by the elements of A is said to be the determinant of the matrix A..
Consider the 2nd order determinant.
a1 b1
A  = = a1 b2 – a2 b1
a2 b2

Eg: 4 3
A  = = 0-3 = -3
1 0

Consider the 3rd order determinant,

a1 b1 c1

A  = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

This can be expanded along any row or any column. Usually we expand by the
1st row. On expanding along the 1st row

b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
A  = a1 b 3 c3
- b1 a3 c3
+ c1 a3 b3

Minors
Let A = ( a ij )be a determinant of order n. The minor of the element a ij is the

determinant formed by deleting ith row and jth column in which the element belongs and

the cofactor of the element is Aij = (− i )i + j M ij where M is the minor of ith row and jth

column .
Example 1 Calculate the determinant of the following matrices.

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1 2 3 
 
(a)  3 2 4 
1 −1 
 3 
Solution
1 2 3
2 4 3 4 3 2
3 2 4 =1 −2 +3
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 1(−2 − 12) − 2(−3 − 4) + 3(9 − 2)
= − 14 + 14 + 21 = 21

Singular and Non-Singular Matrices:


Definition
A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be singular if, A  = 0 and it is called non-
singular if A  ≠ 0.
Note
Only square matrices have determinants.
2 4 3
Example: Find the solution for the matrix A = 5 1 0
7 5 3

2 4 3
1 0 5 0 5 1
5 1 0 =2 −4 +3
5 3 7 3 7 5
7 5 3
= 2(3 − 0) − 4(15 − 0) + 3(25 − 7)
= 6 − 60 + 54 = 0
Here A  = 0 .So the given matrix is singular
Properties of determinants
1. The value of a determinant is unaltered by interchanging its rows and columns.
Example

1 2 3
Let A = 3
 2 4 then
1 3 −1

1 2 3
2 4 3 4 3 2
det ( A) = 3 2 4 =1 −2 +3
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 1( −2 − 12) − 2( −3 − 4) + 3(9 − 2)
= − 14 + 14 + 21 = 21

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Let us interchange the rows and columns of A. Thus we get new matrix A1.
Then
1 3 1
2 3 2 3 2 2
det ( A1 ) = 2 2 3 =1 −3 +1
4 −1 3 −1 3 4
3 4 −1
= 1(−2 − 12) − 3(−2 − 9) + 1(8 − 6)
= − 14 + 33 + 2 = 21
Hence det (A) = det (A1 ).
2. If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are interchanged the determinant
changes its sign but its numerical value is unaltered.
Example

1 2 3
Let A = 3
 2 4 then
1 3 −1

1 2 3
2 4 3 4 3 2
det ( A) = 3 2 4 =1 −2 +3
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 1( −2 − 12) − 2( −3 − 4) + 3(9 − 2)
= − 14 + 14 + 21 = 21
Let A1 be the matrix obtained from A by interchanging the first and second row. i.e R1
and R2.
Then
3 2 4
2 3 1 3 1 2
det ( A1 ) = 1 2 3 =3 −2 +4
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 3(−2 − 9) − 2(−1 − 3) + 4(3 − 2)
= − 33 + 8 + 4 = −21
Hence det (A) = - det (A1 ).

3. If two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical then the value of the
terminant is zero.
Example

1 1 3
Let A = 3
 3 4 then
1 1 −1

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1 1 3
3 4 3 4 3 3
det ( A) = 3 3 4 =1 −1 +3
1 −1 1 −1 1 1
1 1 −1
= 1(−3 − 4) − 1(−3 − 4) + 3(3 − 3)
=− 7 + 7 + 0 = 0
Hence det ( A) = 0
4. If every element in a row ( or column) of a determinant is multiplied by a
constant “k” then the value of the determinant is multiplied by k.
Example

1 2 3
Let A = 3
 2 4 then
1 3 −1

1 2 3
2 4 3 4 3 2
det ( A) = 3 2 4 =1 −2 +3
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 1( −2 − 12) − 2( −3 − 4) + 3(9 − 2)
= − 14 + 14 + 21 = 21
Let A1 be the matrix obtained by multiplying the elements of the first row by 2 (ie. here k
=2) then
2 (1) 2(2 ) 2 (3)
2 4 3 4 3 2
det ( A1 ) = 3 2 4 = 2 ×1 − 2× 2 + 2×3
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 2[1(−2 − 12) − 2(−3 − 4) + 3(9 − 2)]
= 2 [− 14 + 14 + 21] = 2(21)
Hence det (A) = 2 det (A1 ).
5. If every element in any row (column) can be expressed as the sum of two
quantities then given determinant can be expressed as the sum of two
determinants of the same order with the elements of the remaining rows
(columns) of both being the same.
Example

1 + 2 2+4 3 + 6
Let A = 3
 2 4  then
1 3 −1 

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1+ 2 2+4 3+ 6 1 2 3 2 4 6
det ( A) = 3 2 4 =3 2 4+3 2 4
1 3 −1 1 3 −1 1 3 −1
= det ( M 1) + det ( M 2)

1 2 3
2 4 3 4 3 2
det ( M 1) = 3 2 4 =1 −2 +3
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 1( −2 − 12) − 2( −3 − 4) + 3(9 − 2)
= − 14 + 14 + 21 = 21

2 4 6
2 4 3 4 3 2
det ( M 2) = 3 2 4 =2 −4 +6
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 2(−2 − 12) − 4(−3 − 4) + 6(9 − 2)
= − 28 + 28 + 42 = 42
det ( A) = det ( M 1) + det ( M 2)
Hence det ( A) = 21 + 42 = 63
6. A determinant is unaltered when to each element of any row (column) is added
to those of several other rows (columns) multiplied respectively by constant
factors.
Example

1 2 3
Let A = 3
 2 4 then
1 3 −1

1 2 3
2 4 3 4 3 2
det ( A) = 3 2 4 =1 −2 +3
3 −1 1 −1 1 3
1 3 −1
= 1(−2 − 12) − 2(−3 − 4) + 3(9 − 2)
= − 14 + 14 + 21 = 21
Let A1 be a matrix obtained when the elements C 1 of A are added to those of second
column and third column multiplied respectively by constants 2 and 3. Then

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1 + 2(2) + 3(3) 2 3 1 2 3 2(2) 2 3 3(3) 2 3
det ( A1 ) = 3 + 2(2) + 3(4) 2 4 =3 2 4 + 2(2) 2 4 + 3(4) 2 4
1 + 2(3) + 3(−1) 3 −1 1 3 −1 2(3) 3 −1 3(−1) 3 −1
1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3
=3 2 4 +22 2 4 +34 2 4
1 3 −1 3 3 −1 −1 3 −1
= 1(−2 − 12) − 2(−3 − 4) + 3(9 − 2) + 2(0) + 3(0)
= − 14 + 14 + 21 = 21

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