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18 views

Oop

Uploaded by

kalasingayvonne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING & ALGORITHMS

What is Programming?
Programming is the process of creating a set of instructions that a computer can follow to
perform a specific task.

These instructions are written in a programming language that the computer can understand
and execute.

Why Learn Programming?


Problem Solving: Helps develop logical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Automation: Automate repetitive tasks to save time and effort.


Career Opportunities: Many high-paying jobs require programming skills.

Innovation: Create new software, apps, games, and websites.

Basic Concepts of Programming

1. Algorithm:
- An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem.

- Example: A recipe for baking a cake.

2. Programming Language:
- A language used to write programs (e.g., Python, Java, C++).

- Each language has its own syntax (rules) and semantics (meaning).

3. Syntax:
- The set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols considered correctly structured in
that language.

- Example: In c++, cout<<("Hello, World!") is correct syntax for printing text.

4. Code:
- The actual text written in a programming language.

- Example: x = 5 assigns the value 5 to the variable x.


What is a program?
Is a set of instructions written to perform a task.

Components of a Program

1. Variables:
- Containers for storing data values.

- Example: name = "Alice"stores the string "Alice" in the variable `name`.

2. Data Types:
- Different kinds of data that can be used in a program.

- Common data types: Integer, Float, String, Boolean.

- Example: age = 25 (Integer), height = 5.9 (Float), is_student = True (Boolean).

3. Operators:
- Symbols that perform operations on variables and values.
- Types: Arithmetic (`+`, `-`, `*`, `/`), Comparison (`==`, `!=`, `<`, `>`), Logical (`and`, `or`,
`not`).

4. Control Structures:
- Direct the order of execution of the statements in a program.

- Examples:

Conditional Statements (`if`, `else`, `elif`).

5. Functions:
- Blocks of code designed to perform a specific task.

- Can be called (executed) whenever needed

6.Debugging
Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors in a program.

Common errors:
Syntax Errors: Mistakes in the use of the programming language (e.g., missing a colon or
parentheses).

Runtime Errors: Errors that occur when the program is running (e.g., dividing by zero).

Logical Errors: The program runs but produces incorrect results (e.g., incorrect formula).
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
An IDE is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to programmers for
software development.

Features:
- Code editor

- Debugger

- Compiler/Interpreter
Examples: PyCharm, Visual Studio Code, Eclipse.

BASIC OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP) CONCEPTS

What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?


Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to design
applications and computer programs.

Objects are instances of classes, which can hold data and methods to perform tasks.

Why Use OOP?


Modularity: Code is organized into objects, making it easier to manage.
Reusability: Objects and classes can be reused across programs.

Scalability: Easier to modify and expand with new features.

Maintainability: Enhances code readability and maintainability.

Key Concepts of OOP

1. Class:
-A blueprint or template for creating objects.

- Defines a type of object according to the methods and attributes it will contain.

2. Object:
- An instance of a class.

- Has attributes (data) and methods (functions).

3. Attributes:
- Variables that belong to an object.

- Also known as properties or fields.


4. Methods:
- Functions that belong to an object.

- Define behaviors or actions that an object can perform.

Four Main Principles of OOP


1. Encapsulation:
- Bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single
unit or class.
- Protects the data from direct access by outside code.

2. Abstraction:
- Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the essential features of the
object.
- Helps to reduce programming complexity and effort.

3. Inheritance:
- Mechanism where a new class (child or subclass) inherits attributes and methods from an
existing class (parent or superclass).

- Promotes code reusability.

4. Polymorphism:
- Ability of different classes to be treated as instances of the same class through inheritance.

- Allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions.


INTRODUCTION TO C++ PROGRAMMING.

What is C++?

 C++ is an object-oriented programming language and a cross-platform language that can


be used to create high-performance applications.
 C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to C language.
 C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory.

Why use C++?

 C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs


and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.
 C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple
platforms.
 C++ is fun and easy to learn.

The difference between C and C++.

C++ was developed as an extension of C and both languages have almost the same syntax.

The main difference between C and C++ is that C++ support classes and objects while C does not.

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