Dan Harvey F. Dimapundug BsCrim 2D.

1. Historical Background of Law enforcement of the PHILIPPINES

Law Enforcement. Maintain peace and order. Prevents and investigates crimes and bring offenders to
justice. Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine Constitution and pertinent laws, or it is hereby
declared to be the policy of the State to promote peace and order, ensure public safety and further
strengthen local government capability aimed towards the effective delivery of the basic services to the
citizenry through the establishment of a highly efficient and competent police forceThe Philippine
National Police (PNP) is the primary law enforcement agency in the Philippines. It was established under
Republic Act No. 6975, which is “An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a reorganized
Department of the Interior and Local Government and Other Purposes,” a highly effective and
competent police force that is national in scope and civilian in character was established in 1991, and is
empowered by Section 24 to use force in making arrests and investigation and prevention of crime.

The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine Constabulary or the PC, which was
inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing it as an insular police force under the American regime. On
August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree no. 765 was issued, establishing the Philippine Constabulary
Integrated National Police or the PC/INP as the country’s national police force. These fragmented and
diverse local police units were integrated into a national police force with the Philippine Constabulary as
its nucleus. The Philippine Constabulary (PC) was established on August 18, 1901, under the general
supervision of the civil Governor-General of the Philippines, by the authority of Act. No. 175 of
the Second Philippine Commission, to maintain peace, law, and order in the various provinces of the
Philippine Islands. By the end of 1901, a total of 180 officers had been commissioned. The constabulary
assisted the United States military in combating the remaining irreconcilable revolutionaries following
the March 23 capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo and his April 1 pledge of allegiance to the United
States. This phase of the Philippine–American War ended in Luzon by 1906, with the surrender and
execution of one of its last remaining generals, Macario Sakay. Continued disorder
and brigandry prompted Governor-General William Howard Taft to maintain the PC to combat
insurgents. Captain Henry T. Allen of the 6th U.S. Cavalry, a Kentucky-born graduate of West Point (Class
1882), was named as the chief of the force, and was later dubbed as the "Father of the Philippine
Constabulary". With the help of four other army officers, Captains David Baker, W. Goldsborough, H.
Atkinson, and J.S. Garwood, Captain Allen organized the force, trained, equipped and armed the men as
best as could be done at the time. Although the bulk of the officers were recruited from among the U.S.
commissioned and non-commissioned officers, two Filipinos qualified for appointment as 3rd
Lieutenants during the first month of the PC: Jose Velasquez of Nueva Ecija and Felix Llorente of Manila.
Llorente retired as a colonel in 1921 while Velasquez retired as major in 1927.The Philippine
Constabulary Band was formed on October 15, 1902, by Colonel Walter Loving upon the instructions of
Governor-General Taft, who was known as a music lover. The 86-piece band toured the United States to
great acclaim, leading the parade in Washington, D.C. to celebrate Taft's 1909 presidential inauguration,
and performing at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the 1915 World's Fair. Before the First
World War, the PC Band would serve as a source of national pride.

Now, Philippine National Police (PNP), is the armed national police force in the Philippines. Its national
headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. Currently, it has
220,000 personnel.The agency is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission and is
part of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Local police officers are
operationally controlled by municipal mayors. DILG, on the other hand, organizes, trains and equips the
PNP for the performance of police functions as a police force that is national in scope and civilian in
character.

This department was under the leadership headed by President of the Philippines & Commander-in-
Chief – Pres. Rodrigo Roa Duterte, followed by Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (SILG) &
NAPOLCOM Chairman – Sec. Eduardo M. Año with his Undersecretary DILG Undersecretary for Peace
and Order - Usec. Bernardo C. Florece Jr. And the PNP personel are as follows headed by Chief of the
Philippine National Police (C, PNP) – PGen. Guillermo Lorenzo T. Eleazar, The Deputy Chief for
Administration of the Philippine National Police (TDCA, PNP) - PLTGEN. Joselito M. Vera Cruz, The
Deputy Chief for Operations of the Philippine National Police (TDCO, PNP) - PLTGEN. Israel Ephraim T.
Dickson and The Chief of Directorial Staff (TDCS) - PLTGEN. Dionardo B. Carlos and then the Regional
Police Offices manage and administer Police Stations within the various regions of the Philippines, each
of which include several provinces and independent cities. Each unit exercises independent control over
all police units within their areas of operation and attached units of the PNP National Headquarters are
ordered to assist these Regional Offices. The National Capital Region Police Office is one such regional
office. Under this department heads the Philippine National Police also have theOperation Units namely,
Anti-Cybercrime Group (ACG), This Group is responsible for the implementation of pertinent laws on
cybercrimes and anti-cybercrime campaigns of the PNP. Anti-Kidnapping Group (AKG), This Group serves
as the primary unit of the PNP in addressing kidnapping menace in the country and in handling hostage
situations, Aviation Security Group (AVSEGROUP), This group provides security to all airports throughout
the country. Civil Security Group (CSG), This group regulates business operations and activities of all
organized private detectives, watchmen, security/agencies and company guard forces. It also supervises
the licensing and registration of firearms and explosives. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group
(CIDG), This group monitors, investigates, prosecutes all crimes involving economic sabotage, and other
crimes of such magnitude and extent as to indicate their commission by highly placed or professional
criminal syndicates and organizations. It also conducts organized- crime –control, all major cases
involving violations of the revised penal Code, violators of SPECIAL LAWS assigned to them such as Anti-
hijacking, Anti-carnapping and Cyber crimes among others and atrocities committed by Communist
Party of the Philippines (CPP)/New People's Army (NPA)/National Democratic Front (NDF). Drug
Enforcement Group (DEG), This group arrests criminals who are into trading illegal drugs. Highway Patrol
Group (HPG), This group enforces the traffic laws and regulations, promote safety along the highways,
enhances traffic safety consciousness through inter- agency cooperation concerning Police Traffic Safety
Engineering, Traffic Safety Education and Traffic Law enforcement functions and develops reforms in the
crime prevention aspect against all forms of lawlessness committed along National Highway involving
the use of motor vehicles. Integrity Monitoring and Enforcement Group (IMEG), This group is designed
to conduct intelligence build-up and law enforcement operations against PNP personnel who are
involved in any illegal activities such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, financial crimes, cybercrime,
malversation, graft and corrupt practices, security violations, and others. It replaced the Counter-
Intelligence Task Force (CITF). Intelligence Group (IG), This group serves as the intelligence and counter-
intelligence op of the Crime Operatives (SOCO) This group provides scientific and technical, investigative
aide and support to the PNP and other investigative agencies. It also provides crime laboratory
examination, evaluation and identification of physical evidence gathered at the crime scene with
primary emphasis on medical, biological and physical nature. Maritime Group (MG), This group is
responsible to perform all police functions over Philippine territorial waters, lakes, and rivers along
coastal areas to include ports and harbors and small islands for the security and the sustainable
development of the maritime environment. Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG), This group
provides security to government vital installations, government officials, visiting dignitaries and private
individuals authorized to be given protection. Special Action Force (SAF), This group is a mobile strike
force or a reaction unit to augment regional, provincial, municipal and city police force for civil
disturbance control, internal security operations, hostage-taking rescue operations, search and rescue in
times of natural calamities, disasters and national emergencies and other special police operations such
as anti-hijacking, anti-terrorism, explosives and ordnance disposal. PNP Air Unit is a highly specialized
police unit specializing in providing air support to the entire PNP organization. It is staffed by a pool of
professional, licensed and experienced pilots and aircraft mechanics with the heart to serve the nation
and its people. Once a part of Special Action Force.

True to its MIssion, The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and
order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community. And it’s
Vision, imploring the aid of the almighty, by 2030, we shall be a highly capable, effective and credible
police service,working in partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safer
place to live, work, and do business". And will be forever be ready to protect and serve, for the people
and for our country. And ready for any change to further strengthen the PNP into a highly efficient and
competent police force, Republic Act No. 8551 entitled, PNP Reform and the Reorganization Act of
1998” was enacted on February 17, 1998, amending certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975, AN ACT
PROVIDING FOR THE REFORM AND REORGANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES, AMENDING CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SIXTY-NINE
HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIVE ENTITLED, "AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
UNDER A RE-ORGANIZED DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES".

2.Code of Kalatiaw

Article I
Ye shall not kill, neither shall ye steal nor shall ye hurt the aged, lest ye incur the danger of death. All
those who this order shall infringe shall be tied to a stone and drowned in a river or in boiling water.
Base on the written article, this is somehow related to the commandments of God, Thou shall not kill. It
is evident that this is one of the most powerfull law that should be followed as no man has the right to
kill someone just to fight what he believes in nor to get justice or put justice on his own hands. Also it
was mentioned regarding stealling and it is also on the commandments of God, Thou shall not steal.
True to it sense that it is a crime to steal something and must be punished so no one will do the same.
We all know that killing and stealling is a crime and this is already evident in our society now. Every day,
once we open our televisions and radio, death, killers and scammers, plunders are always the headlines.
From ordinary people to people who are in office are all part of it. And if were going to see the bigger
picture, we know who and what but there are some who are to blind to see the real one and the truth
on the crimes. With this article if found guilty the person will be punished thru drowning in boiling water
or the person will be tied to a stone and drowned to the river.

Article II

Ye shall punctually meet your debt with your headman. He who fulfills not, for the first time shall be
lashed a hundredfold, and If the obligation is great, his hand shall be dipped threefold in boiling water.
On conviction, he shall be flogged to death. On this article, they are pertaining to debts. And you should
always pay your ebts on time to avoid any conflicts. Timely as i may say, as this is very common now
here in our generation. This generation are more on the so called “IN” and they will do all, i mean
everything just to be with or go with the flow of the so called “uso”. Parents often time can’t control
their children and even them will do what they children wants and borrow money just to please their
children. They will borrow here from there, loans, then most of the time was not able to meet the time
to pay for thier debts. And this causes a lot of issues and even fights. And most of the ways of people
paying their debts is by borrowing money to others that will cause more debts that will lead to a bigger
problem. But this article focuses not only on money but also to other things that has value. For this one,
if the person is found guilty, he will be lashed out many times or if the amount is much bigger, or the
obligation is great at value, the person’s hand who is responsible will be dipped in boiling water, much
worst even death will be his or her punishment.

Article III

Obey ye: no one shall have wives that are too young, nor shall they be more than what he can take care
of, nor spend much luxury. He who fulfils not, obeys not, shall be condemned to swim three hours and,
for the second time, shall be scourged with spines to death. Live within your means. From here you will
be earning more money than you’re spending. And this will allow you to save more money for your
financial goals, and it also gives you a cushion in case of emergency arises and you need extra cash. This
is very simple article but it means a lot and it will taught you how to live a simple life. Simple yet no
problems at all in terms of money. Money is not always the cause of happiness of everybody. By obeying
this article, you’re not having to go into more debt to pay for living expenses. In order to do this, we
need to track our expenses. A spending plan or budget is the single best way to ensure to live within
your means, seperate wants from needs, buy when you have the cash, keep an emergency fund, do it
yourself, dont deprive yourself and find contenment in your lifestyle. In that way you will enjoy life less
worry on paying debt and less worry when emergency occurs. The punishement set for this one were
categorized by offense. First offense, you will just swim for 3 hours, which is considered tiring and can
result to drowning. Second offense shall be scourged to death.

Article IV

Observe and obey ye: Let not the peace of the graves be disturbed; due respect must be accorded them
on passing by caves and trees where they are. He who observes not shall die by bites of ants or shall be
flogged with spines till death. Everybody deserve a peaceful place to rest in. All of us wanted to have a
time to rest quitely in order for us to have peace of mind. Likewise to our dear beloved who departed.
They also deserve a peaceful place to rest in. This article is pertaining to paying respect to all faithful
departed. They are gone yes, and still needs to be respected. Since they are aready gone doesnt mean
we no longer think of their right. One thing that this article is pertaining to is to to provide peaceful
resting graves and giving them a place like home were they can peacefully rest. Example to this one can
be relatable to all of us. Once we are tired from work, we always wanted to go home and have a rest.
And in order for us to be rested fully is to lay down, take a nap to a place that is free from noise. This will
calm our mind and will have a good time to breath not thinking about the chaos outside our home. And
for our dearly beloved who departed, they too deserve a resting place which is peaceful, quite and
pleasing as way of paying respect to them showing our love for them forever. The punishment on this
article is different as they used ants. If found guilty, they will let ants bite you to death, meaning your
death will be slowly and painful or flogged with spines until you die.

Article V

Obey ye: Exchange in food must be carried out faithfully. He who complies not shall be lashed for an
hour. He who repeats the act shall, for a day be exposed to the ants. This article is more on the respect
of food. Or we say, we need to respect all the grace that we are about to take in. Exchange of food,
meaning more on the food we share and we take in. We need to respect and love the food that we have
received as much as the food we give in. We should always be thankful for the grace that we have and
also thankful for the food that was given by others as these are all from the grace of the almighty. And
not only that, we put love on every food that we prepare same with the giver hen they prepared the
food. The preparation took everybody an hour and effort to produce delicious meal and with that,
respect should always be there and appreciation. For instance, you are invited for a gathering and
courtesy to the host you will bring cooked food as well to show that you are grateful for the invittion.
And must not forget to appreciate the food that was during that gathering. This will show how grateful
you are and you have enjoyed that little get together. This article focuses on the grace that was provided
both ends. And if ever a certain person disobeyed the said rule, they will lashed out for an hour and
worst they will be exposed to the ants.

Article VI

Ye shall revere respectable places, trees of known value, and other sites. He shall pay a month's work, in
gold or money, whoever fails to do this; and if twice committed, he shall be declared a slave. For this
particuar article, it talks about the environment. The place that we live in. Places that we visit every time
wwe need to relax and unwind. We see beauty in it and we feel that it is part of our daily life and it is
really part of it. With this one, the article is pertaining to the love that we should give to the other living
things that surrounds us, like trees , grass and etc. We are breathing fresh air because of the trees. We
see beauty on one scene becasue of the green grass that covers the mountains that bears flowers that
will surely brighten up our day. The tress that provides shades on a sunny day and provide shelter to
other creatures like birds that sing to us and changes the mood of the environment. All of that has value
to our life and it gives us something in return that we need it everyday. Food, shelter fresh air and
others. We need to respect them like humans. They are all living things and needs our love and we need
to take good care of them as well. The punishement for this one will be momre on monetary or gold if
you are guilty in disrespecting the place, if it comes to worst you will be considered or to be declared as
slave.

Article VII

They shall die who kill trees of venerable aspect; who at night shoot with arrows the aged men and the
women; he who enters the house of the headman without permission; he who kills a fish or shark or
striped crocodile. This is somehow close to Article VI. This pertains also to the tress that is giving us
shelter and food and fresh air. We need to bear in mind the value of the tress before killing it. As this will
be important to you and for the next generation. One thing that this article is also pertaining to is that of
how you respect your leaders. Headsman are there to lead the group and must be respected spcially
their house. And entering their house without permission is prohibited. It is considered to be a crime as
per the article. As of this very day, this rule is still being observe and it is very true that we need to
respect the place or house of our leaders. Another thing is the killing of fish like shark and striping of
crododile’s skin. It is considered a crime as we need to respect all living creatures. We should all be
aware that living and non living, that are all given by God should all be respected as they are all
important to this world we live in. This article is more on the love of things that surrounds us and if you
kill tress and fish they will do the same to you as punishment. This is how they value the other living
things.

Article VIII

They shall be slaves for a given time who steal away the women of the headmen; he who possesses dogs
that bite the headmen; he who burns another man's sown field. This is also somehow related to the
commandments of God. Adultery. It is really prohibited as we value the sacredness of marriage. As of
this day this has been a big issue that we are facing. We are into watching the show of RTIA and most of
the issues being takled were all about adultery. With this chidren are the ones that are being affected
others were being neglected and it bothers the whole nation because of this adultery thing. Another
one, the one thing that we considered man’s bestfriend, dogs. We should be responsible in handling
dogs to avoid any accident like dog bites. Leetin them out should be with the pressence of the owner so
they can see it that they will not bite passers by to avoid any issues. Lastly, the burning od the sown
field. It is their livelihood and we should always be aware that by burning it will be a big burden to the
owner to to those farmers who have work for it for their family. This will end them up to becoming an
slave for a long time as punishement. Compared to what is happening now the punishment is much
worst aside from paying moral damages they will be imprisoned too.

Article lX

All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while traveling by night; kill the Manaul; tear the
documents belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or who mock the dead. Respect of the
people’s time of rest, it talks about the being quite at night and no one should be heard singing while
traveling. Maybe this is more on the respect of the people you will pass by respecting their time to rest.
Aside form that the important documents that belong to the headmen, it should be kept and should not
be destryed. This will protect all documents that is important tot the tribe or group specially to the
leaders. To those who are liars, it is also prohibited. That people should always tell the truth for the sake
of everybody, for safety of your self and the rest of the tribe or group. Mocking of the dead people mis
also prohibited. We need always to respect our dear love ones and not put their name in vain as a sign
of respect to the dead. If found guilty and if one do not observe this one they will be beaten for two
days an suffer the pain in front of the people. Nowadyas, this type of rule is not that hard on the people
who do it, for public disturbancces the gorunds will be just simple depending on the ordinance passed
by the Brgy officials same with being a liar depending on the situation and the issue. For the documents
it will depend now on the case being filed if the document is really important to solve a certain case.

ARTICLE X

It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach secretly to her daughters matters pertaining to lust
and prepare them for womanhood; let not men be cruel nor punish their women when they catch them
in the act of adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be killed by being cut to pieces and thrown to the
caymans. It focuses on the family, the role of the mother, daughter and husband soon to be. This article
is more on the families way of how they will prepare their daughters about getting married and raising a
family. The rule os a mother is important in raising a daughter in preparation for their life outside thier
house and getting a man and starting their own family. Once married, the man must also respect their
spouse and will never hurt them or beat them nor punish them if in case found out they commited
adultery. Contrary to a certain rule of code of Kalantiaw, that they will never hurt the one commmitted
the crime as a husband as once you punish your wife you will be the one who will be punished. The
panushiment from this is very uncivilized as they will cut you into pieces once found guilty or if yu
disobey the rule. They will cut your body into pieces and be thrown to the caymans as their food.
Article XI

They shall be burned, who by force or cunning have mocked at and eluded punishment, or who have
killed two young boys, or shall try to steal the women of the old men (agurangs). Still on the basis of the
10 commandments of God. Killing and adultery in a way this article is pertaining to. It is like the first
article but it is more on the killing of young boys. In the commandements of God, killing is one of His
most dislike doings of men. As he created men to be love not to kill. Nowadays, killing is a crime. Even
fustrated murder has punishment now. putting the justice system, by killing the person who do you
worng, is not accepted as we have the rightful palce and people who will do it for us like the law
enforcement or the court. Same with the other reason for this code, adultery. It is also on the
commandments of God that it is not right to do so. It is written as the seventh commandments Do not
commit adultery. This is becasue we value the sacredness of marriage. This is now very common now in
our Philippine issues being aired everyday in a certain show. And people are being exposed to the issues
and possible punishment for those who committed this crime. For the code of Kalantiaw the punishment
was by burning them being viewd by people. And that can be so painful enduring the fire slowly.
Nowadays, peopke who committed this will be imprisoned only for certain years and still have a chance
to be a good one someday. Chances are given to those who have promised to do good.

Article XII

They shall be drowned, all slaves who assault their superiors or their lords and masters; all those who
abuse their luxury; those who kill their anitos by breaking them or throwing them away. Respect begets
respect. This is article focus on the respect that we need to give to leaders of people who are in a higher
position. As slave, we need to think twice where we stand and who are we dealing with to avoid
conflicts and issues. We know for a fact that they are our headmen and they are the one who are
leading the group or tribe in order for us to live freely and to be ib peace. With that respect must be
given to them not just aas human but as our leaders just like our parents. Aside from that of howing
respect to leaders, are people who abuses their power and luxury, they must always think that they
were placed thier to lead for the people and not to abuse them. They must lead as an exmple to the
tribe or group and be responsible enough to be the best for the benefit of all. Also the killing or
destroying of thier anitos is punishable. They must respect thier anitos always as they consider it as their
gods. This code of Kalantiaw is more on the respect that we need to give in order for us to gain respect
as well. And to those who can’t observe this will be punished thru drowning that will result into death.

Article XIII

They shall be exposed to the ants for half a day, who kill a black cat during the new moon or steal things
belonging to the headmen. This is based on the very old supertitious beliefs, Im not sure if this is still
being observe, seeing a black cat on your way is a sign of bad luck. If you happen to do so, go bad to
where you came from and wait for a minute or two or look for a different way to avoid the cat. Others
say that if you see black cat on your way, you will meet an accident when you continue on that particlar
way. This beliefs has been circulating since i was a kid. Not sure if this is true or not but there are no
harm if we believe it. All we need to do best is to always take care and pray. But for the code of
Kalantiaw, they prohibits the killing of black cats during new moon. I believe this is their belief as it will
give them bad luck as well. Also, stealing things that belongs to the headmen is a crime. This is also on
the commandments of God. Thou shall not steal. Anything that belongs to the leader must be observed
and no one should take it from them as they will be punished accordingly. Likewise now, we don’t want
others to steal something from us as things that we own are all important from money to simple things.
The only different for this article is the punishment as for the code of Kalantiaw you will be exposed to
ants for half a day but this time around you will pay depending on the amount or value that you stole
and inprisonment. But for the killing of cat it will depend now from the owner.

Article XIV

They shall be slaves for life, who having beautiful daughters shall deny them to the sons of the
headman, or shall hide them in bad faith. If you love to watch movies like tribes and early human life
cycle, this is very common on certain movies like tribes and cult. A certain captain or leader of the tribe
will choose or have the prower to choose who to marry. As a leader of the tribe, no one will dis obey
him and can take anything he wishes like marrying the most beautiful girl on thier tribe. Nad if the
parents will refuse to do so, they will punished and will suffer a lot as they have disobeyed the main
code of their tribe. Certain movies also, the beautiful girl was the one who refuses to marry or follow the
rule of the tribe as they wanted to portray the true meaning of love. The girl will fight her parents as sign
of refusal and will then escape form the tribe to avoid in marrying the leader of the tribe. Soon enough
that beautiful girl will find a way to fight for what she know is right. Ending they will be punished or be
thrown away and then war is being decalred. For this article, for those who will refuse to obey the code
will become slaves for life, serving the leader and his men forever. And they can do anything to them as
punishment.

Article XV

Concerning their beliefs and superstitions: they shall be scourged, who eat bad meat of respected
insects or herbs that are supposed to be good; who hurt or kill the young manual bird and the white
monkey. This is article is more on the old saying and traditions like beliefs and supertitions that arises in
the early days. There are some that are still evident as of these days and some are forgoten already.
What’s nice about this one is the value on things that we need to thiink about. Respect thier beliefs and
follow what needs to be followed even if it is against your will. Like they always say, if your in Rome do
the Romans do. Before, they consider a lot of different insects, small or big, as diwats or gods and they
respect them and raised a rule not to harm them and forbids people to eat them as it is a sign of
disrespect. If you happen not to observe it they will punish you by scourging and will suffer a lot. Now,
this type of rule is not being observe as it is not that important in the sense that no one will be harmed.
But the only thing that is very important here is the respect that we need to give and share whenever
where in a certain place that observes a certain rule or code strictly. We need to think twice in every
thing that we do specially we are in a different place to avoid any issues and conflict.

Article XVI
Their fingers shall be cut off, who break wooden or clay idols in their olangangs and places of oblation;
he who breaks Tagalan's daggers for hog killing, or breaks drinking vases. Dealing with history and
studying them you will see how they value things.From vases to that has sentimental value, statues that
they consider it as their gods, and things that have been in thier belongings for decades. They wanted to
preserve the things that have value and they consider it as they treasure and if someone will destroy it
punishment will be serve to them. This will remind them that no one should destroy their treasures. This
is also evident nowadays as we value things thats been with us for a long years. Like antiques, from
closets to chairs, glasses and plates and even statues of figurines of saints. The older it gets the higher
the value. There were also collectors of old things now and they are willing top pay any amount just to
have it. They preserve it and soon will sell it for a bigger amount as it is considered to be of great value.
Before, the way they treat this was different as they considered it like gods and if ever that particular
thing was destroyed or broken by accident, the people responsible will be punished by cutting their
fingers. And i believe this one is like cutting your hands in order for you not to touch nor destroy
anything else that has value to them.

Article XVII

They shall be killed, who profane places where sacred objects of their diwatas or headmen are buried.
He who gives way to the call of nature at such places shall be burned. Respect begets respect.This article
is more on the respect to the place where their sacred objects and leadres were buried. They must
observe proper actions on theur graves as they are considered to be gods as well. This is also evident
now that we wanted our dearly beloved who are departed to be respected specially their resting palce.
We often clean their graves to show our love to them and how we respect them during their time when
they are still alive and forever will continue by showing respect to them, offering them food and flowers.
To the code of Kalantiaw any wrong doings, spitting or the so called call of nature to the graves or near
the graves is prohibited as it will show disrespectful to them. By doing this, the people responsible will
be punished thru burning them unitl death and with no respect tot eh sacred places, if not observed
they will be killed automatically. Nowadays, we do not practised this type punishment. That is different
now on the respect that we have as human. We should always act civilized even when no one is
watching. As they say respect begets repect. And this article is an eye opener to us that we need to
respect sacred places and objects and even the grave of our love ones.

Article XVIII

Those who do not cause these rules to be observed, if they are headmen, shall be stoned and crushed to
death, and if they are old men, shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and crocodiles. This article
is more on the last rule that all code or rule should all be observe and respected. It was created, all code
for the betterment of all and it is for everybody’s guide to live the life being a good citizen or member of
the group. Rules and regulations that needs to be observed a t all times and if one or two was not
followed certain punishment is being serve from being a slave, bitten by insects, drowning or worst to
be killed iin front of the people. The punishment will depend if you’re a headmen or an oldman.
Headmen shall be stoned and crushed to death which is the pain that you will suffert is worst as you will
endure the pain slowly until you will be out of breath while the others will be thrown to thw rivers and
you will be used as a food for sharks and crododiles. Nowadays, if you commited a crime, whether you
are an ordinary citizen of holding a position, you will suffer the same punishment depending on the
grounds that was committed. But the process is different as it will take years for people in office to
received their punishment as the they will try to prolong the process using thier power and money to
control the justice system.