CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
In this transformer is the industrial purposed transformer of, furnace transformer.
The high voltage is 11KV, low voltage is 1150V. power rating of the transformer is 8630KVA
the construction of transformer is the core type transformer. The cooling type of the transformer
is the oil natural air natural. The transformer is the off circuit tap changer (OCTC). The
induction furnace has coil constructed from heavy copper tubing. It is designed and tuned to
the inverter circuit which applied medium frequency of induction coil. The magnetic field
produced by the induction coil induces eddy current in the charge and heats it. Medium
frequency is necessary to enhance the rate of heat generation. The transformer which are used
for transforming available three phase A.C voltage to required voltage for converter circuit of
the induction furnace transformer. Depending on the rating of the transformer input voltage is
derived from standard three phase AC distribution voltage is 11KV.

The transformer must be designed to resist the high levels of electrical, the thermal and
mechanical stress to they are during utilisation. The designing for electric arc furnaces are the
high secondary currents to fusion process and the wide range of secondary voltages, they are
normally regulated by an on load tap changer(OLTC), but this job required for the off circuit
tap changer(OCTC), on the high voltage winding an a intermediate booster located within the
same tank.

The furnace transformer thus has special features to handle such high currents
compared to to conventional (Distribution) transformer. The electric arc furnace has three
electrodes connected to the secondary terminal of the furnace transformer. The secondary
terminal of the transformer is frequent short circuit during the melting process through the
charge and arc. The furnace transformer need to be specially designed to withstand the
frequent short circuits.

1
 CHAPTER 2

TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

2. TESTING OF TRANSFORMER:
Transformer testing is done for maintaining the specifications and performance of an
electrical power transformer. The transformer is the main part of an electrical
generation/distribution system so if it is not working properly then it will affect the whole
generation/distribution system. Hence it is very important to make sure its perfectly fine for
which periodical testing and maintenance is required. The need for transformer testing is to
check the functioning of the transformer and to decrease the chance of failure. All electrical
equipment needs to be maintained safely from some of the failures. Transformer failure can
happen because of electrical, thermal, or mechanical factors. Insulation breakdown will also
cause transformer failure. Power Electrical offers various routine and special testing services
with precise and reliable assessment for Power transformers, Distribution transformers, and
Instrument transformers.

2.1 ROUTINE TESTS:

Power and Distribution Transformer
A routine test in the transformer is done to confirm the operational performance of it.
In this test the HV and LV winding resistance is measured. It also measures the insulation
resistance of HV and LV windings with respect to the earth and between LV and HV windings.
It also does the separate source voltage withstand test and this test checks the insulation
properly between primary to earth, secondary to earth, and between primary and secondary. It
also does the overvoltage withstand test. The voltage ratio will be measured, in this test the
voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio in a transformer. Measurement of load loss and
impedance in this test measures the power consumed by the transformer when the LV winding
is short-circuited and the rated current is passed through the HV winding. It also does the
dielectric and polarity test. Following are the Routine Test performed by Power and
Distribution Transformers:

• Static winding resistance measurement

• Insulation Resistance/Polarization Index
• Turns Ratio
• Voltage Ratio
2
 • Open and Short circuit test
• Impedance measurement
• Magnetic Balance
• Vector group
• Functional checking of protection devices
• Thermography

2.2 SPECIAL TEST:

A special test is done as per the customer requirement to obtain information useful to the
user during the operation or maintenance of the transformer. In this test, it does testes like
dielectric an short circuit test, measurement of zero sequence impedance of three-phase
transformers, measurement of acoustic noise level, measurement of harmonics of no-load
current, and it also measures the power taken by the fans and oil pumps. Following are the
Special tests of Power and Distribution transformers performed by us.

• Sweep Frequency Response Analysis

• Partial Discharge Analysis

• Dielectric Frequency Response Analysis

• Frequency Response of Stray Losses

• Capacitance &Dissipation Factor measurement

• 10KV Excitation current measurement

• Dynamic winding resistance measurement

• On line water content measurement

• Transformer oil test- screening tests, DGA, FURAN and

corrosive Sulphur

2.3 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:

Instrument transformers are used in AC system for measurement of electrical quantities
i.e. voltage, current, power, energy, power factor, frequency. Instrument transformers are also
used with protective relays for protection of power system. Thus they

3
have a very important role in protection and monitoring of the system. The following are
thetestes for Instrument transformers:

• Capacitance & Dissipation Factor measurement

• Partial Discharge Analysis

• Insulation Resistance/ Polarization Index

• Polarity

• Ratio

4
 CHAPTER 3

OPEN INSPECTION LT TEST

3.1 TURNS RATIO TEST:

The transformer turns ratio test is used to determine the number of turns in one winding
of a transformer (Primary winding) in relation to the number of turns in the other winding
(Secondary) of the same phase of the transformer.

The performance of the transformer largely depends upon the perfection of specific turns
or voltage ratio of the transformer. So, transformer ratio test is an essential type test of
transformer. The voltage should be applied only in high voltage winding in order to avoid
unsafe voltage during testing. Actually, the no load voltage ratio of transformer is equal to the
turns ratio of the transformer.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Automatic turns ratio meter

 Cables
 Digital multimeter

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not interchange the primary and secondary terminals to be connected

between the transformer and the ratio kit, as it will cause fatel injury and damage to the kit.

2.Do not operate the tap changer switch at the time of reset.

PROCEDURE:

1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV
terminals are kept open.

2. Then apply three phase 415V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages
applied on each phase (Phase-Phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals
simultaneously.

3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of

the transformer should be raised by one position and repeat test.

5
 4. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately.

The above ratio test can also be performed by portable transformer turns ratio meter(TTR).
They have an in-built power supply, with the voltages commonly used being very low, such
as8-10V and 50 Hz. The HV and LV windings of one phase of a transformer are connected to
the instrument and the internal bridge elements are varied to produce a null indication of the
detector.

Let’s have the discussion on transformer turns ratio(TTR) meter method of turn ratio test of
transformer.

A phase voltage is applied to the one of the windings by means of a bridge circuit and the ratio
of induced voltage is measured at the bridge. The accuracy of the measuring instrument is <
0.1%.

Theoretical turn ratio = HV winding voltage

LV winding voltage

This theoretical turn ratio is adjusted on the transformer turn ratio tested or TTR by the
adjustable transformer. It should be changed until a balance occurs in the percentage error
indicator.

The reading on this indicator implies the deviation of measured turn ratio from expected turn
ratio in percentage.

= Measured turn in ratio-theoretical *100

Expected turn ratio

Out-of-tolerance, ratio test of transformer can be due to shorted turns, especially if there is an
associated high axcitation current. Open turns in HV winding will indicate very low exciting
current and no output voltage since open turns in HV winding causes no excitation current in
the winding means no flux hence no induced voltage.

But open turn in LV winding causes, low fluctuating LV but normal excitation current in HV
winding. Hence open turns in LV winding will be indicated by normal levels of excitation
current, but very low levels of unstable output voltage. The turns ratio test of transformer also
detects high resistance connections in the lead circuitry or high contact resistance in tap
changers by higher excitation current and a difficulty in balancing the bridge

6
3.1 MEASUREMENT OF TURNS RATIO(Dyn11)

U phase V Phase W Phase

Tap Nominal
No Ratio Absolute Absolute Absolute
% Error % Error % Error
Value Value Value

1 17.80 17.00 4.49 17.00 4.49 17.00 4.49

2 17.39 16.62 4.43 16.62 4.43 16.62 4.43
3 16.98 16.23 4.42 16.23 4.42 16.23 4.42
4 (N) 16.56 15.85 4.29 15.85 4.29 15.85 4.29
5 16.15 15.46 4.27 15.46 4.27 15.46 4.27
6 15.73 15.08 4.13 15.08 4.13 15.08 4.13
7 15.32 14.69 4.11 14.69 4.11 14.69 4.11

Table 3.1 MEASUREMENT OF TURNS RATIO(Dyn11)

3.1.1 MEASUREMENT OF TURNS RATIO (Dd0)

U phase V Phase W Phase

Tap Nominal
Absolute Absolute Absolute
No Ratio %Error %Error %Error
Value Value Value

1 10.282 9.825 4.445 9.825 4.445 9.825 4.445

2 10.043 9.603 4.381 9.603 4.381 9.603 4.381
3 9.804 9.380 4.325 9.380 4.325 9.380 4.325
4(N) 9.565 9.158 4.255 9.158 4.255 9.158 4.255
5 9.326 8.936 4.182 8.936 4.182 8.936 4.182
6 9.086 8.714 4.094 8.714 4.094 8.714 4.094
7 8.847 8.491 4.024 8.491 4.024 8.491 4.024
Table 3.1 MEASUREMENT OF TURNS RATIO(Dd0)

7
3.2 MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST OF TRANSFORMER:

Magnetic balance test is basically to ensure that there is no inter turn fault in the windingwhich
is generally reflected in high excitation current in faulty winding.

To check the imbalance in the magnetic circuit.

Magnetic balance test of transformer is conducted only on three-phase transformers to

checkthe imbalance in the magnetic circuit.

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:

1. Magnetic balance test indicates that the transformer is magnetically balanced .If there
is any inter turn short circuit that may result in the sum of the two voltage not being equal to
the applied voltage.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Digital multimeter
 Leakage current tester
 Cables

PRECAUTIONS:

1. This test to be carried out before winding resistance measurement and insulation
resistance measurement.i.e. during magnetic balance test core should not get saturated.

2. Can should be taken during exciting current measurement to avoid the effect of
residual magnetism in the transformer core. The residual magnetism result in the measurement
of higher than normal exciting current.

3. Do not operate the tap changer switch at the time of test.

4.Do not touch live part of the conducter at the time of set.

5. While performing the test in secondary side, remove any cable are clamped in the
primary side for conducting further test.

6. No winding terminal should be grounded, otherwise result would be erratic and

confusing.

8
PROCEDURE OF MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST:

1.Keep the tap changer of transformer in normal position.

2.Now disconnect the transformer neutral from ground.

3. Then apply single phase 230V AC supply across one of the HV winding terminals
and neutral terminal.

4. Measure the voltage in two other HV terminals in respect of neutral terminal.

5.Repeat the test for each of the three phases.

In case of an autotransformer, a magnetic balance test of transformer should be repeated for

LV winding also.

There are three limbs placed side by side in a core of the transformer. One phase
winding is wound in one limb. The voltage induced in different phases depends upon the
respective position of the limb in the core. The voltage induced in different phases of a
transformer in respect to neutral terminals.

3.2 MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST:

MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST Voltage Applied on HV side at Normal Tapno-4

Voltage applied between 1U-1V(V) 1V-1W(V) 1W-1U

(V)
1U-1V (V) 429.0 310.4 119.0
1V-1W(V) 212.1 429.8 218.0
1W-1U (V) 119.5 309.5 428.5
Table 3.2 MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST
3.3 MAGNETIZING CURRENT TEST OF TRANSFORMER:
Magnetic current test of transformer is performed to locate defects in the magnetic
core structure, shifting of windings, failure in between turn insulation or problem in tap
changers. These conditions change the effective reluctance of the magnetic circuit, thus
affecting the current required to establish flux in the core.

9
TEST EQUIPMENT:
 Digital multimeter
 Clam meter
 Cable
 Test board
TEST PROCEDURE:
1.Keep the tap changer in the lowest position and open all HV and LV terminals. 2.Then
apply three phase 415 V supply on the line terminals for three-phase transformers
and single phase 230 V supply on single phase transformers.
3. Measure the supply voltage and current in each phase.
4. Now repeat the magnetizing current test of transformer test with keeping the tap at
highest position.

Normally, there are two similar higher readings on two outer limb phases on
transformer core and one lower reading on the centre limb phase, in the case of three phase
transformers.

An agreement to within 30% of the measured current with the previous test is usually
considered satisfactory. If the measured exciting current value is 50 times higher than the value
measured during factory test, there is a likelihood of a fault in the winding which needs further
analysis.

Caution: This magnetizing current test of a transformer is to be carried out before DC

resistance measurement.

3.3 MAGNETIZING CURRENT TEST

Measurement of Magnetizing current on HV side at Normal Tap-4

Voltage Applied HV 1U-1V(V) 1V- 1W-1U

1W(V) (V)
Applied voltage(V) 429.5 429.6 429.1
Measured 48.4 35.1 37.3
Current(mA)

Table 3.3 MAGNETIZING CURRENT TEST

10
3.4 VECTOR GROUP TEST OF TRANSFORMER:

In a three phase transformer, it is essential to carry out a vector group test of

transformer. Proper vector grouping in a transformer is an essential criteria for parallel
operation of transformers.

TEST EQUIPMENT:

 Digital multimeter
 Cables
 Test board with MCB arrangements.

TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Vector group is performed between primary and secondary side of the

transformer in the rated tap position.

2. Draw the superimposed vector diagram from the name plate detail provided
bythe transformer manufacturer.

3. Arrive the mathematical relation from the vector diagram.

4. Connect the testing lead say 2.5 sq.mm copper cable to the primary and
secondary side and shorting of terminal to be done as per the vector diagram from the
transformer.

5. Apply 3-phase 440-volt ac supply to the primary winding of the transformer

and measure the voltage as per the condition arrived from the vector diagram.

3.4 CHECK OF VOLTAGE VECTOR RELATIONSHIP(Dyn11)

VERIFICATION OF VECTOR GROUP Tapno-4

1U AND 2u ARE SHORTED TOGETHER.

1U1V=429.5V 1V1W=429.6V 1W1U=429.5V

11
 S.No Terminals Measured Voltage

(V)
1 1W2w 388.7
2 1W2v 430.9
3 1V2w 390.3
4 1V2v 390.9
5 1U2n 27.18
6 1V2n 403.1
7 1U1V 429.4

Vector Group Conditions Result

1W2w<1W2v 388.7<430.9

1V2w≈1V2v 388.7=390.9
Dyn11
1U2n+2n1V =1U1V 27.18+403.1=429.4
430.28=429.4

Table 3.4 VOLTAGE VECTOR(Dyn11)

3.4.1 CHECK OF VOLTAGE VECTOR RELATIONSHIP (Dd0)

VERIFICATION OF VECTOR GROUP(Tapno-4)

1U AND 3u ARE SHORTED TOGETHER.

1U1V=429.3V 1V1W=429.7V 1W1U=429.4 V

12
 S.No Terminal Measured
Voltage(V)
1 1W3w 381.8

2 1W3v 408.0

3 1V3v 383.6

4 1U3v 46.90

5 1U1V 429.7

Vector Group Conditions Result

1W3w≈ 1V3v 381.8≈383.6

1W3w< 1W3v 381.8<408.0

Dd0
1U3v +3v1V=1U1V 46.90+382.5=429.7
429.4=429.7

Table 3.4.1 VOLTAGE VECTOR (Dd0)

13
3.5 INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST OR MEGGER TEST OF
TRANSFORMER:
Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential type test. This test is carried out to
ensurethe healthiness of the overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer.

Insulation resistance from individual winding to ground or between individual winding.

Insulation resistance caused by numerous factor including design, temperature, dryness and
cleanliness.

TEST EQUIPMENT:
 High voltage insulation meter

 Cables

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Transformer and the bushing under test shall be thoroughly cleaned
with dry cloth.

2. During the measurement the test area shall be demarked with

warning tape.

3. Megger shall be placed on a level platform.

4.Sagging of the connection lesd shall be avoided.

5. Choose the appropriate voltage to be applied for the transformer.

6. Do not operate the tap changer switch at the time of test.

7. Do not touch the live part of the conductor at the time of test.

8. De energize or connect the bushing lead to the earth after performing

the test for each circuit combination, as it will prevent us from electrical
shock due to some residual charges present in transformer

14
PROCEDURE FOR INSULATING RESISTANCE TEST:
1. Disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.

2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV

bushing studs to measure insulation resistance IR value in
between the LV and HV windings.

3. Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs

and transformer tank earth point to measure insulation
resistance IR value inbetween the HV windings and the earth.

4. Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs

and transformer tank earth point to measure insulation
resistance IR value inbetween the LV windings and earth.

NB: It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase

wise in three-phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings
collectively as because all the windings on HV side are internally connected together
to form either star or delta and also all the LV windings are connected together to
form either star or delta.

Measurements are to be taken as follows:

• For autotransformer: HV-IV to LV, HV-IV to E, LV to E.

• For two winding transformer: HV to LV, HV to E, LV to E.

• Three winding transformers: HV to IV, HV to

LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV to E.

• Oil temperature should be noted at the time of

insulation resistance test of the transformer, since the
IR value of transformer insulating oil may vary with
temperature.

• IR values to be recorded at intervals of 15

seconds, 1 minuteand 10 minutes.

• With the duration of application of voltage, IR

value increases. The increase in IR is an indication of dryness
15
3.5 WINDING RESISTANCE TEST OF THE TRANSFORMER:
Winding resistance measurements are an important diagnostic tool for assessing
possible damage to transformers resulting from poor design, assembly, handling, unfavourable
environments, overloading or poor maintenance. The main purpose of this test is to check for
gross differences between windings and for opens in the connections.

Measuring the resistance of the transformer winding assures that each circuit is wired
properly and that all connections are tight. Transformer winding resistance measurements are
obtained by passing a known DC current through the winding under test and measuring the
voltage drop across each terminal (Ohm’s Law). Modern test equipment for this purposes
utilizes a Kelvin bridge to achieve results.

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:
Transformer winding resistance can be measured by Kelvin bridge method. This
method based on comparing an unknown resistance with a known resistance.

TEST EQUIPMENT:
 Winding resistance meter

 cables

 Infrared thermometer.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Charged battery of sufficient capacity or at least 10A shall be used
with the bridge to avoid error due to drop in battery voltage during
measurements.

2. To reduce the high inductive effect, it is advisible to use a sufficient

high current to saturate the core.

3. The polarity of the core magnetization shall be kept same during all
resistance reading

4. The voltage lead shall be independent of the current lead and shall be
connect as closely as possible to the terminal of the winding to be
measured.

16
 5. The current used shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the
winding whose resistance is to be measured. Larger value may cause
inaccuracy due to heating of the winding and then by changing the
temperature of resistance.

TEST PROCEDURE:
1. Before measurement, the transformer should be kept in off condition without
excitation at least for 3-8 hours, during this time the winding temperature will become
equal to its oil temperature. The test should be done in all tap position for primary as
well as secondary side of transformer.

2. Note the temperature at the time of test.

3. The winding resistance meter consist of four clamps c+, c- (current injection
cable) and v+,v-(voltage drop measuring cable).c+,c- should be connected to the
starting point of the winding and c-,v- should be connected the ending point of the
winding.

4. The current cable (c+,c-) should be outer or top side of the bushing stem and
the voltage cable (v+,v-)should be clamped at the inner or bottom part of the bushing
stem with respect to the current cable.

5. The applied current shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding.

3.6 MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE:

TAP 1W-1U
1U-1V 1V-
NO
1W
1 80.18 80.14 79.70
2 78.27 78.94 77.96
3 76.40 76.41 76.12
4 75.31 74.50 74.44
5 72.60 72.64 72.69
6 70.60 70.93 70.91
7 69.20 69.06 68.77

Table 3.6 MEASUREMENT OF HV WINDING RESISTANCE

17
 LV Winding Resistance in(mΩ)

2u-2n 2v-2n 2w-2n 2u-2v 2v-2w 2w-2u

1.050 1.280 1.207 2.424 2.476 2.620

3u-3v 3v-3w 3w-3u

2.433 2.273 2.733
Table 3.6.1 MEASUREMENT OF LV WINDING RESISTANCE

18
 CHAPTER 4

FINAL INSPECTION

4.1 TURNS RATIO TEST:

The transformer turns ratio test is used to determine the number of turns in one winding
of a transformer (Primary winding) in relation to the number of turns in the other winding
(Secondary) of the same phase of the transformer.

The performance of the transformer largely depends upon the perfection of specific
turns or voltage ratio of the transformer. So, transformer ratio test is an essential type test of
transformer. The voltage should be applied only in high voltage winding in order to avoid
unsafe voltage during testing. Actually, the no load voltage ratio of transformer is equal to the
turns ratio of the transformer.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Automatic turns ratio meter

 Cables
 Digital multimeter

PRECAUTIONS

1. Do not interchange the primary and secondary terminals to be

connected between the transformer and tha ratio kit, as it will cause fatel injury
and damage to the kit.

2. Do not operate the tap changer switch at the time of reset.

PROCEDURE:

1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV
terminals are kept open.

2. Then apply three phase 415V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages
applied on each phase (Phase-Phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals
simultaneously.

19
 3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of the
transformer should be raised by one position and repeat test.

4. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately

The above ratio test can also be performed by portable transformer turns ratio meter (TTR).
They have an in-built power supply, with the voltages commonly used being very low, such as
8-10V and 50 Hz. The HV and LV windings of one phase of a transformer are connected to the
instrument and the internal bridge elements are varied to produce a null indication of the
detector.

Let’s have the discussion on transformer turns ratio(TTR) meter method of turn ratio test of
transformer.

A phase voltage is applied to the one of the windings by means of a bridge circuit and the ratio
of induced voltage is measured at the bridge. The accuracy of the measuring instrument is <
0.1%.

Theoretical turn ratio = HV winding voltage

LV winding voltage
This theoretical turn ratio is adjusted on the transformer turn ratio tested or TTR by the
adjustable transformer. It should be changed until a balance occurs in the percentage error
indicator.

The reading on this indicator implies the deviation of measured turn ratio from expected turn
ratio in percentage.

Out-of-tolerance, ratio test of transformer can be due to shorted turns, especially if there is an
associated high excitation current. Open turns in HV winding will indicate very low exciting
current and no output voltage since open turns in HV winding causes no excitation current in
the winding means no flux hence no induced voltage.

But open turn in LV winding causes, low fluctuating LV but normal excitation current in HV
winding. Hence open turns in LV winding will be indicated by normal levels of excitation
current, but very low levels of unstable output voltage. The turns ratio test of transformer also
20
4.1MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO:

4.1.1 HV (DELTA) TO
LV1(STAR)

TAP NO CALCULAT MEASURED RATIO & % ERROR

ED RATIO
1U - 1V % 1V - 1W % 1W - 1U %
2u - 2n ERROR 2v - 2n ERROR 2w - 2n ERROR

1 17.89 17.788 -0.118 17.787 0.124 17.787 -0.124

2 17.35 17.403 0.046 17.403 0.046 17.404 0.052
3 16.91 17.017 0.212 17.016 0.206 17.018 0.218
4 (N) 16.57 16.596 0.175 16.596 0.175 16.596 0.175
5 16.13 16.170 0.105 16.172 0.118 16.170 0.105
6 15.79 15.749 0.064 15.748 0.057 15.746 0.044
7 15.34 15.325 0.007 15.325 0.007 15.325 0.007
Table 4.1.1 HV (DELTA) TO LV1(STAR)

4.1.2 HV (DELTA) TO
LV2(DELTA)
TAP CALCULA MEASURED RATIO & %
NO D RATIO ERROR

1U - 1V % 1V - 1W % 1W - 1U %
3u - 3v ERROR 3v - 3w ERROR 3w - 3u ERRO
R
1 10.283 10.281 -0.019 10.280 -0.029 10.280 -0.029
2 10.043 10.057 0.139 10.058 0.149 10.059 0.159
3 9.804 9.836 0.326 9.835 0.316 9.835 0.316
4 (N) 9.565 9.591 0.272 9.592 0.282 9.591 0.272
5 9.326 9.347 0.225 9.348 0.236 9.347 0.225
6 9.087 9.103 0.176 9.103 0.176 9.103 0.176

21
 Figure 4.1 RATIO TEST

4.2 MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST OF TRANSFORMER:

Magnetic balance test of transformer is conducted only on three-phase transformers to

check the imbalance in the magnetic circuit. To check the imbalance in the magnetic circuit.

Magnetic balance test of transformer is conducted only on three-phase transformers to

check the imbalance in the magnetic circuit.

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:

Magnetic balance test indicates that the transformer is magnetically balanced.

If there is any inter turn short circuit that may result in the sum of the two voltage not
being equal to the applied voltage

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Digital multimeter
 Leakage current tester
 Cables

22
PRECAUTIONS:

1. This test to be carried out before winding resistance measurement and

insulation resistance measurement.i.e. during magnetic baance test core should
not get saturated.

2. Can should be taken during exciting current measurement to avoid the

effect of residual magnetism in the transformer core. The residual magnetism
result in the measurement of higher than normal exciting current.

3. Do not operate the tap changer switch at the time of test.

4.Do not touch live part of the conducter at the time of set.

5. While performing the test in secondary side,remove any cable are

clamped in the primary side for conducting further test.

6. No winding terminal should be grounded, otherwise result would be

erratic and confusing.

PROCEDURE OF MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST :

1.Keep the tap changer of transformer in normal position.

2.Now disconnect the transformer neutral from ground.

3. Then apply single phase 230V AC supply across one of the HV winding
terminals and neutral terminal.

4. Measure the voltage in two other HV terminals in respect of neutral terminal.

5.Repeat the test for each of the three phases.

In case of an autotransformer, a magnetic balance test of transformer should be repeated for

LV winding also.

There are three limbs placed side by side in a core of the transformer. One phase winding is
wound in one limd. The voltage induced in different phases depends upon the respective
position of the limb in the core. The voltage induced in different phases of a transformer in
respect to neutral terminals
23
4.2 MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST of TRANSFORMER:

4.2.1 HV (TAP NO: 4)

PHASE 1U - 1V (V) 1V - 1W 1W - 1U
(V) (V)

1U - 1V (V) 421.0 313.2 107.2

1V - 1W (V) 212.1 422.3 210.4

1W - 1U (V) 104.4 315.6 419.6

Table 4.2 BALANCE TEST OF TRANSFOMER

Figure 4.2 MAGENTICE BALANCE TEST

24
4.3 MAGNETIZING CURRENT TEST OF TRANSFORMER:

Magnetic current test of transformer is performed to locate defects in the magnetic core
structure, shifting of windings, failure in between turn insulation or problem in tap changers.
These conditions change the effective reluctance of the magnetic circuit, thus affecting the
current required to establish flux in the core.

TEST EQUIPMENT:

 Digital multimeter
 Clam meter
 Cable
 Test board

PROCEDURE:

1. Keep the tap changer in the lowest position and open all HV and LV
terminals.

2. Then apply three phase 415 V supply on the line terminals for three-phase
transformers and single phase 230 V supply on single phase transformers.

3. Measure the supply voltage and current in each phase.

4. Now repeat the magnetizing current test of transformer test with keeping the
tap at highest position.

Normally, there are two similar higher readings on two outer limb phases on transformer core
and one lower reading on the center limb phase, in the case of three phase transformers.

An aggrement to within 30% of the measured current with the previous test is usually
considered satisfactory. If the measured exciting current value is 50 times higher than the value
measured during factory test, there is a likelihood of a fault in the winding which needs further
analysis
25
4.3 MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIZING CURRENT AT LOW
VOLTAGE

4.3.1 HV ( TAPNO: 4)

Voltage applied on HV 1U - 1V 1V - 1W 1W - 1U

Voltage (V) 422.0 423.2 421.2

Current (mA) 42.7 31.8 31.1

Table 4.3 MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIZING CURRENT AT LOW VOLTAGE

Figure 4.3 MAGENTIC CURRENT TEST

26
4.4 VECTOR GROUP TEST OF TRANSFORMER:

In a three phase transformer, it is essential to carry out a vector group test of transformer.
Proper vector grouping in a transformer is some essential criteria for parallel operation of
transformers.

TEST EQUIPMENT:

 Digital multimeter
 Cables
 Test board with MCB arrangements.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not operate the tap changer switch at the time of test.

2. Use the proper insulated copper cable and clamping of the cable at the stem
of the bushing should be done properly in order to prevent small amount of voltage drop at the
time of test.

TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Vector group is performed between primary and secondary side of the transformer
in the rated tap position.

2. Draw the superimposed vector diagram from the name plate detail provided by
the transformer manufacturer.

3. Arrive the mathematical relation from the vector diagram.

4. Connect the testing lead say 2.5 sq.mm copper cable to the primary and secondary
side and shorting of terminal to be done as per the vector diagram from the transformer.

5. Apply 3-phase 440-volt ac supply to the primary winding of the

transformer and measure the voltage as per the condition arrived from the vector diagram
27
4.4 CHECK OF VOLTAGE VECTOR CHECK OF PHASE
DISPLACEMENT

4.4.1 HV - LV1(Dyn11)

Table 4.4.1 HV-LV1(Dyn11)

28
3.4 HV - LV2(Dd0)

Table 4.4 HV-LV2(Dd0)

Figure 4.4 VECTOR GROUP TEST

29
4.5 INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST OR MEGGER TEST OF
TRANSFORMER:

Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential type test. This test is carried out to
ensure the healthiness of the overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer.

TEST EQUIPMENT:

 High voltage insulation meter

 Cables

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Transformer and the bushing under test shall be thoroughly cleaned with dry cloth.

2.During the measurement the test area shall be demarked with warning tape.

3.Megger shall be placed on a level plate form.

4. Sagging of the connection lead shall be avoided.

5. Choose the appropriate voltage to be applied for the transformer.

6.Do not operate the tap changer switch at the time of test.

7. Do not touch the live part of the conductor at the time of test.

8. Deenergize or connect the bushing lead to the earth after performing the test for
each circuirt combination, as it will prevent us from electrical shock due to some residual
charges present in transformer.

PROCEDURE OF INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:

1. Disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.

2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure

insulation resistance IR value in between the LV and HV windings.

3. Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank

earth point to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the HV
windings and the earth.

30
 4. Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point
to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.

NB: It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise in
three-phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as because all
the windings on HV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta and also
all the LV windings are connected together to form either star or delta.

Measurements are to be taken as follows:

• For autotransformer: HV-IV to LV, HV-IV to E, LV to E.

• For two winding transformer: HV to LV, HV to E, LV to E.

• Three winding transformers: HV to IV, HV to LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV

to E.
Oil temperature should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of the transformer, since
the IR value of transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature.
• IR values to be recorded at intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes.

• With the duration of application of voltage, IR value increases. The increase in IR is

an indication of dryness of insulation.

• Absorption coefficient= 1-minute value/15 seconds value.

• Polarization index= 10 minutes’ value/1-minute value

4.5 MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE AND

POLARIZATIONINDEX

TOP OIL 32.8 BOTTOM OIL 32.2 AVERAGE-TAVG 32.5

(°C) (°C) (°C)

31
APPLIED MEASURD INSULATION POLARIZATION
VOLTAGE ACROSS RESISTANCE (GΩ) INDEX (PI)
(V)
60 SECONDS 600
SECONDS

5000 HV – LV 16.00 29.10 1.8

5000 HV - LV 20.6 38.5 1.8

1

5000 HV - LV 16.51 30.87 1.8

2

5000 HV – E 6.63 12.50 1.8

500 LV 1 – E MORE THAN 2 - -

GΩ

500 LV 1 – E MORE THAN 2 - -

GΩ
Table 4.5 MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE

Figure 4.5 MEGGER TEST

32
 4.6 WINDING RESISTANCE TEST OF THE TRANSFORMER:

Winding resistance measurements are an important diagnostic tool for assessing possible
damage to transformers resulting from poor design, assembly, handling, unfavourable
environments, overloading or poor maintenance. The main purpose of this test is to
check for gross differences between windings and for opens in the connections.

Measuring the resistance of the transformer winding assures that each circuit is
wiredproperly and that all connections are tight.

Winding resistance in transformers will change due to shorted turns, loose connections,
ordeteriorating contacts in tap changers. Regardless of the configuration, the resistance
measurements are normally made phase-phase and the readings are compared with each
otherto determine if they are acceptable.

Transformer winding resistance measurements are obtained by passing a known DC

current through the winding under test and measuring the voltage drop across each
terminal(Ohm’s Law). Modern test equipment for this purposes utilizes a Kelvin
bridge to achieve results.

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:

Transformer winding resistance can be measured by Kelvin bridge method.

This method based on comparing an unknown resistance with a known resistance.

TEST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Winding resistance meter

 Cables
 Infrared thermometer

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Charged battery of sufficient capacity or at least 10A shall be used with the
bridge to avoid error due to drop in battery voltage during measurements.

2.To reduce the high inductive effect, it is advisable to use a sufficient high
current to saturate the core.
33
 3.The polarity of the core magnetization shall be kept same during all
resistance readings.

4.The voltage lead shall be independent of the current lead and shall be
connect as closely as possible to the terminal of the winding to be measured.

5.The current used shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding
whose resistance is to be measured. Larger value may cause inaccuracy due to heating
of the winding and then by changing the temperature of resistance

TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Before measurement, the transformer should be kept in off condition without

excitation at least for 3-8 hours, during this time the winding temperature wil become equal to
its oil temperature. The test should be done in all tap position for primary as well as secondary
side of transformer.

2. Note the temperature at the time of test.

3. The winding resistance meter consist of four clamps c+, c- (current injection cable)
and v+,v-(voltage drop measuring cable).c+,c- should be connected to the starting point of the
winding and c-,v- should be connected the ending point of the winding.

4. The current cable (c+,c-) should be outer or top side of the bushing stem and the
voltage cable (v+,v-)should be clamped at the inner or bottom part of the bushing stem with
respect to the current cable.

5. The applied current shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding.

4.6 MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE

TOP OIL 32.7 BOTTOM OIL 32.2 AVERAGE-Tavg 32.4

(°C) (°C) (°C)

34
4.6.1 HV WINDING RESISTANCE
TAP NO MEASURED VALUES (mΩ) Ravg (mΩ) Ravg (mΩ)
1U - 1V 1V - 1W 1W - 1U @Tavg(° (75°C)
C)
1 83.28 83.41 83.18 83.29 96.56
2 81.41 81.52 81.41 81.45 94.42
3 79.65 79.74 79.60 79.66 92.35
4 (N) 77.69 77.84 77.72 77.75 90.14
5 75.69 75.67 75.64 75.67 87.72
6 73.84 73.90 73.75 73.83 85.59
7 71.87 71.74 71.79 71.80 83.24

Table 4.6.1 HV WINDING RESISTANCE

4.6.2 LV WINDING RESISTANCE
4.6.2.1 LV - 1(Dyn11)

TAP NO MEASURED VALUES (mΩ) Ravg (mΩ) Ravg

2u - 2n 2v - 2n 2w - 2n @Tavg(° (mΩ)
C) (75°C)
NA 0.8967 0.8909 0.8823 0.8900 1.0317
TAP NO MEASURED VALUES (mΩ) Ravg (mΩ) Ravg (mΩ)
2u - 2v 2v - 2w 2w - 2u @Tavg(°C (75°C)
)
NA 1.6789 1.6682 1.6762 1.6744 1.9412

4.6.2.2 LV - 2(Dd0)

TAP NO MEASURED VALUES (mΩ) Ravg (mΩ) Ravg (mΩ)

3u - 3v 3v - 3w 3w - 3u @Tavg(°C) (75°C)

NA 1.7550 1.7800 1.7880 1.7743 2.0570

35
Figure 4.6 WINDING RESISTANCE

36
 CHAPTER 5

HIGH VOLTAGE TEST

5.1 OPEN CIRCUIT TEST OF TRANSFORMER

The purpose of the no load test is to measure no load loss and current at a specified
excitation voltage and a specified frequency.

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:

1. No load losses are those losses that are incident to the excitation of the
transformer. No load loss includes core loss, dielectricloss,copper loss in the winding
due to excitation and conductor loss due to circulating current in parallel winding.
These losses change with the excitation voltage.

2. No-load current is the current flow in any winding used to excite the
transformer when all other winding are open-circuited.it is generally expressed in
percent of the rated current of the winding.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Variable auto transformer

 Step up transformer
 Current transformer
 Potential transformer
 Power analyser

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure the oil level in transformer.

2. Air release the bushing, turrents, transformer tank, and OLTC tank.

3.Ensure the CT, PT, ratio fed in the analyser.

4.Dimmer should be set to zero before switching on the panel.

5.Connect terminal should be checked for tightness.

37
 6.Test should be performed before the impulse test in order to avoid
reading errors.

TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Supply the rated voltage at rated frequency to one winding with the other
windings open circuited.

2. The test is done at 90%,100% and 110% of the rated voltage.

3. note down the R.M.S voltage & mean voltage, current, watts parameter and
frequency from power analyzer.

4. The test voltage shall be adjusted according to a voltmeter responsive to

mean value of voltage but scaled to read the RMS value of a sinusoidal wave having
the mean value.

5.1 MEASUREMENT OF NO LOAD LOSS AND CURRENT

WINDING EXCITED HV
WINDING OPENED LV1 &
LV2
LV RATED 11
VOLTAGE (kV)
BASE KVA 8630

38
5.1.1 TRANSFORMER AT TAP NO - 4

% AVERAGE LINE MEASUR FREQUENCY NO LOAD

VOLTAGE PHASE VOLTGE ED RMS (Hz) LOSS (kW)

VOLTAGE (kV) CURREN
MEASURED
(kV) T (A)
LOSS

90 5.7184 9.9042 0.4165 50.041 4.785

100 6.3400 10.9808 0.5732 50.027 5.965

110 6.9737 12.0784 0.8145 50.033 7.357

Table 5.1 MEASUREMENT OF NO LOAD LOSS AND CURRENT

Figure 5.1 Open Circuit Test

39
5.2 DOUBLE VOLATGE DOUBLE FREQUENCY TEST:

In this test also called the dielectric test..this test are used to determine the
insulation strength of the transformer.

The test of transformer is intented to check the inter turn and line end insulation as
well as main insulation to earth and between winding

During the test double the rated voltage is applied to the transformer and double the
rated frequency is applied (100Hz).

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:

In alternating voltage shall be applied to the winding terminals of the transformer. The
from voltage shall be as nearly as possible sinusoidal and its frequency will be above rated
frequency for avoid excess magnetizing current during test.

TEST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Starter
 Motor and generator system
 Step up transformer
 Power analyser
 Digital multimeter
 Stop watch
 Excitation system

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure the oil level in transformer.

2. Air release the bushing, turrts, transformer tank, and OLTCtank.

3. Ensure the CT, PT ratio which is putted in the analyser.

4. Ensure dimmer is zero before switch on the panel.
5. Check the connected terminal tightness.
6. Check neutrol properly earthed.

40
TEST PROCEDURE:

1. The test voltage is applied to the low voltage winding and HV

winding in open and neutrol point earthed.

2. Phase to phase voltage shall not exceed rated induced AC withstand

voltage as mentioned.

3. The test voltage will be much higher then the transformers rated
voltage, the test frequency should not be less then the twice the rated
frequency value, in order to avoid saturation of transformer core.

4. Applied the rated voltage is 22KV, frequency is 100%(100HZ).

5. The test shall start with a voltage lower than 1/3 the full test voltage
and it shall be quickely increased up to desired value.

6. The test voltage and frequency is measured by power analyser.

7.The duration of the test is 60 sec.

8. For the frequency above twice the rated frequency time duration of
the test shall be 120* Rated frequency/ Test frequency, but not less
then 15s.

9. At the end of the test, the voltage shall be reduced rapidly to less then
one third of the test value before switching off.

5.2 INDUCED AC VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST

TAP VOLTA OPEN VOLTA FREQUENC TIM OBSERVA

NO GE WINDIN GE Y (Hz) E TION
APPLIE G APPLIE (S)
D ON D (kV)

4 HV LV1 + 2*11 100 60 Withstood

LV2
Table 5.2 INDUCED AC VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST
41
 5.3 APPLIED VOLTAGE TEST :

In this test also called High voltage test of the transformer ,and RMS voltage applied
to the HV and LV winding depend upon the insulation class of the transformer as per Indian
standard.

During the test high voltage winding and low voltage winding are shored separately.
when voltage applied to the HV side winding means another LV winding is earth due to the
safety of transformer.

Transformer rated voltage (KV) Test Rms voltage (KV)

>1 3
3.3 10
6.6 20
11 28
22 50
33 70
66 140
110 220
220 440 ( Depend upon the
uniform or non uniform winding)

The separate source test is more important in dielectric test, dielectric test is to
demonstrate that the transformer.

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:

A separate source voltage will be made with single phase alternating voltage as nearly
as possible sine wave from and not less than 80% of rated frequency for 60 sec.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Auto transformer
 2.High voltage transformer
42
  Leakage tester
 Power analyser

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure the oil level in transformer.

2. Air release the bushings ,turrets ,transformer tanks , and OLTC tank.

3.Short the HV and LV terminals properly.

4.Should be avoid the sag connection.

TEST PROCEDURE:

1. The line terminals of the winding under test are connected together
and appropriate test voltage as nearly as possible to the sine wave form
and of any frequency not less than 80% of rated frequency as mentioned
in the standards is applied to them,

2. While the order windings and tank are connected together to earth.
The duration of the test shall be 60 seconds. after the completion of the
test, transformer shall be discharged.

3. Peak voltage shall be measured. the peak value divided by shall be

equal to the voltage. on windings with non -uniform insulation the test
shall be carried out with only the test voltage specified for the netural
terminal.

5.3 APPLIED VOLTAGE TEST

APPLIED EARTHED RATED TIME OBSERVATION

TERMINAL TERMINAL VOLTAGE (kV) (S)

1U+1V+1W 2u+2v+2w+2n+ 28 60 Withstood

3u+3v+3w

2u+2v+2w+2n+ 1U+1V+1W 10 60 Withstood

3u+3v+3w
Table 5.3 APPLIED VOLTAGE TEST
43
Figure 5.3 HIGH VOLTAGE TEST

44
5.4 SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE AND LOAD LOSS TEST OF THE
TRANSFORMER:

The load loss of a transformer are those losses incident to a specified load carried by
the transformer.

Load loss indicated I^2R loss in the winding due to load current and stray losses due
to eddy currents induced by leakage flux in winding, core lamps,magnetic shield,tank walls
and other conducting parts.

Impedence voltage is measured during the load loss test by measured the voltage
requires to circulate test current in windings.

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:

The short circuit impedance and load loss for a pair of winding shall be
measured at rated frequency with approximately sinusoidal voltage applied to the
terminal of one winding, with the terminal of the other winding short circuited, and
with possible other windings open circuited. The supplied current should be equal to
the relevant rated current (tapping current) but shall not be less than 50% thereof, the
measurement shall be performed quickly so that temperature rise do not causes
significant errors.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:

 Auto transformer
 Step up transformer
 Current transformer
 Potential transformer
 Power analyser
 Capacitor ban

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure the oil level in transformer.

2. Air release the bushing, turrents, transformertank, and OLTC tank.

45
 3. Ensure dimmer is zero before switch on the panel.

4.Check the connected terminal tightness.

TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Measurements are carried out on each pair of winding separately.

Normally voltage applied on the HV winding with the LV winding
short circuited using copper brades, cable or flates.

2. Conduct the test any current from 50% to 100% of the rated current
in 226.5A and 452.9A.

3. The temperature of the insulating liquid has stabilized and the

difference between top and bottom oil temperature does not exceed
5⁰C.

4. Tempertaure of the winding shall be taken before and after the load
loss measurement.

5. Note down the corresponding voltage, current and losses from power
analyser or wattmeter method.

6. The measured values are corrected to the reference temperature of

75⁰C for reporting.

7. If the tapping ranges are more than 5%, measurement carried out at
rated tapping and external tapping.

8. Operate the tap changer +/- two steps 10 cycle from the bidirectional
tap during load loss measurement.

9. Impedence can be measured by following formula

Z(%)=((V test/V rated)*(I rated/Itest)*(fr/ft)*100

Where

V test = Test voltage

V rated = Rated voltage

46
 I test = Test current

I rated = Rated current

Fr = Rated frequency

Ft = Test frequency

5.4 MEASUREMENT OF SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDENCE AND LOAD

LOSS

WINDING SHORTED LV 1 +
LV 2
WINDING EXCITED HV

TOP OIL (°C) 32.1 BOTTOM OIL 31.9 AVERAGE-Tavg 32.0

(°C) (°C)

TAP NO RATED HV RATED LV RATED LV RATED HV RATED LV - RATED

VOLTAGE - 1 -2 CURRENT 1 CURRENT LV - 2
(V) VOLTAGE VOLTAGE (A) (A) CURREN
(V) (V) T (A)
1 11825 1150 1150 421.3 2166 2166
4 (N) 11000 1150 1150 452.9 2166 2166
7 10175 1150 1150 489.6 2166 2166

47
5.4.1 MEASURING PARAMETER:
TAP NO AVERAG AVERAGE AVERAGE FREQUENCY TOTAL
ECURREN PHASE LINE (Hz) POWER
T VOLTAGE VOLTAGE (KW
(A) (V) (V)
1 421.55 593.68 1028.25 50.060 52.31
4 (N) 452.62 561.47 972.46 50.031 54.72
7 489.56 546.20 946.01 50.073 59.24

5.4.2 DERIVED PARAMETERS:

TAP NO CORRECTED TOTAL STRAY TOTAL IMPED
LOSS @32.0 °C I2R LOSS LOAD ANCE
(kW) LOSSES @75°C LOSS (%)
@75°C (kW) @75°C @75°C
(kW) (kW)
4 (N) 54.787 55.869 5.742 61.610 8.84
Table 5.4 MEASUREMENT OF SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDENCE AND LOAD LOSS

Figure 5.4 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

48
5.5 TAN DELTA TEST FOR BUSHING:

Capacitance and dissipation factor measurement is used to indicative of

problem in insulation structure and predicative ageing of insulation.

PRINCIPLE OF TEST:

Capacitance and tan delta are determined by using schering bridge. The
dissipation factor is the ratio of the resistive current to the capacitive curtrent flowing
through the insulation on application of sinusoidal voltage under prescribed condition.
The capacitance values are relatively independent of temperature and prevailing
atmospheric condition.

TEST EQUIPMENT:

 Capacitance and tan delta kit.

 Connecting cables.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The bushing terminal and test cap under test shall be thoroughly cleaned
with dry cloth to avoid surface leakage current.

2. If the bushing are shorted together, the test caps of the bushing that are not
under measurement must be tightly closed.

3. Measurement at higher voltage shall not be done while the transformer is

under vacuum.

4. Electrostatic interference suppressor circuit along with shielded cable may

be used to avoid this.

5. All winding should be immersed in insulating oil in case oil filled

transformer.

TEST PROCEDURE:

1. Tan delta HT cable will be connected on the terminal of the bushing

and LT cable is connected in tan delta point of bushing.

49
2. Bushing dissipation factor and capacitance value are measured in
UST (Ungrounded specimen test) mode.

3. Apply the appreciate voltage (5000 & 10000 kv) to the bushing with
respect to the name plate detail and obtain the value of capacitance and
tan delta through automatic tan delta and capacitance analyser kit.

4. Tan delta value changes with respect to temperature. So the value of

dissipation factor at measured temperature should be converted into a
base temperature of 20℃. The temperature correction factors to
convert measured temperature to the base temperature.

Test Temperature Correction Factor K

T℃
10 0.80

15 0.90

20 1.0

25 1.12

30 1.25

35 1.40

40 1.55

45 1.75

50 1.95

55 2.18

60 2.42

65 2.70

70 3.0

50
Where,
Fp20 =Fpt/k
Fp20 is the power factor corrected in 20℃
Fpt is the power factor measured at T
T is the test temperature ℃
K is the correction factor as per table

Figure 5.5 TAN DELTA TEST FOR BUSHING

51
5.5 DETERMINATION OF CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION
FACTOR BETWEEN WINDING TO EARTH AND BETWEEN
WINDINGS

TOP 33.8 BOTTOM 29.9 AVERAGE- 31.8

OIL(℃) OIL (℃) Tavg (℃)

MEASURED APPLIED CAPACITANCE(nF) % TAN

BETWEEN VOLTAGE(V) DELTA
HV-LV(UST) 5000 3.4858 0.336
10000 3.4891 0.315
HV-E(GST) 5000 2.7782 0.508
10000 2.7796 0.510
LV-E(GST) 50000 9.0674 0.447
10000 9.0707 0.438
Table 5.5 TAN DELTA TEST FOR BUSHING

5.6 OIL BDV TEST:

BDV test means Breakdown Voltage Test. It is done for checking the dielectric
strength of the oil of the Transformer. Dielectric strength means the maximum capacity to
withstand voltage of insulating oil. This test shows the dielectric strength of Transformer oil.

TEST EQUIPMENT:

Oil Bdv test kit

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before using JY6611 transformer oil breakdown voltage test, the tester shell
should be reliably grounded.
52
 2. Check the distance between the electrodes. Rinse the electrode surface with
a qualified transformer oil.

3. When collecting transformer oil and oil samples, wipe the sampling valve
and slowly open it. First flush the test cup 2-3 times and then take the oil sample.

4. When placing or removing the oil cup, it should be done under the
condition of power off.

5. When placing or removing the oil cup, it should be done under the
condition of power off.

6. The speed of step-up of oil tester should not be too fast, about 3000V/s is
appropriate. The number of tests is 3 to 5 times. Each pressurization interval is 2 to 3
minutes. The voltage must be reduced to zero before the voltage is turned off.

7. Transformer oil breakdown voltage tester uses an electronic inverter sine

wave generator, the output power is stable and efficient, which is conducive to the
stable and accurate test results.

TEST PROCEDURE:

1. The transformer oil is filled in the vessel of the testing device. Two
standard-compliant test electrodes with a typical clearance of 2.5 mm are
surrounded by the dielectric oil.

2. A test voltage is applied to the electrodes and is continuously increased up

to the breakdown voltage with a constant, standard-compliant slew rate of e.g.
2 kV/s.

3. At a certain voltage level breakdown occurs in an electric arc, leading to a

collapse of the test voltage.

4. An instant after ignition of the arc, the test voltage is switched off
automatically by the testing device. Ultra-fast switch off is highly desirable, as
the carbonisation due to the electric arc must be limited to keep the additional
pollution as low as possible.

5.The transformer oil testing device measures and reports the root mean square
value of the breakdown voltage.
53
 6. After the transformer oil test is completed, the insulation oil is stirred
automatically and the test sequence is performed repeatedly: typically, 5 repetitions,
depending on the standard.

7. As a result the breakdown voltage is calculated as mean value of the

individual measurements

5.6 OIL BDV TEST

TOP OIL (°C) 32.1 BOTTOM OIL 31.9 AVERAGE-Tavg 32.0

(°C) (°C)

S.No OIL BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE (kV)

1 79.4
2 81.5
3 75.6
4 81.5
5 82.6
6 79.8

Average oil breakdown voltage Test = 80.0 kV

Table 5.6 OIL BDV TEST

54
Figure 5.6 OIL BDV TEST

55
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The project is discussing a method to testing of transformer in furnace used in metal melting
industry. The testing of transformer is identification of fault and improve the quality of
transformer life time increased. The transformer is designed and implemented with the
hardware unit is complex and it is complexity to install is most time of the transformer. The
test of high voltage in oc is measured the no load loss current sc is reduced maintain the loss
adjustable the capacitor per phase. The low voltage test in measured ratio of turns reduced ±
0.5%

56
 CHAPTER 7

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