Polarity Test of Transformer

• Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in the primary

and the secondary winding of the transformer. If the two transformers
are connected in parallel, then the polarity should be known for the
proper connection of the transformer.
• There are two types of polarity
Additive Polarity: In additive polarity, the same terminals of the
primary and the secondary windings of the transformer are connected.

Subtractive Polarity: In subtractive polarity, different terminals of the

primary and secondary side of the transformer is connected.
 Explanation With Connection Diagram
• Each of the terminals of the primary, as well as the secondary winding
of a transformer, is alternatively positive and negative with respect to
each other as shown in the figure below. Let A1 and A2 be the
positive and negative terminal, respectively of the primary side of the
transformer and a1, a2 are the positive and negative terminal of the
secondary side of the transformer.
• If A1 is connected to a1 and A2 is connected to a2 that means similar
terminals of the transformer are connected, then the polarity is said
to be additive. If A1 is connected to a2 and A2 to a1, that means the
opposite terminals are connected to each other, and thus the
voltmeter will read the subtractive polarity.
• It is essential to know the relative polarities at any instant of the
primary and the secondary terminals for making the correct
connections if the transformers are to be connected in parallel or they
are used in a three-phase circuit.
• In the primary side, the terminals are marked as A1 and A2 and from
the secondary side, the terminals are named as a1 and a2. The
terminal A1 is connected to one end of the secondary winding, and a
voltmeter is connected between A2 and the other end of the
secondary winding.
• When the voltmeter reads the difference that is (V1 – V2), the
transformer is said to be connected with opposite polarity know as
subtractive polarity and when the voltmeter reads (V1 + V2), the
transformer is said to have additive polarity.
Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer

• This test is performed at or above rated voltage to determine if there

are low resistance paths to the ground or between winding to
winding as a result of winding insulation deterioration.
• The test measurement values are affected by variables such as
temperature, humidity, test voltage, and size of the transformer.
• The general rule of thumb that is used for acceptable values for safe
energization is 1 MΩ per 1000 V of applied test voltage plus 1 MΩ.
CONTINUUTY TEST
• A continuity test verifies that current will flow in an electrical circuit
(i.e. that the circuit is continuous). The test is performed by placing a
small voltage between 2 or more endpoints of the circuit. The flow of
current can be verified qualitatively, by observing a light or buzzer in
series with the circuit actuates or quantitatively, using a multimeter to
measure the resistance between the endpoint.

• Transformer continuity test is a standard procedure conducted to

check the integrity of windings in a transformer. It helps to identify
any faults or breaks in the windings, which can affect the performance
and efficiency of the transformer.
• During the continuity test, a low-voltage direct current (DC) source is
connected to one winding of the transformer, while the other winding
is connected to a voltmeter or an ohmmeter. The DC current creates a
magnetic field in the primary winding, which induces a voltage in the
secondary winding. By measuring the voltage or resistance, the
continuity of the windings can be determined.
• If the windings are continuous and intact, the voltmeter or ohmmeter
will register a reading indicating a complete circuit. However, if there
is a break or fault in the windings, the reading will be zero or
significantly lower than expected.
• The continuity test is essential during transformer maintenance,
repair, or troubleshooting processes. It helps to identify potential
issues such as short circuits, open circuits, or damaged windings,
allowing for timely repairs and ensuring the transformer's optimal
performance and safety.
transformer breakdown voltage
test
• The transformer breakdown voltage test, also known as the dielectric
strength test, is a crucial procedure conducted to determine the
insulation capability of a transformer. This test helps to ensure that
the transformer can withstand the rated voltage without any
insulation failure or breakdown.
• During the test, a high voltage source is connected to the
transformer's windings, applying a voltage that exceeds the rated
voltage. The voltage is gradually increased until a breakdown occurs in
the insulation. Breakdown can manifest as a spark or a sudden jump
in current. The voltage at which breakdown occurs is known as the
breakdown voltage
• During the test, a high voltage source is connected to the
transformer's windings, applying a voltage that exceeds the rated
voltage. The voltage is gradually increased until a breakdown occurs in
the insulation. Breakdown can manifest as a spark or a sudden jump
in current. The voltage at which breakdown occurs is known as the
breakdown voltage
• The breakdown voltage test is performed to verify the insulation
quality and integrity of the transformer's windings and insulation
materials. It helps to identify weak spots, manufacturing defects, or
deteriorated insulation that could compromise the transformer's
performance or pose safety hazards.

• By conducting the breakdown voltage test, engineers can determine if

the transformer's insulation is suitable for the specified operating
conditions and ensure its reliability in real-world scenarios. It is a vital
part of transformer testing and maintenance to prevent insulation
failures and potential damage to the transformer or connected
equipment.
The open circuit test and short
circuit test
• The open circuit test, also known as the no-load test, is conducted by
applying a rated voltage to the primary winding of the transformer
while the secondary winding is left open (not connected to any load).
The purpose of this test is to determine the core losses of the
transformer, including iron losses and a small amount of copper
losses. By measuring the input power and current, the core losses can
be determined, allowing for the calculation of parameters such as
core loss resistance and magnetizing current.
• On the other hand, the short circuit test, also known as the
impedance test, involves applying a low voltage to the secondary
winding of the transformer while the primary winding is short-
circuited. This test is performed to determine the parameters related
to the transformer's impedance and copper losses. By measuring the
input power, voltage, and current, the short circuit impedance and
copper losses can be calculated. The short circuit test also helps in
assessing the ability of the transformer to handle high currents and
withstand short circuit conditions.
• Both the open circuit test and short circuit test provide valuable
information about the transformer's performance, efficiency, and its
ability to handle different load conditions. These tests are conducted
during the manufacturing process, as well as during maintenance and
troubleshooting to ensure the transformer is operating within its
specified parameters and to identify any potential issues or faults.