Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Peace, security, and public order are essential bedrock elements in building

the foundation for inclusive growth, a high trust and resilient society, and a globally-

competitive knowledge economy. These affect people’s mobility, confidence, and

well-being, as well as business continuity and longevity. Ensuring security, public

order, and safety is one of the fundamental strategies of the Philippine

Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 – as it facilitates the implementation of all

other strategies. The intended outcomes of this sector are: territorial integrity and

sovereignty upheld and protected, all forms of criminality and illegal drugs

significantly reduced, public safety ensured, and security and safety of Overseas

Filipinos (http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/SER-Chap-18_as-

of-March-26.pdf).

The South-East Asian region is highly vulnerable to rapid onset natural

disasters. A range of actors provide assistance during these crises, including

local, national and regional civilian government offices, military and police forces,

and national and international humanitarian organisations. Effective coordination

among these diverse civilian, military and police actors is critical to ensuring an

effective response to disasters (Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and

Natural Disasters, Washington: Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement,

June 2006).

.
 The partnership of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the

Philippine National Police (PNP) is strengthened with the joint signing of the

Revised Joint Implementing Rules and Regulations (RJIRR) to Executive Order

546 in Relation to Executive Order 110 by secretaries of Department of National

Defense (DND) and Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). Under

the RJIRR, the PNP QUAD (Operation, Intelligence, Police Community Relations

and Investigations) Operations is mandated to give support to AFP Triad (Combat

Operations, Intelligence and Civil Military Operations) in discharging its duties to

the public against insurgency (https://www.afp.mil.ph/index.php/news/).

Today, due to the persistent actions of some of its members to assume

more than their traditional role in nation-building, it is made to reassess its nation

building role once again – whether this should be curtailed so that there are no

more such persistent actions, or whether this should even be expanded to address

problems that the civilians cannot perform. In answer, this paper has sought to

imply that the extent of coordination among military and police personnel in crime

investigation to enhance crime solution efficiency ultimately depends upon its

anticipated coordination of the two most important branches of the government

and not only on the organization and national development but the very survival of

the state itself.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate motivations of coordination among military

and police personnel in crime investigation to enhance crime solution efficiency.

 Specifically, the researcher try to find to find out the answer of the following

questions:

1. What is the extent of coordination of military and police personnel?

2. Is the coordination between military and police personnel has been effective

in solving crimes?

3. Is the solutions are efficient to the both most important branch of the

government?

Theoretical Framework

The passage into law on December 13, 1990 of Republic Act No. 6975

entitled “An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police Under a Reorganized

Department of the Interior and Local Government and for Other Purposes,” gave

way to the creation of the country's police force that is national in scope and civilian

in character. It is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission.

With the affectivity of Republic Act No. 8551, otherwise known as the

“Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998,” the PNP was

envisioned to be a community and service oriented agency. As mandated by law,

the PNP activated the Internal Affairs Service (IAS) on June 1, 1999. It is an

organization within the structure of the PNP, and it is headed by Inspector General.

The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP; Filipino: Sandatahang Lakas ng

Pilipinas; Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas de Filipinas) are the military forces of

the Philippines. It consists of the three main service branches; the Army,

the Navy (including the Marine Corps) and the Air Force. The President of the

Philippines is the Commander-in-Chief of the AFP and forms military policy with
the Department of National Defense, an executive department acting as the

principal organ by which military policy is carried out, while the Chief of Staff is the

overall commander and the highest-ranking officer in the AFP. A previous attached

branch is the defunct Philippine Constabulary (which is merged with the Integrated

National Police to form the Philippine National Police), while the Philippine Coast

Guard is a wartime attached service. Military service is entirely voluntary (Central

Intelligence Agency. "The World Factbook: Military Service Age and Obligation".

Retrieved 28 February 2016).

Initially, after declaring independence in 1898, the Philippine government

took on a dictatorial form. This was replaced by a revolutionary government

headed by Emilio Aguinaldo as president on June 23, 1898. The First Philippine

Republic was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos

Constitution on January 23, 1899. When it became apparent that the United States

had no intention of recognizing the newly established Republic, the Philippine–

American War erupted with a declaration of war by the Philippines on the United

States. The Philippine Revolutionary Forces, which lacked sufficient ammunition,

lost many battles. By 1901, the Filipinos had completely lost the war.

The Philippine Revolutionary Army was founded on March 22, 1897 in

Cavite. The armed force of General Emilio Aguinaldo's revolutionary government,

with General Artemio Ricarte as its first Captain General, replaced the Katipunan

military. Though the Philippine Army grew out of forces which fought in opposition

to and which defeated forces led by General Ricarte, General Ricarte is considered
to be the father of the Philippine Army (https://www.afp.mil.ph/index.php/2013-04-

30-08-34-40/2013-04-30-07-43-43).

Significance of the Study

The results or findings of this study contribute significantly to propose in

enhancing crime solution efficiency if the military and police personnel will

coordinate efficiently.

Philippine National Police. This study will guide them in the process of

identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating

responsibility and authority establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling

people work effectively.

Armed Forces of the Philippines. It is apparent that the traditional nation

building role is still best for the AFP, and for the good of the country, although

certain modifications may need to be adopted.

Other Researchers. This study provided baseline data needed for further

study and acquire more knowledge in conducting research, put in practice what

they had learned in their subjects and develop their communication skills.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will look into the extent of coordination among military and police

personnel. The study will be conducted and be limited to the Region XII office,

Camp Fermin G. Lira and JTF Baraccuda Barangay Bula in General Santos City.
Definition of Terms

The following terms are used in this study and are operationally defined as

follows:

Police. Controlling crime and maintaining public order by prevention or,

failing that, through apprehension. Internal Affairs.

Military. Securing the state against external threat through deterrence or,

failing that, military action. External Affairs.

Police Coordination. To deal with functional delineation and coordination

between law enforcement agencies and the conventional police institutions.

Understanding coordination work in policing is important for a number of reasons

probably most obviously, when police fail to coordinate their activities adequately,

crimes and their detection and prosecution can slip through organizational cracks

Police Operations - to initiate reforms in rules and procedures in the

conduct of police operations; provide police stations with the appropriate work tools

and strengthen crime research to support more effective crime management

operations.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

Police officers and military personnel have a variety of responsibilities in

maintaining law and order, arresting criminals, and providing security in their

jurisdictions. They need to gain compliance from civilians, but compliance can be

gained in different ways. Some rely on coercive compliance including various

forms of force; others can gain voluntary compliance, which is less likely to make

civilians resentful. Warfighters will be more effective in conducting humanitarian

missions, counter-insurgency, and other activities if they can refrain from

antagonizing civilians

Police work emphasizes more proactive forms of prevention in attempting

to detect problems before they arise or before they become more entrenched as

constituting a core policing task. The military is arguably more passive in its

preventive measures in that ‘active’ forms of deterrence such as military exercises

6 Civil-Military occasional Papers may occur but are less integral to the overall

raison d’etre of defense forces. Further generalizations include the notion that

police action through apprehension involves a great deal of constabulary

discretion, and is more tailored to context and the individual crime, whilst military

action typically involves a much more complicated, hierarchical and large-scale

response to significant threats to the national interest.

Sites of legitimacy of the military is founded in their role as agents of the

incumbent government and civil authority, whilst police forces created in the Anglo-
American model have typically sought to locate their legitimacy elsewhere, so as

to avoid being seen as an internal political tool. In the civilian policing model, this

has been through a combination of being seen as representatives of the

community being policed and being seen as representatives of the abstract ‘law of

the land’, or enforcing the ‘rule of law’. And, finally, these differences in focus and

function in turn give rise to broadly different institutional arrangements and cultures

in the police and military.

The war fighting function of the military has resulted in personnel typically

being utilized as parts of military units ranging from platoons to armies, with a

strong emphasis being placed on leadership, highly structured decision-making

processes and hierarchy within these units (Seiler 2009). This emphasis on

hierarchy, and an accompanying focus on discipline, has been seen to be

necessary for a number of reasons; not least in order to be able to direct individuals

to both use lethal force themselves against an enemy and to follow orders that may

result in loss of their own life. Civilian police, on the other hand, though sometimes

lumped in with Situating Police and Military in Contemporary Peace Operations 7

military forces under the descriptor ‘disciplined forces’ often see themselves more

akin to other civilian emergency services such as fire or ambulance services rather

than ‘little soldiers’ of any sort (discussions with Australian and New Zealand Police

2010/2011).

For some police forces, however still in the post-colonial era of their

evolution, the concept of police as another ‘disciplined force’ is the dominant one.

In African states experiencing conflict, for example, the distinction between police,
gendarmerie and military becomes especially blurred. Imbued with a sense of

individual responsibility and the key tenet of ‘constabulary discretion’, civilian police

may often have similar values to military personnel (courage, commitment to the

job, desire to contribute to society and some levels of institutional hierarchy) but,

in general terms, the overarching institutional culture of policing is much less

hierarchical with greater emphasis being placed on individual responsibility and

initiative.

So it finds the traditional police – military divide has (at least) these four

different dimensions – differences in function, differences in focus, differences in

source of legitimacy, and differences in culture. Yet in 2001, prior to the events of

September 11, Andreas and Price (2001: 32) claimed that “one of the most

important blurrings of traditional boundaries occurring in the post-Cold War era is

that between an internally oriented domestic police sphere and an externally

oriented military sphere”.

The involvement of the military in traditional policing roles has continued in

recent years, with the US military playing “a key role in law enforcement and related

issues, even if not specifically tasked with a law enforcement mandate” (Jayamaha

et al 2010: xiii) and with undertaking the tasks of police training, mentoring, and

institutional reform (Rosen 2009: 11).

More recently, however, there has been a move from merely suggesting

that it is possible for the military to undertake policing tasks, to a suggestion that it

may actually be desirable. The early stages of Afghanistan, for example, US Army

Colonel Kimberley Fields (2002: 3) has suggested that “if the mainstream military
invested energy in gaining a degree of comfort with [civil-military organisation]

issues and in building relationships with civilian partners, real coordination and

power sharing could result in targeted, efficient, and short-term humanitarian and

reconstruction interventions by the military.” Much of the rationale for the US

military role in police training in Afghanistan and Iraq is, however, due to the simple

fact that the US does not have a national police force that is mandated to undertake

international deployments (Perito 2004).

In 2001 Michael Pugh suggested that all civil-military relations in peace

operations had tended to subordinate humanitarian action to military necessity –

pointing to the Western European Union’s draft Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC)

document from 1999 that stated CIMIC was to “create civil-military conditions that

will offer the Commander the greatest possible moral, material and tactical

advantages” – but he also noted that alternative CIMIC models were being

formulated that were more balanced in their approach towards coordinating state

servants in conflict zones (2001: 346). Indeed CIMIC is now often a priority rather

than merely an afterthought as humanitarian and development agendas have risen

to balance the military imperative. Recent UN reports therefore call for an

increased focus on and resourcing of civilian contributions to UN peace operations,

symbolising a changing approach to the balancing of security and development

needs in complex peacebuilding and peace support operations (UN News Release

2011).

In assessing how police and military, in particular, operate together in peace

operations, there are some useful models to be considered from past experience
before identifying and assessing contemporary emphases. In early missions, such

as Cambodia in the mid 1990s, there were a number of complaints that the entire

UN mission was overly dominated by the military, and by military imperatives. The

military component in UNTAC was ostensibly there to provide a ‘neutral political

environment’ and key tasks for the military included monitoring the ceasefire,

disarmament, regroupment, and the demobilization of factional forces. The civilian

police component, on the other hand, was tasked with ‘stabilizing the security

Situating Police and Military in Contemporary Peace Operations 13 situation’, and

an important part of this particular role was the regulation of existing police forces

in Cambodia. In practice, however, there was a lack of clarity in the Cambodian

case about how these roles could be demarcated from one another in terms of day

to day operations, and the relevant jurisdictions of the two agencies. This

highlighted the difficulties in establishing a clear division of labour between the two

forces, particularly as military affairs tended to dominate to the extent that military

aspects of the mission ‘pervaded almost every aspect of UNTAC’s mandate’ (Kim

and Metrikas 1997: 108). The overbearing emphasis on the military aspect of the

mission also contributed to a lack of planning and preparation for the civilian police

aspect of the operation (Maley 2005: 300).

As was noted above, in 1998 NATO deployed the first ‘Multinational

Specialist Unit (MSU) in Bosnia to help bridge military and civilian police

capabilities. In response to a disastrous episode involving friction between the

MSU and military Commanders in late 1998, NATO developed the Blue Box /

Green Box concept. This demarcated who was to have precedence in different
situations. When public order was threatened, the on-site MSU commander would

command his own unit and other forces present within what would be designated

the ‘Blue Box’ (a particular area of operations). Forces outside the area of

responsibility remained under the command of the most senior military officer

present to support the constabulary policing efforts of the MSU within the Blue Box

area, and this surrounding area was the ‘Green Box’ zone (Perito 2004: 164–5).

This operational model reflected the need to distinguish whether or not the

MSU or military commander had precedence, and in certain situations gave

constabulary forces the tactical freedom to deal with unrest, including the freedom

to decide whether or not to use force. This highlights the preventative role for police

– one particular study from the US Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations

Institute, suggested that the MSU had, by 2000, managed to resolve 261 or 263

interventions without use of force through deterrence, dissuasion and negotiation

(2000: 10) – and the idea of an MSU was therefore judged to work fairly

successfully on a number of occasions (Friesendorf 2009: 47–8) Similar models

were then utilised in Kosovo – particularly for responding to riots and public

disorder – but a number of problems occurred in this case.

Local Literature

In fact, among the agencies of the government, the Philippine National

Police and Armed Forces of the Philippines are organizations that are inseparable,

one always needing the support of the other. After all, both share the same

objectives, which are to promote and secure peace and order and security in the

country, and safeguard national interest.

 The developments over the past months in the areas of law and order and

security, notable of which are the campaigns against terrorism and illegal drugs,

as well as the need to place the country under a state of emergency on account of

lawless violence highlighted—if not strengthened—the level of partnership and

cooperation between the policemen and soldiers.

PNP chief Director General Ronald M. de la Rosa said that, given the huge

tasks and enormous challenges that the country currently faces, the PNP needs

the support and full backing of the military, citing the Davao City bombing, which

killed at least 14 people and wounded more than 70 others, and police operations

in areas where threat groups with sizable number of members exist, as examples.

The Davao blast, characterized as plain terrorism or even narcoterrorism, created

a ripple in police and military operations, with policemen and soldiers responding

by working in tandem to put and man security checkpoints across the country,

secure vital installations and guard areas of public convergence.

“We have a good relationship with the PNP, we support them in the anti-

criminality operations, anti-illegal drugs campaign and anticorruption efforts,” said

AFP Public Affairs Office chief Col. Edgard Arevalo, as he put into context the

relationship between the two organizations under the existing state of emergency.

“Within the Armed Forces, we actively support the PNP by conducting our own

internal cleansing against members who use illegal drugs by initiating random

testing and dismissing those who are found using it,” Arevalo added.

Whenever there is a need, the soldiers also support the policemen even in

plain anticriminality operations, with one of these necessities exemplified in

Northern Mindanao, where various threat groups exist and offer stiff resistance to

operating troops of the PNP.

In Sulu and Basilan, where there is currently a government campaign to end

the reign of notoriety and terrorism by the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and other local

terrorist groups, and even in other parts of Mindanao, where lawless groups also

exist, the PNP and the military work in tandem to confront them.

In Sulu and Basilan, where the police need mobility and other logistical support,

the AFP even backs the PNP in carrying out raids and in serving warrants of arrest

against notorious criminals, members of criminal syndicates and even ASG

members.

Even before he placed the country under a state of emergency, Duterte

already defined the priority mission of the AFP under his administration, and this

is peace and security, necessitating the need to work in partnership with the PNP.

The President ordered the military to focus on the anticriminality campaign in

support of the PNP, with emphasis on his government’s anti-illegal drugs drive and

an end to the terrorism that confronts Mindanao.

The mission was made a necessity by Duterte’s goal of exterminating the

illegal-drugs problem and its sponsors, peddlers and users. Arevalo said the state

of emergency further cemented the relationship between the police and the

military, and has given the AFP a more active role in the areas of peace and

security in coordination with the PNP.

 The existing level of joint operations by the PNP and the Armed Forces also

lessened the existence of criminal syndicates and other crime groups, and negated

their activities.

Still, Arevalo described the level of partnership between the policemen and

soldiers as “basically doing each other’s job.” “And we hope to keep it intact. It is

within the partnership that will spell peace and security for the country,” Arevalo

said. “We are hopeful it will continue.”

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, locale of the study,

respondents and sampling used and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The researcher will use the qualitative method of research which is a type

of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data and that

seeks to interpret meaning from these data that helps understand social life

through the study of targeted populations or place.

In this study, to scrutinize the extent of coordination among military and

police personnel in crime investigation and crime solution efficiency. And also it

will be included proper interpretation of all insights that will be collected.

Locale of the Study

This research will be conducted at Region XII office, Camp Fermin G. Lira

and JTF Baraccuda Barangay Bula in General Santos City

Research Instrument

The researcher gathered data by means of questionnaire as the main

instrument. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. The questionnaire was

structured by the researcher based on some standards reviewed by the adviser

and panel of examiner for content validation.

Respondents and Sampling Used

The researchers will use a probability sampling procedure in choosing the

respondents. Particularly, the simple random sampling using the Slovin’s formula.

There will be a total of 30 randomly pick police and military respondents .

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will observed the following procedure in data gathering:

Asking permission to conduct the study. The researcher will write a

letter to the police chief and military officials asking permission to conduct a survey

regarding the study.

Analysis and interpretation of data. The researcher will gather and

analyzed the data gathered using the appropriate statistical tools.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researcher will use the frequency distribution (percentage distribution)

and the computation of the weighted average mean (WM). These statistical tools

will be used to come up with the summary of the results of the survey. Thus, these

results will be tabulated and interpreted according to the problems of the study

being identified.
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EXTENT OF COORDINATION AMONG MILITARY AND POLICE PERSONNEL
IN CRIME INVESTIGATION BY CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
College of Criminal Justice
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
General Santos City

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

Criminological Research and Statistics

APRIL LOVE C. MIGAD

October 2019