Department of Social Statistics

SST/BST 2213 – Advanced Mathematics

Matrices
Unit – 03

Definitions:

A matrix is a rectangular array of objects (called element) i.e. a collection of objects

arranged in rows and columns:

 4 6  2 4 6
Example: A =   B = 
5 2 7 8 9 

 a11 a12 ...........a1 j a1n 

 
 a21 a22 ...........aq a2 n 
 a ............................
 31 
(a )
i j mn =  ai1 
 
 
a 
 m1 amn mn

Dimension of the matrix

The dimension (order) of a matrix is an ordered pair of numbers, the first being the
number of rows and the second the number of columns.

1 2   2 7 4
A =   B =  
 5 2  22  6 3 9  23
7 Order of the matrix
 
C = 8  D = (4 2 6)13
9
 31

Types of Matrices

01. Row matrix

If a matrix has only one row then it’s called a “Row matrix” or “Row vector”
Examples: (1 6 − 9)13 (3 − 2 5 − 2.5)14

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02. Column matrix

If a matrix has only one, column, then it is called a “Column matrix” or “Column
vector”

 −2.5 
1   
   2  −0.5 
2
Examples:      4 
1 21
 3 31  
 18 41

03. Square matrix

A square matrix is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns

 1 2 − 1
 2 − 5  
Examples:   5 4 7 
 0 1  22 6 5 1 
 33

04. Diagonal Matrix

When all the elements except the diagonal elements of a square matrix are zero it’s
called a “Diagonal matrix”

 2 0 0
 
Examples:  0 3 0  Main Diagonal
 0 0 4
 32

05. Null matrix (Zero matrix)

When all the elements of the matrix are zero it’s called a “Null matrix”

0 0
Examples:   (0 0 0 0)14
 0 0  22

06. Identity matrix / Unit matrix (I)

All the non-zero elements of a diagonal matrix are equal to “1” then it’s called an
“Identity matrix”

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 1 0 0
1 0  
Examples:   0 1 0
 0 1 22 0 0 1
 33

07. Upper triangular matrix

When all the elements lie below the diagonal of a square matrix are zero then it’s called
an “upper triangular matrix”

1 2 3
 
Examples:  0 6 2 
0 0 4
 33

08. Lower triangular matrix

When all the elements lie above the diagonal of a square matrix are zero then it’s called
an “lower triangular matrix”

 1 0 0
 
Examples:  4 2 0 
5 6 1
 33

Equality of the matrices

For two matrices to be equal, they must be of the same size. Corresponding elements
should be equal

 x y a b
A =   B =  
Examples: z t  c d 
If A = B then x = a, y = b, z = c, t = d

Following matrices cannot be the same, since they are not the same size

1 2 
 
3 4 x y z
A =  B =  
5 6  a b c 23
 
 7 8 42

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Law of matrix algebra

A, B and C are matrices

k and m are scalars

1. A+B = B+A
2. A+ (B+C) = (A+B) +C
3. A (BC) = (AB) C
4. A (B+C) = AB+AC
5. (B+C) A = BA+CA
6. A (B-C) = AB –AC
7. (B-C) A = BA –CA
8. k (B-C) = kB-kC
9. (k+m) C = kC+mC
10. k (mC) = (km) C
11. (k-m) C = kC-mC
12. k (AB) = (kA) B = AkB

Addition (Subtraction) of two matrices

Only matrices of the same order may be added by adding corresponding elements.

 2 0 − 1 0 5 1 
If A =   and B =  
1 2 3 23  4 1 − 1 23
Then
 2 5 0
A+ B =  
 5 3 2 23
However
3 6
If C =   then
5 0

A+C is not defined since A and C are in different dimensions

 2 − 5 − 2
A− B =  
 −3 1 4 23

Scalar multiplication of a matrix

The scalar multiple of a real number k and a matrix A is another matrix (denoted by
kA). Obtained by multiplying every elements of A by k.

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Example:
1 3 5 
If A =  
2 − 1 0 23
1 3 5  5 15 25 
5A =5   = 
2 − 1 0 23 10 − 5 0 23
1 3 5  −2 − 6 − 10 
−2 A = −2   = 
 2 −1 0  −4 2 0 23

Exercise - 01
01. A, B, C and D are matrices in order 3  3 and find the following

(i) A+2B (ii) A-2B (iii) C-A (iv) D+B-2A

 2 −1 3   −1 2 4   0 7 5  − 6 3 5
       
A =  0 4 11 B= 3 6 0  C =  9 1 3 D =  0 1 2
6 2 5   8 12 − 7   8 2 1  7 4 3
  33   33   33   33

Transpose of a matrix

The transpose of a matrix A is can be denoted by At and the corresponding matrix can
be obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A i.e. the first row of A
becomes the First column of At , while the first column of A becomes the first row of At .
If A is m×n, then At is n×m
1 4 
1 2 3   
Example: If A =   A t
=  2 5 
 4 5 −1  3 −1 
 
Properties of matrix transposes

01. (A ) t t
= A
02. ( A + B )t = At + B t
( kA) = kAt Where k is a scalar
t
03.
04. ( AB )t = B t At

Symmetric matrix

A symmetric matrix is a square matrix which the transpose of the given matrix is equal
to the first matrix.
t
A= A
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  1 −1 0   1 −1 0 
   
Example: A =  −1 2 3  At =  −1 2 3 
 0 3 4  0 3 4
 33  33

Here A = At
Therefore A is a symmetric matrix

Skew Symmetric matrix

If (−1)A = At then square matrix A is said to be the skew symmetric matrix

Example:
 0 − 1  0 1
A =   At =  
1 0   −1 0

(− 1)A = − 
0 1  0 1
 =  
 −1 0  −1 0
− A = At

Therefore, A is a skew symmetric matrix

Matrix multiplication

Assume that A is a matrix of order m×n is to be a multiplied by a matrix B of order k×s.

then the matrix product AB is defined if and only if the number of columns of A equal
to the number of rows of B, ie, = n=k. If the multiplication performed, the resulting
matrix will be a matrix of order m×s.

m n ks n=k

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Example:

2 −4  0
A=  and B=  
3 1  22  2  21
1 2 5
 
C = 0 1 3
2 1 2 33

c1 c1
r  2 −4  0 r1  2  0 + −4  2   −8 
AB = 1   = =
r2  3 1 22  2 21 r2  3  0 + 1 2   2 21

But AC is not defined because A has 02 columns and C has 03 rows

 2 −1
 3 2 1  
Let A=  and B =  3 2 
 4 1 5 23  −1 0 
 32
11 1 
AB =  
 6 −2 22

Order of matrix is very important when multiplying the two matrices together.

 2 −1 
   3 2 1
BA =  3 2   
 −1 0   4 1 5 23
 32
 2 3 −3 
 
BA =  17 8 13 
 −3 − 2 − 1
 33
AB  BA

Here A B is 2×2 and B A is 3×3

Note: Even when AB and BA have the same dimension, they may still not be equal

Example:
11
If A =   and
 2 3
3 0
B =   then
1 5 
 45  33 
AB =    BA =  
 9 1 5 11 16 

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Exercise - 02

21 
  1 2  2 3  −0.5 − 0.5 
01. Let A = 3 4  B =   C =  D= 
 −2 1 3 2  −5 4   0.75 − 0.75 
 

And from the following matrix products (for those are not possible, state why)

(a) AB (b) BA (c) BC (d) CB (e) AD

Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called Idempotent If A2 = A

Example:
 − 1 1 − 1
 
A =  3 −3 3 
 5 −5 5 
 
 − 1 1 − 1
 
A2 =  3 − 3 3 
 5 −5 5 
 
Here A2 = A

Therefore, A is an Idempotent Matrix

Exercise - 03

 1 −1  2
A= B =   C = ( 0 1 −2 ) Find the ( ABC )
t
01. 
0 1   3

02. If X = (1 2 ) Y = ( 3 − 4 )

 0 1  4 2
A =   and B =   find
 − 2 3 7 5
(a) AB (b) At Bt (c) 3 A + 4B (d) 2B − At (e) X ( AB ) Y t

 2 − 1
03. A =  
3 1 

(a) Find A2 (b) Find A3

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