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    Lecture9 Math 102

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    radhikaseelam1
    This document provides definitions and examples of common matrix operations including: - Transpose of a matrix which interchanges rows and columns - Trace of a square matrix which is the sum of its diagonal entries - Addition and scalar multiplication by adding or multiplying corresponding entries - Matrix multiplication where the (i,j)th entry is the dot product of the ith row of the first matrix and the jth column of the second - Writing systems of linear equations in matrix form as AX = B where A is the coefficient matrix and B is the constant vector

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    Lecture9 Math 102

    Uploaded by

    radhikaseelam1
    46 views21 pages
    This document provides definitions and examples of common matrix operations including: - Transpose of a matrix which interchanges rows and columns - Trace of a square matrix which is the sum of its diagonal entries - Addition and scalar multiplication by adding or multiplying corresponding entries - Matrix multiplication where the (i,j)th entry is the dot product of the ith row of the first matrix and the jth column of the second - Writing systems of linear equations in matrix form as AX = B where A is the coefficient matrix and B is the constant vector

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    Lecture9 math 102

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    This document provides definitions and examples of common matrix operations including: - Transpose of a matrix which interchanges rows and columns - Trace of a square matrix which is the sum of its diagonal entries - Addition and scalar multiplication by adding or multiplying corresponding entries - Matrix multiplication where the (i,j)th entry is the dot product of the ith row of the first matrix and the jth column of the second - Writing systems of linear equations in matrix form as AX = B where A is the coefficient matrix and B is the constant vector

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views21 pages

    Lecture9 Math 102

    Uploaded by

    radhikaseelam1
    This document provides definitions and examples of common matrix operations including: - Transpose of a matrix which interchanges rows and columns - Trace of a square matrix which is the sum of its diagonal entries - Addition and scalar multiplication by adding or multiplying corresponding entries - Matrix multiplication where the (i,j)th entry is the dot product of the ith row of the first matrix and the jth column of the second - Writing systems of linear equations in matrix form as AX = B where A is the coefficient matrix and B is the constant vector

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21

    MATH 102

    University of Alberta

    Lecture 9
    §6.1 Matrix Operations

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 1 / 21


    Definitions
    1 A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array
    are called entries.
    2 If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then it is an m × n matrix.
    3 A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is a square
    matrix.
    4 The entry in the i th row and j th column is denoted by aij
    5 An m × 1 matrix is called a column vector and a 1 × n matrix is
    called a row vector.
    6 Two matrices are equal if they are the same size and their
    corresponding entries are equal.
    7 The general form of a m × n matrix M is
     
    a11 a12 ... a1n
     a21 a22 ... a2n 
    M= .
     
    .. .. ..
     ..

    . . . 
    am1 am2 . . . amn
    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 2 / 21
    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 3 / 21
    Transpose of a matrix
    If A is an m × n matrix, then the transpose of A denoted AT is the n × m
    matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A.

    Illustration

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 4 / 21


    Trace of a matrix
    If A is an n × n square matrix, then the trace of A denoted tr(A) is the
    sum of the entries on the main diagonal of A. That is,

    tr(A) = a11 + a22 + · · · + ann

    Illustration

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 5 / 21


    Addition and scalar multiplication of matrices
    If A and B are matrices of the same size, then A + B (and A − B )
    are obtained by adding (and subtracting) corresponding entries.
    To multiply a matrix by a scalar is to multiply each entry in the
    matrix by the scalar.

    Illustration

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 6 / 21


    Notations
    A = [aij ] denotes the matrix whose ij th entry is aij where as (A)ij denotes
    the ij th entry of A.
    It follows for matrices A and B that
    1 (AT )ij = (A)ji

    2 (A + B)ij = (A)ij + (B)ij

    3 (cA)ij = c(A)ij for scalar c.


    Pn
    4 tr(A) = i=1 (A)ii = (A)11 + (A)22 + · · · + (A)nn

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 7 / 21


    Matrix multiplication
    If A is an m × r matrix and B is an r × n matrix, then AB is the m × n
    matrix whose ij th entry is obtained by the dot product of the i th row of A
    and the j th column of B.

    Illustration

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 8 / 21


    Example
     
    4 2  
    2 0 2
    Let A = 3 −2 and B =
     
    0 1 −2
    0 −1

    Find the size of AB and the size of BA and compute AB and BA.

    Solution

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 9 / 21


    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 10 / 21
    Remark
    1 (AB)ij = (A)i1 (B)1j + (A)i2 (B)2j + · · · + (A)r 1 (B)rj
    2 If B = [→
    −
    c1 → −
    c2 . . . →
    −
    cn ] where the → −
    cj ’s are the column vectors of B,
    then
    AB = [A→ −
    c1 A→−c2 . . . A→
    −
    cn ]
    → − 
    r1
    −→
     r2 
    If A =  . , where the → −

    3 ri ’s are the row vectors of A, then
    . .
    −
    r→m
    →− 
    r1 B
    →− 
     r2 B 
    AB =  . 
     .. 
    −
    r→B m

    4 (AB)ij = →
    −
    ri · →
    −
    cj

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 11 / 21


    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 12 / 21
    Example
     
    3 −4  
    5 0
    Let A = 4 0 and B =

    4 −2
    1 −5
    Find the 3rd row of AB. Find the 2nd column of AB.

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 13 / 21


    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 14 / 21
    Definition
    If A1 , A2 , . . . , Ar are matrices of the same size, and c1 , c2 , . . . , cr are
    scalars, then an expression of the form c1 A1 + c2 A2 + · · · + cr Ar is called a
    linear combination of A1 , A2 , . . . , Ar with coefficients c1 , c2 , . . . , cr .

    Illustration

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 15 / 21


    Consider the following linear system:

    a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn = b1


    a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn = b2
    .. ..
    .=.
    am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn = bm

    where x1 , x2 , ..., xn are variables and the aij ’s and the bi ’s are constants.
    We can write the system as matrix multiplication as follow:

    Ax = b

    where
         
    a11 a12 ... a1n x1 b1
     a21 a22 ... a2n   x2   b2 
    A= . , x =  . , b =  . 
         
    .. .. ..
     .. . . .  ..  .. 
    am1 am2 . . . amn xn bn
    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 16 / 21
    Remark
    Notice that b can be written as a linear combination of the columns of A.

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 17 / 21


    Example
    Write the following systems as a product of matrices. Also write b as
    linear combination of A.
    1

    2x − y =4
    x + 5y =2
    1
    −x + y = − 2
    2
    2

    2x + 5y − 6z = − 2
    7x − 5y + z =12
    x + 5y − 4z =0

    Solution

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 18 / 21


    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 19 / 21
    Example
    Find all →
    −
    x that satisfy the homogeneous equation
       
    2 1 7 0
    −1 3 4 → −
    x = 0

    1 1 5 0

    Solution

    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 20 / 21


    (uAlberta) MATH 102 Lecture 9 21 / 21

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