UNIT 2

Basic of python programming

By
K.KOWSALYADEVI
Department of CSE
 Introduction to object oriented
programming (OOP)
 1.1 Computer programming and
programming language
• A program is a collection of instructions that tells the
computer how to solve a particular problem.

• We have already written algorithm and pseudocode

and drawn flowcharts that gives a blueprint of the
solution.

• A programming is the process of taking an algorithm

and writing it in a particular programming language.
• A programming language is a language specially designed to express
computations that can be performed by a computer.

• It is used to create programs that control the behavior of a system, to

express algorithm, or as a mode of human communication.

• It refers to high level language such as

– BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
– C
– C++
– COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
– FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
– Python
– Ada
– Pascal

Each of these language has a unique set of keywords and special syntax for
organizing program instruction.
The selection of language for writing a program
depends on the following factors:
 The type of computer hardware and software on which the program is to be executed.
 The type of program.
 The expertise and availability of the programmers.
 Features to write the application.
 The built-in features that support the development of software that are reliable and less
prone to crash.
 Lower development and maintenance costs.
 Stability and capability to support even more than the expected simultaneous users.
 Elasticity of a language that implies the ease with which new features (or functions) can be
added to the existing program.
 Portability.
 Better speed of development that includes the time it takes to write a code, time taken to
find a solution to the problem at hand, time taken to find the bugs, availability of
development tools, experience and skill of the programmers, and testing rules.
 1.2.Generation of programming language
• In 1940s when computer were being developed, there was just
one language- machine language.

• As of now, 100s of programming languages exist in the market.

• The 5 generation of programming languages include

– machine language
– assembly language
– high-level language (3rd GL)
– very high level language (4th GL)
– 5th generation language (AI)
1.3 programming paradigm(set of ideas or
way of thinking)
• It is a fundamental style of programming that
defines how the structure and basic elements
of a computer program will be built.

• The evolution of high level programming

languages has resulted in a shift in
programming paradigm.
 It is classified as:
1. monolithic programming- emphasizes on finding a solution
2. procedural programming- lays stress on algorithm
3. structured programming- focuses on modules
4. oop- emphasizes on classes and objects.
5. logic-oriented programming- focuses on goals usually
expressed in predicate calculus.
6. Rule-oriented programming- make use of “if-then-else”
rules for computation.
7. constraint-oriented programming – utilizes invariant
relationships to solve a problem.
 1. monolithic programming
• Program written in this language such as Assembly
language and BASIC consists of global data and
sequential code.

• The global data can be accessed and modified from any

part of the program.

• A sequential code is one in which all instructions are

executed in the specified sequence.
– To change sequence of inst. jump statement or ‘goto’
statement are used.
• It is used only for very small and simple
applications where reusability is not a
concern.
 2. procedural programming
• A program is divided into n number of subroutines that access global
data.

• To avoid repetition of code, each subroutines performs a well-defines

task.

• Service provided by another subroutine can call that subroutine.

• Using jump, goto, call instructions, the sequence of execution of

instructions can be altered.

• FORTRAN and COBOL are 2 popular procedural programming languages.

• Advantages:
- the only goal is to write correct pgm.
• -pgm were easier to write as compared to monolithic
programming.

• Disadvantages:
Procedural programming
 3. structured programming
• It is referred to as modular programming .

• It is used in large programs that require a large development team to develop

different parts of the same program.

• Employs top down approach.

• Modularization makes it easier to write, debug, and understand pgm.

• It is used for large and complex program.

• C, pascal.

• Avoid use of ‘goto’ statements, instead it supports selection and repetition .

Advantage:
-each module performs a specific task, own local
data.
Disadvantage:
- it is not data centered.
-Global data is shared and may be modified.
-Main focus Is on functions
 4.oop
• It is Task-based and data-based.
• All the relevant data and tasks are grouped
together in entities known as object.
 1.4 Features of oop
• The oop must support mechanism to define, store, manipulate
object and allow communication between objects.
• Concepts of oop as follow:
– Classes
– Objects
– Methods
– Message passing
– Inheritance
– Polymorphism
– Containership
– Reusability
– Delegation
– Data abstraction and encapsulation
 Classes
• A class is a collection of objects.
• It is a user-defined data types that behaves
same as the built-in data types.
• Classes define properties and behavior of
objects.
 Objects
• Take ex.of student class, is used to create
instances known as objects.
• Every object contains some data and functions
called methods.
• These methods store data in variables and
respond to the messages that they receive
from other objects by executing their
methods(procedures)
 Method and message passing
• A method is a function associated with a class.
• In oop, only methods of the class can access
and manipulate (control) the data stored in an
instance of the class.
• An object is an instance of a class which can
be uniquely identified by its name. every
object has a state which is given by the values
of its attributes at a particular time.
 Inheritance
• It is a concept of OOP in which a new class is
created from an existing class.
• The new class known as subclass or derived
class.
• Inherits the attributes and behavior of the pre
existing class referred to as super class or parent
class.
• Inheritance relation is also called ‘is-a’ relation.
• It reuse the code.
 Polymorphism
• It is related to methods.

• In simple words, polymorphism allows us to perform

the same action in many different ways.

• Polymorphism define methods in the child class that

have the same name as the methods in the parent
class.

• Eg. +operator.
 Containership
• It is the ability of a class to contain objects of
one or more classes as member data.
• It is also called composition.
• Containership represents a ‘has-a’
relationship.
 Reusability
• It means developing codes that can be reused
either in the same program or in different
programs.
• Python gives the importance to building
programs that are reusable.
• It attained through inheritance, containership
and polymorphism.
 Delegation
Delegation is a design pattern in which an object, called the delegate, is responsible for
performing certain tasks on behalf of another object, called the delegator

• To provide maximum flexibility to programmers

and to allow them to generate a reusable code.

• Oop language also support delegation.

• In composition, an object can be composed of

other objects and thus, object exhibits a ‘has-
a’ relationship.
 Data Abstraction and encapsulation
• Data abstraction refers to the process by
which data and functions are defined that only
essential details are revealed and
implementation details are hidden.

• Main focus is to separate the interface and the

implementation of a program.
 Encapsulation
• Data encapsulation also called data hiding.
• Encapsulation is a mechanism of wrapping the
data (variables) and code acting on the data
(methods) together as a single unit.
• In Python, there are three types of encapsulation:
•
Private access
Protected access
Public access
Application of OOP