Data-type:

A data-type is a property that specifies the type of data you can put in your table.
Each field has a data-type and all values for a field have the same data-type.

Data-types:

For numeric fields:

 Bigint – Really big values

 Int - Big values
 Smallint - -32,768 to 32,767
 Tinyint - 0 to 255
For Fractions or decimals
 Decimal - m,d
 Numeric - same as decimal
 Float - m,d

For Date and Time data-types:

 Datetime - YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS

 Date - YYYY-MM-DD
 Time - HH:MM:SS
 Year - YYYY

For character data-types:

 Char - Any number of characters we give also the memory size is fixed i.e.,. 60 characters
 Varchar -
 Text - To store large amount of text

For storing images or video files:

 BLOB - Binary Large Object

Constraints:

Constraint-types:

 Not NULL - To make sure field gives some value in table for any row
 Default - To populate default value when miss giving any value in column
 Unique - Makes sure all values entered are different, prevents duplicate values and
can store NULL value
 Primary key - A column with unique but not NULL value
 Foreign key - Foreign keys link data in one table to the data in another table
 Check constraint - Server to ensure that all values in a column or a group of columns satisfy a
specified condition. This condition can be any Boolean expression that
evaluates to true or false.

1. Creating database
CREATE DATABASE DBNAME;
2. Using database
 USE DBNAME;
3. Drop database or delete created database
DROP DATABASE DBNAME;
4. Creating table - Name the table Define the columnsMention data-types of columns
USE HELL;
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES
(
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
EMPNAME VARCHAR(30),
DOB DATETIME,
EMAIL VARCHAR(40),
SALARY INT
);
5. Describing table after adding
DESCRIBE TABLENAME;
6. Creating tables from other tables
USE HELL;
CREATE TABLE MALEEMPLOYEES
AS
SELECT ID, EMPNAME, DOB, EMAIL
FROM EMPLOYEES;
7. Delete or drop tables
DROP TABLE MALEEMPLOYEES;
8. Inserting data into tables
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES
(ID, EMPNAME, DOB, EMAIL, SALARY)
VALUES( 0238, 'MOHAMMED', '1989-02-08', '[email protected]', 65000);

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES

VALUES(241, 'NISHATH', '1988-11-06', '[email protected]', 12500);
9. To view the table
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;
10. Populating one table using data in another table
INSERT INTO MALEMPLOYEES
(ID, EMPNAME, DOB, EMAIL, SALARY)
SELECT ID, EMPNAME, DOB, EMAIL, SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEES;
11. SELECT query - Used to get data from tables
SELECT EMPNAME, DOB FROM EMPLOYEES;

Operators:

Symbols (+ - * / < > =)

Generally used with WHERE clause - Used to limit the no. of rows obtained in output

 Addition - +
 Subtraction - -
  Multiplication - *
 Division - /
 Modular division - %

Comparison operators:

To compare data present in columns to data specified in conditions.

Types

 Equal to - =
 Not equal to - <>
 Greater than - >
 Less than - <
 Greater than or equal to - >=
 Less than or equal to - <=

12. Comparison operators

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE SALARY < 45000;

SELECT EMPNAME
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE SALARY >= 25000;

Logical operators:

To create complex query conditions.

Types:

 All
 And
 Between
 In
 Like
 Or
 Is NULL

13. Logical operators

SELECT EMPNAME
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE SALARY >= 25000 AND ID >= 240;

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE SALARY IS NULL;

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPNAME LIKE 'M%';

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
 WHERE ID IN (238, 241, 248);

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE SALARY BETWEEN 50000 AND 100000;

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE ID > ALL (SELECT ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY > 50000);
14. WHERE
 To include a condition while fetching data from tables.
 Also used to join multiple tables.
 Not only used with SELECT but also used with UPDATE and DELETE queries.

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPNAME = 'RAZAK';

15. UPDATE
 To update rows in a table.
 Generally used with WHERE clause.
UPDATE EMPLOYEES
SET EMAIL = '[email protected]'
WHERE ID = 240;

16. DELETE
 Used to delete records in a table.
 Mostly used with WHERE clause.

DELETE
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE ID = 245;

17. LIKE
 Used to compare a value to similar values in a table in db.
 Used with Wildcard characters.

Wildcard characters:

 % - Substitution for 0, 1 or many characters.

 _ - Stands for one character or number.

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMAIL LIKE '%YAHOOMAIL%';

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE ID LIKE '23_';

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPNAME LIKE 'M%';

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPNAME LIKE '_A%';
 18. TOP and LIMIT claused
 Used to fetch top N number of records from a table.
 Not all db’s support TOP.
 ORACLE supports ROWNUM and MYSQL supports LIMIT.

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
LIMIT 6;
19. ORDER BY clause
 To sort data fetched from a table

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
ORDER BY EMPNAME;

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
ORDER BY ID DESC;

20. The GROUP BY clause

 To arrange identical data in groups.
 Used with SELECT query.
 Must follow WHERE clause and precede ORDER BY clause.
21. SQL JOINS
 Combines data or rows from two or more tables based on a common field between them.

Types:

 Inner Join
 Natural Join
 Left (Outer) Join
 Right (Outer) Join
 (Full) Outer Join
 Left (Outer) Join Excluding Inner Join
 Right (Outer) Join Excluding Inner Join
 (Full) Outer Join Excluding Inner Join
 Cross Join
 Equi-Join

INNER JOIN:

 Inner join produces only the set of records that match in both Table A and Table B

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
INNER JOIN MALEMPLOYEES
ON EMPLOYEES.ID = MALEMPLOYEES.ID;