Questions for Practice

Quiz 2 (Week1-6)
(selected questions from
AQ, PA, GA and SWI)
Compiled by Venu Madhav A

Note: 1. Solutions provided are may vary, are provided to best of my knowledge
2. Revision Timeline: Week1: 4:50 Week2: 22:22 Week3: 1:07:25 1:30:03 Week4:
2:13:18
Week1:
Q1) Which of the following is true about machine learning?

It is a study of algorithms that improve through the use of data.

It is a sub field of AI that extracts patterns out of raw data.
It allows computers to learn from experience without being explicitly pro-
grammed or human intervention.
It is used for tasks where programming/human labour fails.
All of these

Q2) Mark all incorrect statements in the following

1(355%2 = 1) = 1
1(788%2 = 1) = 0
1(355%2 = 0) = 1
1(788%2 = 0) = 1

Q3) Which of the following is false regarding supervised and unsupervised

machine learning?

a. Unsupervised machine learning helps you to find different kinds of

unknown patterns in data.
b. Regression and classification are two types of supervised machine
learning techniques while clustering and density estimation are two types
of unsupervised learning.
c. In unsupervised learning model, the data contains both input and output
variables while in supervised learning model, the data contains only input
data
Q4) Consider the following data set where each data point consists of three

features x₁, x₂, x₃

The reconstruction loss of the encoder decoder pair is the mean of the squared
distance between the actual input and reconstructed input.

a. Loss for pair 1: ___________________

b. Loss for pair 2: ___________________

Q5) Consider an encoder W and decoder Wᵀ functions given below:

Compress a data point x = [1,2,3,4]ᵀ to obtain u and reconstruct x' from u. How
close is the reconstruction to the original?________________________

Q6) f(x₁, x₂, x₃) = (x₁+2 x₂)/3​is used as encoder function and g(u)=[u,2u,3u] is used
as decoder function for dimensionality reduction of following data set.
Give the reconstruction error for this encoder decoder pair. The reconstruction
error is the mean of the squared distance between actual input and
reconstructed input.____________________

Q7) The encoder and decoder functions expressed as

to reduce the dimension of the data set given below:

What is the loss obtained for the model? _______________________

Q8) Consider the following input data points:

a. Loss for pair g: ___________________

b. Loss for pair h: ___________________
Q9)The table below shows the original labels and predicted labels (classes) of
some Multiclass classification problems. Compute the squared error loss and
0-1 loss. Which loss function seems to be a good one?
Labels/Ground Predicted
Truth

1 1

2 4

3 1

4 4

1 4

2 2

3 3

4 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

a. Squared error loss

b. 0-1 Loss
Q11) Consider the following data set

When a function that outputs the sign(x₁ - 3x₂) of is used as a classification model
to fit the data set, what is the resultant loss?__________________

Q12) Consider the following 4 training examples. We want to learn a function

f(x)=ax+b which is parameterized by (a,b). Using average squared error as the

loss function, which of the following parameters would be best to model the
given data?
a. (1, 1)
b. (1, 2)
c. (2, 1)
d. (2, 2)
Q13) Consider the following input data points:

What will be the amount of loss when the functions g = 3x₁ + 1 h = 2x₁ + 2 are
used to represent the regression line. Consider the average squared error as a
loss function.

a. Loss for pair g: ___________________

b. Loss for pair h: ___________________

Q14) The mean squared error loss obtained while fitting this function on the data
set is_________________
Q15) Look at the graph below and answer the following questions

Which of these regression lines is the best one (in the MSE sense)
a. y = x+1
b. y = 0.8x+0.8
Q16) Consider a line with zero slope and y-intercept of 2. The sum of squared
residuals obtained when this line is used to fit the following data set is
_________________

Q17) P(X) is obtained by the density estimation algorithm for the data points
x₁=2.5, x₂=1, x₃=3, x₄=4.5, x₅=4.95

Compute the negative log likelihood loss of the model._____________________

Solutions:
1. All of these
2. A,b,d
3. C
4. 3,0.66
5. 25
6. 8.63
7. 4.628
8. 0.166, 4.98
9. B
10. -
11. 0.166
12. A
13. 2.964, 11.924
14. 8 to 9.5
15. B
16. 6
17. 0.698
Week - 2 (AQs)
Q1) If the vectors u and v belong to a vector space V, then,

A. their linear combination belongs to V.

B. their linear combination is perpendicular to V.
C. their linear combination is zero.
D. their linear combination may belong to any vector space other than V.

Q2) For a real-valued function, which of the following is true?

A. Domain is R
B. Co-domain is R
C. Both domain and co-domain are R

Q3) Choose the correct statement/s from the following:

A. If a function is continuous at a point, then it is also differentiable at that

point.
B. If a function is differentiable at a point, then it is also continuous at that
point.
C. If a function is not continuous at a point, then it is not differentiable at that
point.
D. If a function is not differentiable at a point, then it may or may not be
continuous at that point.

Q4) The plot of linear approximation of a function f at a point v is

A. perpendicular to f
B. parallel to f
C. tangent to f at the point (v,f(v))

Q5) Which of the following vectors is/are perpendicular to any given vector?

A. [1 1 1]
B. [0 1 1]
C. [1 0 1]
D. [0 0 0]
E. [-1 0 1]
Q6) Which of the following represents a multivariate function?

A. f:R→R
B. f:Rᵈ→R
C. f:R→Rᵈ
D. f:R→R×R

Q7) Contour plots of linear functions look like

A. equidistantly spaced circles.

B. non-uniformly spaced circles.
C. equidistantly spaced straight lines.
D. non-uniformly spaced straight lines.

Q8) Which of the following statements are true?

(i) Gradient of a function points in the direction of the steepest descent.

(ii) Gradient of a function points in the direction of the steepest ascent.
(iii) Gradient of a function at a point is parallel to the contour through the point.
(iv) Gradient of a function at a point is perpendicular to the contour through the
point.

A. (i) and (iii)

B. (ii) and (iv)
C. (ii) and (iii)
D. (i) and (iv)

Q9) The approximation of f(x₁, x₂) = x₁² + x₂² around (3,1) is given by

A. 6x₂ - 2x₁ - 10
B. 6x₂ + 2x₁ - 10
C. 6x₂ - 2x₁ + 10
D. 6x₂ + 2x₁ + 10
Q10) For the function f(x) = x² - x

A. The critical point represents maxima.

B. The critical point represents minima.
C. The critical point is a saddle point.

Solutions:
1. A
2. B
3. B,c,d
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. b

Week - 2 (PAs)
Q1) sin(x)/x is continuous at x=0

A. True
B. False

Q2) Consider two d-dimensional vectors x and y and the following terms:

(i) xᵀ y (ii) x.y (iii) ∑ xᵢyᵢ

Which of the above terms are equivalent?

A. Only (i) and (ii)

B. Only (ii) and (iii)
C. Only (i) and (iii)
D. (i), (ii) and (iii)
Q3) The linear approximation of tan(x)

A. 1+x
B. 1-x
C. x
D. 1-x

Q4) Consider the following function, is f(x) continuous?

A. True
B. False

Q5) Which of the following is the best approximation of e^{0.019} (Use linear
approximation around 0).

A. 1
B. 0
C. 0.019
D. 1.019

Q6) What is the linear approximation of f(x,y) = x² + y² around(1,1)?

A. 2x + 2y +2
B. 2x + 2y -2
C. 2x - 2y - 2
D. 2x + 2y +1

Q7) The directional derivative of f(x,y,z)=x²+3y+z² at (1, 2, 1) along the unit vector
in the direction of [1, -2, 1] is (correct upto three decimal
places)_____________________________
Q8) Find the direction of steepest ascent for the function x²+y³+z⁴ at point (1, 1,
1) _______________ ?

Q9) The directional derivative of f[x,y,z]=x+y+z at point [-1, 1, -1] along the unit
vector in the direction of [1, -1, 1] is (correct upto three decimal places)
_______________________

Q10) The cubic approximation of (1+x)⁰.⁵ at a = 0 is ______________

Solutions:

1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. -0.856 to -0.775
8. 1/(sqrt(29) [2 3 4]
9. 0.548 to 0.605
10. 1 + x/2 -⅛ (x^2) +1/16(x^3)

Week 2: (GAs)

Q1) Which of the following functions is/are continuous?

A. 1/(x-1)
B. (x²-1)/(x-1)
C. sign(x-2)
D. sin(x)

Q2) Regarding a d-dimensional vector x, which of the following four options is not
equivalent to the rest two options?

A. xᵀx
B. ||x²||
C. xxᵀ
Q3) For two vectors a and b, which of the following is true as per
Cauchy-Schwarz inequality?

A. (i) only
B. (ii) only
C. (iii) only
D. (iv) only
E. (i) and (ii)
F. (iii) and (iv)

Q4) Which of the following is the equation of the line passing through [7,8,6] in
the direction of vector [1, 2, 3]?

A. [1,2,3]+α[−6,−6,3]
B. [7,8,9]+α[−6,−6,3]
C. [1,2,3]+α[6,6,3]
D. [7,8,6]+α[6,6,3]
E. [7,8,6]+α[1,2,3]
F. [1,2,3]+α[7,8,6]

Q5)_______________________________________ ?

Q6) _____________________________________________ ?

Q7) The directional derivative of f(x,y,z)=x³+y²+z³at (1, 1, 1) in the direction of unit

vector along v=[1, -2, 1] is (correct upto three decimal places)_________________
Q8) The direction of steepest ascent for the function 2x+y³+4z at the point (1, 0,
1) is ______________

Q9) For f(x, y) = x²y

A. Derivative in the direction of (1, 2) at the point (3, 2) is ______________

B. The derivative of f in the direction of (2, 1) at the same point, i. e., (3, 2). Is
______________
C. In which direction is the derivative maximum? _____________
D. What is the value of the maximal derivative? ______________
E. What is the derivative in the direction of (-3, 4) at the point (3, 2)?
_____________
F. What is the derivative in the direction of (-4, -3) at the point (3, 2)?
_____________

Q10) Without computing, tell whether x.y = ||x|| ||y|| , if x = [2, 5, 6] and y = [16, 40,
48]

A. Yes
B. No

Solutions:

1. D
2. C
3. E
4. E
5. 1.011
6. 1.975
7. 0.775 to 0.856
8. 1/sqrt(20) [2 0 4]
9. 13.41, 14.75, (2,1), (12/15, 9/15), 0
10. A
Week -2: Others

Q1) Consider the function f(x) shown below:

A. f is continuous, but not differentiable at x=1

B. f is both continuous and differentiable at x=1
C. f is continuous, but not differentiable at x=0
D. f is not continuous at x=0
E. f is not continuous at x=1
F. f is not continuous at x=1
G. f is both continuous and differentiable at x=0

Q2) Which of the following options are correct?

A. 1 is a local maximum.
B. −50 is the global minimum.
C. 0 is the global maximum.
D. 50 is the global minimum.

Q3) Consider f(x) = x³ - x, answer which of the following is/are correct?

A. f has neither local maxima nor local minima.

B. sqrt{2}is a local minimum.
 C. sqrt{2}is a local maximum.
D. -sqrt{2}is a local maximum.
E. -sqrt{2} is a local minimum.
F. f has two critical points.

Q4) Find out the directional derivative of the function f(x,y)=x²y³ at (1,2), in the
direction of the vector (0,2) ___________________________

Q5) L𝒻(x,y) = __________________________________

Q6) Determine the equation of the tangent line at x=0.5 and using it estimate the
value of g(1.5) ____________

Q7) The directional derivative of f(x,y)=xy²+3x² at (1,1) in the direction of unit

vector along w=[-1,1] is _____________ ?

Q8) For the function below at (1,1) the first element and second element of the
gradient of g(x,y) are _____________ &_____________________

Q9) A function f(x,y)=x²+2xy³ is approximated linearly in the neighbourhood of

(2,-2). Use the approximation to approximate f(2.3,-2.2) ______________ ?
Q10) Find all point where G is not continuous:

Solutions:

1. A,c
2. A,b
3. B,d,e
4. 12
5. x+y/2+¼
6. 3.51
7. Range -4,-3
8. Range 1,2; range -0.6, -0.5
9. -41.2
10. -3
Week 3: (AQs)

Q1) Gaussian elimination changes the null space of a matrix.

A. True
B. False

Q2) If a n×n matrix A is invertible, then which of the following is/are false?

A. C(A) is Rⁿ
B. Ax=b has infinite solutions.
C. Ax=b has a unique solution.
D. N(A) only contains zero vector.

Q3) Which of the following is/are true?

A. C(A)⊥N(A)
B. R(A)⊥N(A)
C. C(A)⊥N(Aᵀ )
D. R(A)⊥N(Aᵀ )

Q4) A system of equations Ax=b is inconsistent if:

A. b∈R(A)
B. b∉R(A)
C. b∈C(A)
D. b∉C(A)

Q5) The column space of the projection matrix of a vector v is

A. a line parallel to the line through v

B. a line passing through v
C. a line perpendicular to the line through v
Q6) Consider the following statements regarding a projection matrix P

1. P²=P
2. P is symmetric
3. P² ≠ P
4. P is not symmetric

Which of the above statements are true?

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2
C. 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
E. 3 and 4

Q7) The null space of the projection matrix of a vector v is

A. a line parallel to the line through v.

B. a line passing through v.
C. a line perpendicular to the line through v.
D. a plane orthogonal to v.

Q8) Consider Ax=b The projection matrix of A is an identity matrix if

A. b∈ C(A)
B. b∈ R(A)
C. b∈ N(A)
D. b∈ N(Aᵀ)

Q9) Consider Ax=b The projection matrix of A is an zero matrix if

A. b∈ C(A)
B. b∈ R(A)
C. b∈ N(A)
D. b∈ N(Aᵀ)
Q10) If Aθ=b has a solution then,

A. ∣∣Aθ−b∣∣² = 1
B. ∣∣Aθ−b∣∣² = 0
C. ∣∣Aθ−b∣∣² < 1
D. ∣∣Aθ−b∣∣² > 1

Solutions:

1. B
2. B
3. B,c
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. b
Week 3: (PAs)

Q1) Rank of matrix is ___________________

Q2) Rank of the matrix is ______________

Q3) Rank of the matrix is _________________

Q4) Rank of the matrix is _________________

Q5) What is the row space of the following matrix _______________

Q6)The projection matrix for v= [3 3 3]ᵀ is _________________

Q7) the projection of [1,-4,2] along [1,-2,-3] is _________________

Solutions:

1. 2
2. 3
3. 2
4. 3
5. Span of [1 0 9 2]ᵀ, [0 1 -3 1]ᵀ
6. 3x3 matrix with all elements with ⅓
7. 1/14 [3 -6 -9]
Week 3: (GAs)

Q1) Projection of [2,-4,4] along [2,-2,1] is ______________________

Q2) The projection matrix for the matrix v = [2 1 3]ᵀ is ___________________

Q3) Projection of [5,-4,1] along [3,-2,4] is _________________

Q4) Null space of the below matrix is: _________________

Q5) 5 peaches and 6 oranges cost 150 rupees. 10 peaches and 12 oranges cost
300 rupees. Form a matrix out of the given information and its rank is
_________________

Q6) Which of the following would be the smallest subspace containing the first
quadrant of the space R² is

A. The first quadrant

B. The first and the third quadrant
C. The first and second quadrant
D. The whole space R²

Q7) Consider a set of 3 paired observations on ((1,6), (-1,3), (3,15))For the closest
line b to go through these points, which of the following is the least squares
solution ?

A. (3,4)
B. (4,3)
C. (5,3)
D. (3,5)
Solutions:

1. [32/9 32/9 16/9]

2.

3.

4.
5. 1
6. D
7. D

Week 3: (Others)

Q1) Consider two lines: (a) A line with zero slope and y-intercept of 2.5. (b) A line
with zero slope and y-intercept of 3.5. Which of these lines give the minimal error
to fit the data points?
Q2) Find the projection matrix for 𝑎 = [−1 3 −2 1]ᵀ and use it to obtain the
projection of

𝑏 = [1 0 1 1]ᵀonto a and the length of error vector, e is _______________________

Q3) Can we express b = [4 3 5]ᵀ as a linear combination of the columns of matrix

A?

Q4) Find the rank of the 8 by 8 checkerboard matrix is _____________________

(0 – Black and 1 – White)

Q5) For a matrix A of size m by n,

(a) A and Aᵀ have the same number of pivots.

(b) A and Aᵀ have the same nullspace.

Choose the correct option.

1. (a) – True (b) – False

2. (a) – False (b) – True

3. (a) – True (b) – True

4. (a) – False (b) – False

Q6) What will be the column spaces of these particular matrices?

a) C(A) is a line

b) C(A) is a plane

c) C(B) is a line

d) C(B) is a plane

1. (a) and (c)

2. (a) and (d)

3. (b) and (c)

4. (b) and (d)

Q7) What is the reduced row echelon form of the matrix A ________________?
Q8) The length of error vector obtained by projecting u= [ -1 4 2 ]ᵀ onto v=[ 1 2 3
]ᵀ is __________

Q9) A vector x=[a,b] has dot products x⋅r=1 and x⋅s=0 with two given vectors
r=[2,−1] and s=[−1,2] a = ____________ b = ______________

Q10) Number of free variables for the below matrix is:_______________

Solutions:

1. A
2. 1.652
3. Yes
4. 2
5. 1
6. 2
7. E
8. 3.47
9. 0.33, 0.66
10. 3
Week 4: (Aqs)

Q1) For a linear regression problem Aθ=Y, with A, Y as in lecture notes, which of
the following is the correct equation of the loss function?

A. L(θ)=(½) (Aθ−Y)(Aθ−Y)ᵀ
B. L(θ)=(½) (Aθ−Y)ᵀ(Aθ−Y)
C. L(θ)=(½) (Aθ−Y)²

Q2) For λ>0, (A+λI) is always invertible

A. True
B. False

Q3) For a matrix A with eigenvalue λ, the corresponding eigenvector lies in the

A. null space of A
B. null space of λI
C. null space of A−λI
D. null space of Aλ

Q4) Consider A=aI+B where A and B are matrices and a is a scalar. (I is the identity
matrix). Which of the following is true?

A. Eigenvectors of A are orthogonal to eigenvectors of B

B. Eigenvectors of A are orthonormal to eigenvectors of B
C. Eigenvectors of A are same as the eigenvectors of B

Q5) For a matrix A having eigenvalue λ, A−λI is

A. an identity matrix
B. a singular matrix
C. a non singular matrix
D. a zero matrix
Q6) All matrices are diagonalizable.

A. True
B. False

Q7) If the eigenvalues of a matrix are distinct, then its eigenvectors are linearly
independent.

A. True
B. False

Q8) If S⁻¹AS=Λ, then S is unique.

A. True
B. False

Q9) eigen value(s) is/are _____________________ & eigen vector(s)

is/are___________________ for below matrix:

Q10) Suppose that A and P are 2×2 matrices and P is an invertible matrix.

then the eigenvalues of the matrix A are

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Solution:

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. 1+sqrt(5)/2, 1-sqrt(5)/2
10. B,c (replace 1 with 0 in the matrix in the question?)

Week 4: (PAs)

Q1) If P is a projection matrix, then the eigenvalue corresponding to every

nonzero vector lying in the column space of P is

A. 0
B. 1
C. -1

Q2) Eigen values of the matrix are ____________

Q3) If matrix A has eigenvalues 1, -2 and 3 then the eigenvalues of A² are

A. -1, 2 and -3
B. 1, 4 and 9
C. -1, -4 and -9
D. 1, -2 and 3
Q4) The 90th term of Fibonacci sequence is approximately given
by_________________

Q5) If x is an eigenvector of a matrix A, then

1. A can shrink x
2. A can stretch x
3. A can change the basis of x
4. A does not change the basis of x

Select all that apply

A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1, 2 and 4
D. 2, 3 and 4

Q6) If A is a real symmetric n×n matrix, then which of the following is/are true?

A. A is orthogonally diagonalizable.
B. Eigenvalues of A are real.
C. Eigenvectors corresponding to different eigenvalues are independent.
D. All of these

Q7) Eigen values for the matrix are _____________

Q8) eigen vectors for the matrix are ______________

Q9) Consider following statements regarding a given permutation matrix, A

1. 1 is an eigen value of A
1. −1 is an eigen value of A
Which of the above statements are always true?
A. only 1
B. only 2
C. both 1 and 2
D. neither 1 nor 2

Q10) The best second degree polynomial that fits the data set is _______________

Solutions:

1. C
2. 2+sqrt(5), 2-sqrt(5)
3. B
4. 1/sqrt(5) (1+sqrt(5)/2)^90
5. C
6. D
7. 5, -1
8. -
9. A
10. -
Week 4: (GAs)

Q1) If P is a projection matrix, then the eigenvalue corresponding to every

nonzero vector orthogonal to the column space of P is

A. 0
B. 1
C. -1

Q2) Eigen values for the following matrix is/are ____________

Q3) The 110th term of Fibonacci sequence is approximately given by

_____________

Q4) Let A be an n×n matrix. Which of the following statements is/are false?

A. If A has r non-zero eigenvalues, then rank of A is at least r.

B. If one of the eigenvalues of A are zero, then |A| ≠0.
C. If x is an eigenvector of A, then so are all the multiples of x.
D. If 0 is an eigenvalue of A, then A cannot be inverted.

Q5) The eigen values of the matrix A² is ____________

Q6) The best second degree polynomial that fits the data set is ____________

Solutions:

1. A
2. 2+sqrt(3), 2-sqrt(3)
3. 1/sqrt(5) (1+sqrt(5)/2)^110
4. B
5. 1,9,16
6. -0.316x^2+1.56x

Week 4: (Others)

Q1) The dominant eigen value of the matrix is ____________

Q2) For what value of x, the matrix A, becomes singular?

Q3) The eigenvectors of the below matrix, are written in the form [1 a]ᵀ and [1 b]ᵀ
what is the value of a+b ____________
Q4) What is the value of x, if the below matrix is orthogonal _____________

Q5) Let A be the 2X2 matrix with elements a11 = a12 = a21 = 1 and a22 = -1, then
the eigenvalues of A¹⁸ are? __________________

Q6) The value of p such that the vector [1 2 3]ᵀ is eigenvector for the below
matrix:________

Q7) The maximum value of ‘a’ such that the below matrix, has three linearly
independent real eigenvectors is _____________

Q8) In the matrix equation Px=q, which of the following is a necessary condition
for the existence of at least one solution for the unknown vector x.
A) Augmented matrix [Pq] must have the same rank as matrix P.
B) Vector q must have only non zero elements.
C) Matrix P must be singular.
D) Matrix P must be square.

Q9) Consider the following system of equations in three variables x,y and z
2x-y+3z=1
3x-2y+5z=2
-x-4y+z=3
The system of equations has
A. Unique solution
B. Infinitely many solutions
C. No solution
D. none of the above

Q10) For a matrix given below, the eigen value corresponding to eigen vector [101
101]ᵀ is ______

Q11) Eigen values for the below matrix are _______________

Solutions:
1. 3
2. 4
3. 0.5
4. -⅘
5. 2^9
6. 17
7. 0.1911
8. -
9. Unique
10. 6
11. -1+3i, -1-3i
Week 5 (AQs):

Q1)The statement that the inner product of two complex vectors is always
commutative is

A. True
B. False

Q3) Which of the following properties are correct for complex vectors x and y ?

(Note: (i) c is a complex number. (ii) x⋅y denotes the inner product between
vectors x and y.)

1. x⋅y=y⋅x
2. x⋅y=conjugate(y⋅x)
3. x⋅(cy)=c(x⋅y)
4. (cx)⋅y=c(x⋅y)
A. 1 and 3
B. 1, 3 and 4
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. 2 and 3

Q4) Given a complex matrix A, the notation A* stands for

A. transpose of A
B. transpose of conjugate of A
C. conjugate of transpose of A
D. conjugate of A
Q5) Hermitian matrices are orthogonally diagonalizable if their eigenvalues are
distinct.

A. True
B. False

Q6) The eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix are

A. always real
B. always irrational
C. always rational
D. always complex

Q7) A matrix U is unitary if

A. it is a square matrix and has orthogonal columns

B. it is a square matrix and has orthonormal columns
C. U* = U
D. U* = U ⁻¹

Q8) If U is unitary, then which of the following statements are true?

A. U* is unitary.
B. UU*=I
C. The columns of U form an orthonormal set.
D. All of these.

Q9) The eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues of a unitary matrix

are

A. orthonormal
B. orthogonal
C. of unit length
Q10) Every unitary matrix is a Hermitian matrix.

A. True
B. False

Q11) Which of the following is true about an eigenvalue λ of a unitary matrix?

A. λ=1
B. ∣λ∣=1
C. λ=0
D. ∣λ∣≥1

Q12) For a ________ matrix A, we can find a _________ matrix B such that A=BΛB*
where Λ is a diagonal matrix with eigenvalues of A.

A. unitary, unitary
B. Hermitian, Hermitian
C. unitary, Hermitian
D. Hermitian, unitary

Q13) The Schur's theorem states that

A. Given a Hermitian matrix A, there exists a unitary matrix U and a diagonal

matrix D such that D = U*AU
B. Given a Hermitian matrix A, there exists a unitary matrix U and a diagonal
matrix D such that A = U^*DU
C. Given an n×n matrix A, there exists a unitary matrix U and an upper
triangular matrix T such that A = UTU*
D. Given an n×n matrix A, there exists a unitary matrix U and an upper
triangular matrix T such that T = UAU*
.Q14) If an m×n matrix A is decomposed as A=Q₁ΣQ₂ᵀ where Q₁ and Q₂are
orthogonal and Σ is a diagonal matrix then the dimensions of Q₁ , Q₂ and Σ are
__________

Q15) The singular values of a matrix A are

A. Eigen Values of AAᵀ
B. Eigen Values of AᵀA
C. Squareroot of Eigen values of AAᵀ
D. Squareroot of Eigen values of AᵀA

Q16) ​For any real m×n matrix A, AAᵀ is

A. unitary
B. orthogonal
C. real and symmetric
D. diagonal

Q17) Which of the following statements about matrix decomposition is/are true?
1. Eigendecomposition exists only for real symmetric matrix
2. Any matrix can be factored using Singular Value Decomposition
A. only 1
B. only 2
C. 1 and 2
D. None

Q18) If an m×n matrix A is decomposed as A=Q₁ΣQ₂ᵀ

A. Eigen vectors of AAᵀ goes to Q₁

B. Eigen vectors of AAᵀ goes to Q₂
C. Eigen vectors of AᵀA goes to Q₁
D. Eigen vectors of AᵀA goes to Q₂

Q19) Hermitian matrices in a complex vector space are generalization of

A. diagonal matrices in a real vector space

B. identity matrices in a real vector space
C. symmetric matrices in a real vector space
 D. orthogonal matrices in a real vector space

Q20) All real symmetric matrices are Hermitian.

A. True
B. False

Solutions:

1. B
2. A,D
3. C
4. B,C
5. A
6. A
7. B,D
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. D
13. C
14. Mxm, nxn, mxn
15. C,D
16. C
17. B
18. D
19. C
20. B
Week 5 (PAs):

Q1) The square of the length of vector x= [2-i, 4-i]ᵀ is

A. 4.69
B. 20
C. 4.47
D. 22

Q2) Is the following matrix Hermitian?

A. True
B. False

Q3) . If A (given below) can be factorized as A=UDU* with U denoting a unitary

matrix, and D denoting a diagonal matrix, then, U and D are ________________

Q4) Which of the following matrices are unitary?

Q5) SVD of matrix A is _________

Q6) SVD of matrix A is __________

Q7) Singular values of Matrix A are __________

Q8) Let U and V be two symmetric matrices. Consider the following statements:

1. UV
2. UV is symmetric.
3. U+V
4. U+V is symmetric.
Then,

A. both statements are true.

B. both statements are false.
C. 1. is false.
D. 2. is false.

Q9) Inner product of x and y is _______

Q10) The complex conjugate transpose of matrix A is _________

Solutions:

1. D
2. A

3.
4. E

5.

6.
7. 1,3
8. C
9. 2-2i

10.
Week5 (GAs):

Q1) SVD of matrix A is _______

Q2) SVD of A is ______

Q3) Non-zero singular values of matrix A are ___________

Q4) Eigen Vectors of Matrix A are

Q5) Let U and V be two unitary matrices. Then,

1. UV
2. UV is always unitary.
3. U+V
4. U+V is always unitary.

A. Both statements are true.

B. Both statements are false.
C. 1. is false.
D. 2. is false.

Q6) Which of the following are unitary?

Q7) The Matrix Z has ?

A. only real eigenvalues.

B. two real and two complex eigenvalue.
C. three real and one complex eigenvalues.
D. all complex eigenvalues

Q8) If A (given below) can be factorized as A=UDU* with U denoting a unitary

matrix, and D denoting a diagonal matrix, then, U and D are ________________

Q9) Suppose that an unitary matrix U is multiplied by a diagonal matrix D with

diagonal elements in D denoted as dᵢᵢ ∈ R, then the resultant matrix will always
be unitary. The statement is

A. True if DD​​ᵀ=I
B. False
C. True if DD⁻¹ =I

Q10) The inner product of two distinct vectors x and y that are from C¹⁰⁰is
0.8−0.37i.The vector x is scaled by a scalar 1−2i to obtain a new vector z, then
the inner product between z and y is _______
Solutions:

1.

2.

3.
4. A,B,C,D
5. D
6. C,D
7. B

8.
9. A
10. 1.54+1.23i
Week 5(SWI):
Q1) The Length of a complex vector and its conjugate remains the same.
A. True
B. False

Q2) Every diagonal matrix is Hermitian.

A. True
B. False

Q3) Every real diagonal matrix is Hermitian.

A. True
B. False

Q4) Singular values are always greater than or equal to zero

A. True
B. False

Q5) Find the unit vector that points in the opposite direction of the vector x

Solutions: SWI Live Session

Week 6 (AQs):
Q1) Which of the following is/are true characteristics of a saddle point?

A. It is a stationary point.
B. The second order partial derivatives are always less than 0.
C. The determinant of the Hessian matrix is negative.
D. None of these

Q2)

Q3) Which of the following is a stationary point for the function f(x,y) = ax^2 +
2bxy + cy^2, where a,b,c are positive integers?

A. Point (1,0)
B. Point (1,1)
C. Point (0,0)
D. None of these

Q4) For a positive definite matrix A, which of the following is/are valid?

A. All eigen values are positive.

B. xᵀAx > 0 Ax>0 for all vectors x not equal to 0
C. All pivots are positive in the reduced row echelon form.
D. None of these

Q5) What is the correct representation of x^2+xy+2y^2 in the matrix form?

----------------------
Q6) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding PCA?

1. The data is projected onto a lower dimensional subspace.

2. The reconstruction error is minimised.
3. The variance of the projected data is maximised.

A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 1, 2 and 3
D. only 2

Q7) An n×n matrix A has n distinct eigenvalues. Which of the following could be
valid statements about A.

A. A is diagonalizable.
B. A has linearly independent eigenvectors say x₁, x₂, …..xn
C. Eigenvector matrix X = [ x₁, x₂, …..xn ] is an invertible matrix
D. None of these.

Q8) Given A = MCM⁻¹ λ and x are the eigenvalue and the corresponding
eigenvector of C respectively, which of the following are true statements about A?

Q9) Mean = __________ and covariance matrix = ______________

Q10) Projected data using PCA in one dimension is __________ and squared error
loss for PCA in one dimension is _____________

Q11) The projection of a data point x onto a line u is given by __________

Q12)

Solutions:
1. A,C
2. A,D
3. C
4. B,C,D

5.
6. C
7. A,B,C
8. B,D

9.

10. , 0.33

11.

12.
Week 6 (PAs):
Q1) Given matrix A is

A. positive definite
B. positive semi-definite
C. negative definite
D. negative semi-definite

Q2) The correct representation in matrix form is _________ for

Q3) The matrix is

A. positive definite.
B. positive semi-definite.
C. neither positive definite nor positive semi-definite.
D. can not be determined

Q4) A matrix 2x2 A has determinant 8 and trace 6. Which of the following are true
about the matrix?

A. A is positive definite.
B. A is positive semi-definite.
C. A is neither positive definite nor positive semi-definite.
D. Can not be determined

Q5) For the data points, mean = ______

Q6) The covariance matrix C for the data below is ______

Q7) The eigenvalues of the above obtained covariance matrix is ___

Q8) The eigenvectors matrix obtained for the above covariance matrix is ____
Q9) If x1,x2,x3 from Q6 data are projected onto one dimensional space via PCA
as z1,z2,z3 then values of z1, z2 and z3 are _______
Q10) What could be the possible value of the reconstruction error ___________r? If

the approximation error J is given by:

Solutions:
1. A

2.
3. C
4. A

5.

6.
7. 4,0

8.

9.
10. 2
Week 6 (GAs):
Q1) For the given data below:

Mean =___________
Covariance matrix = ___________
Eigenvalues of C = ___________
Eigenvectors matrix of C = ___________

Q2) For the above data (Q1) if x1,x2 and x3 are projected onto the one dimensional space
using PCA as points as z1, z2 and z3 then z1, z2 and z3 = ______________
Q3) For the above data set (Q1) if the approximation error J is given by:

The reconstruction error = __________

Q4) The following matrix is

A. positive definite
B. positive semi-definite
C. negative definite
D. negative semi-definite

Solutions:

1. , , 1.34 0 0,
 2.
3. 3
4. A
Week 6 (SWI):
Q1) For the following data points:

Mean = ________
Covariance Matrix = __________
Eigen values for C = ____________
Eigenvectors for C = _________
Transformed data points for one dimensional PCA = ___________
Reconstruction error for one dimensional PCA = _________

Q2) For the following data points:

Mean = ________
Covariance Matrix = __________
Eigen values for C = ____________
Eigenvectors for C = _________
Transformed data points for one dimensional PCA = ___________
Reconstruction error for one dimensional PCA = _________
Q3) Is A negative semi-definite ?

A. True
B. False
Q4) Is A negative definite?

A. True
B. False

Q5) Is A indefinite?

A. True
B. False

Q6) Stationary point is for following function:

A. Maxima
B. Minima
C. Saddle point
D. Cannot be determined

Q7) Stationary point is for following function:

A. Maxima
B. Minima
 C. Saddle point
D. Cannot be determined
Q8) Stationary point is for following function:
f(x,y) = 2xy
A. Maxima
B. Minima
C. Saddle point
D. Cannot be determined
Q9) Stationary point is for following function is ________

Q10) Stationary point is for following function is ________

Solutions:

1. , , 3 and 1 are eigen values, 1/sqrt(2) [1 1]ᵀ 1/sqrt(2)

[-1 1]ᵀ are eigen vectors, ,3

2. , , 3 3 0 are eigen values,

, ,3
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. -
9. (1,1)
10. (0,0)