SPECIAL TEST :

3.5 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TYPE, ROUTINE AND

There are various Test required on Transformer to conform performance of Transformer.

Mainly two types of transformer are done by anufacturer before dispatching the transformer
mainly
1. Type test of transformner
2. Routine test.

In addition some other tests are also carried out by the consumer at site before commissioning
basis throughout its life
and also periodically in regular and emergency
 Transformer Tests done by Manufacturer
(a) Routine Tests
(b) Type Tests
(c) Special Tests
Transformer Tests done at Site
(d) Pre Commissioning Tests
(e) Periodic/Condition Monitoring Tests
(D Emergency Test
(a) Routine Tests:
A Routine tests of transformer is mainly for confirming operational performance of individual
unit in a production lot. Routine tests are carried out on every unit manufactured.

All transformers are subjected to the following Routine tests

(1) Insulation Resistance Test
(2) Winding Resistance Test
(3) Turns Ration / Voltage Ratio Test
(4) Polarity / Vector Group Test
(5) No-load Losses and Current Test
(6) Short-circuit Impedance and Load Loss Test
(7) Continuity Test
(8) Magnetizing Current Test
(9) High Voltage Test
(10) Dielectric Tests
(11) Lightning Impulse Tests

(b) Type Tests

Type tests are tests made on a transformer which is representative of other transformers
to demonstrate that they comply with specified requirements not covered by routine tests

(1) Temperature rise tests

(b) Dielectric tests

c) Special Tests
Special tests are tests, other than routine or type tests, agreed between manufacturer and
purchaser.
on three-phase transformers.
(1) Zero-sequence impedance
(2) Short-circuit test.
current
(3) Harmonics on the no-load
fan and oil-pump motors.
(4) Power taken by
(5) Determination of sound levels.
Determination of capacitances between windings and earth, and between windings.
(6)
Determination of transient voltage transfer between windings.
(7)
3.6
MEASUREMENT OF wINDING RESISTANCE:
The following methods can be used to measure resistance of the transformer winding

1. Wheatstone bridge
2. Kelvin's double bridge
3. Voltmeter-ammeter method

voitmeter-ammeter method, direct current is passed through the winding from the suitable
Source.

Low voltage
D.C. Supply

(a)

Low voltage
D.C. Supply

o
(b) Rp

Rp
Low voltage
D.C. Supply

RpA

2 (c)
FIG. 3.7 DC/AC RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENT
The test current should be less than tne rared Current of the
the winding and the current flowing through it are
winding. Voltage dron across
measured.
and current is found,
Ratio of the voltage drop
 The arrangement is shown in Fig. 3.7 the ammeter, voltmeter and variable resistance
are

connected as shown.
The value of mcasured resistance changes due to increase in temperature. For copper
conductors therefore, the resistance at required temperature is found as follows

R 2 2 + 234.5
R, + 234.5
where, 2 =
Temperature (°C) of the winding at the end of test.
Temperature (°C) of the winding (cold) at the beginning of test.
Resistance of the winding at the end of test.
R =

R Initial resistance of winding (cold)

220V or
3.7 VOLTAGE RATIOTEST. 400V AC

The ratio of the primary voltage and the secondary

ratio.
voltage of transformer is called the voltage
whether
The voltage ratio test is performed to check
declared value or not.
the voltage ratio is as per the
The following two methods can be used
to measure

the voltage ratio

1. Using voltmeter
2. Using ratio meter

help of voltmeter
v
1. Voltage ratio test with the (v
For this the HT winding
is connected to 220 V or
400 V. a.c. supply. Its secondary
winding is kept
open circuited.
the HT side and LLT
Readings of the voltages
on

side are taken. Ratio of

the voltage of HT side and HT LT

LT side is calculated.
FIG. 3.8 VOLTAGE RATIO TEST
meter USING VOLTMETER
2. Voltage ratio test using ratio
windings in it. One is the HT winding
transformer. There ae two
Ratio meter is a portable
which is connected to
the supply.
Some tapings are coarse while some are

There are many tapings in secondary winding.be obtained.

can
the fine tapings so the required voltage
connected to either 220 V or 400 V. a.c.
transformer under test is
The HT winding of the is compared with the secondary voltage
of
induced in secondary winding
supply. Voltage
the ratio meler.
 of both the transformers are such that their secondary widnings OPposc Caen
Onections
otner. An ammeter is connected in the local circuit as shown n
liE
220V or
400V AC

Transfomer
under test
LT HT

HT LT

Ratio
Meter

FIG. 3.9 : VOLTAGE RATIO TEST USING RATIO METER

Current will circulate when the values of the two voltages are not equal. This current is
indicated by ammeter. The reading of the ammeter is brought to zero value by adjusting
the coarse and fine tappings
Value of the secondary voltage can be found from the tapings. The primary voltage is
measured with the help of voltmeter. This way the voltage ratio is measured.
Error of +0.5% in the declared ratio and the actual ratio is acceptable
Note: Voltage ratio test is done for each tap. Starting is done from the lowest tap and
then further readings are taken. Tap chaning is done manually.

3.8 MAGNETIZING CURRENT

The magnetizing current means the no load current. It is measured for both the HV and

LV sides.
 (a) Voltage of 415 V 3-phase a.c. is applied to the HV winding. The secondary side is
kept open circuited.

Voltage Current Remarks

|R -

Y Volts R phase A
Y - B Volts Y phase A
B R Volts B phase

(b) Voltage of 415 V, 3-phase is applied to the LV winding. The HV winding is kept
open circuited.

Voltage Current Remarks

r -y Volts r phase
A
y b Voltsy phase A
b r Volts| b phase. _A
For single phase transformer, the LV winding is kept open circuited and 230 V a.c. single
phase supply is given to the HV winding. The magnetizing current is measured.

3.9 POLARITY TEST :

This test is performed to decide the correct polarity.
1. Join the primary windings of the two transformers in parallel.

2. Connect one terminal of the secondary winding of one transformer to any one terminal
of the secondary winding of another transformer.

115 115

10 10
A.C. A.C.

COM COM

115
115
230V

oV

COM
COM

(a) (b)
FIG. 3.10 POLARITY TEST (a) CORRECT POLARITY (b) WRONG POLARITY
3. Connect a voltmeter with voltage rating double the voltage rating of the secondary
winding across the remaining two terminals.
Apply rated voltage to the primary winding.
5. If the voltmeter shows the zero reading, the polarity of the connected terminals is
correct.

6. If the reading of the voltmeter is double the rating of the secondary winding, the polarity
is not correct. In this case, the polarity will becomne correct by reversing the connections
of the secondary.