POLICE ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION

WITH POLICE PLANNING

By:

PROF. OSCAR GATCHALIAN SORIANO, LC

BSCrim,, MSBA, MACrim., Ph.DCrim.
 CHAPTER

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PNP

======================================================

Introduction

The passage into law on December 13, 1990 of

Republic Act No. 6975 entitled “An Act Establishing the
Philippine National Police Under a Reorganized
Department of the Interior and Local Government and for
Other Purposes,” gave way to the creation of the
country's police force that is national in scope and
civilian in character. It is administered and
controlled by the National Police Commission.

With the effectivity of Republic Act No. 8551,

otherwise known as the “Philippine National Police
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998,” the PNP was
envisioned to be a community and service oriented
agency. As mandated by law, the PNP activated the
Internal Affairs Service (IAS) on June 1, 1999. It is
an organization within the structure of the PNP, and it
is headed by Inspector General.

Early Origins of the Police Forces

The police under the local setting primitively

evolved from the practice of the different tribes to
select able-bodied young men to protect the people from
the assault of the rival tribe, and to maintain peace
and order within the village.

By the coming of the Spaniards, the country’s

police system started. The police were then called
Cuardillo, later the function of law enforcement were
assumed by the Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad
Republica. In 1852, Guardia Civil took over the peace

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keeping duties in the island under a Royal Decree.
After the Spanish Era ends, another master begin,
the Americans came to our country to conquer and rule
the Philippine Republic. While the American Soldiers
were busy fighting the tug army of Gen. Aguinaldo, Gov.
Taft, established a police which shall maintain peace
and order. On January 9, 1901, Manila Police was
formally organized by virtue of Act No. 175 of the
Philippine Commission. Thereafter adjoining places
follow through.

Implementation of Act No. 175

On August 8, 1901, with the sanction of the U. S.

War Department, Henry T. Allen, a graduate of the U.S.
Military Academy, a regular captain but then a
Lieutenant Colonel of the U.S. Cavalry Volunteers in
the Philippines officially designated and confirms by
the Commission as Chief of Constabulary. His
designation as Chief was formally inaugurated, and on
the same day buckled down to work.

Realizing the fact that military solution to the

problem is unwired; the military authorities opted to
recommend to the Philippine Commission headed by
William Taft to take over. In accordance with the
instructions of the Secretary of War Elihu Root, the
Commission took over the government from the military
on July 18, 1901 with Taft as Civil Governor.

Filipinianization of the Constabulary

The gradual Filipinianization of the Constabulary

officer corps proved to be a sound move for World War I
which was soon to break out and to drag the United
States into it and many of the top Constabulary's
American officers joined the U.S. Expeditionary Forces
to France. This development gave the opportunity for
the Filipinos to run the Constabulary themselves. The
first to be given the chance was Brig. Gen. Rafael T.
Crame, appointed PC Chief in December 1917. Thus, for

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the first time in sixteen (16) years of existence, the
Constabulary was placed under Filipino leadership.
With the assumption of Brig. Gen. Crame, the
Constabulary Districts were renamed and their
respective districts redefined. The 4th District came
to be known as District of Northern Luzon based in San
Fernando, La Union; the 1st District was renamed
District of Central Luzon; the 2nd District was renamed
District of Southern Luzon; the 3rd District was
renamed District of Visayas and the 5th District was
renamed district of Mindanao based in Zamboanga.

The Post War Constable

On October 28, 1944, President Sergio Osmeña

issued an Executive Order creating all insular police
called Military Police Command, USAFFE pursuant to
USAFFE General Orders Nos. 50 & 51, re-designated it as
Military Police Command, AFWESPAC. This idea was
conceived to restore the bad image of the Constabulary
during the Japanese occupation when these constables
were made to run after the guerrillas.

However, after the years of existence, the

Constabulary was revived on July 1, 1947. About 12, 000
officers and men were withdrawn from the Military
Police Command (MPC) and transferred to the Department
of Interior (DI, and designated as the national police
force is the Philippine Constabulary.

All the functions of the Military Police Command

(MPC) except those military in character "were
thereafter exercised and assumed by the PC in
connection with Sections 832-840 & 848 of the Revised
Administrative Code,” were declared in full force and
effect, pursuant to EO No. 94 dated October 4, 1947.

Constitution of the Police Forces

The Administrative Code of the Philippines,

promulgated on September 10, 1955, provided for the
constitution of police forces in every cities and

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municipalities with the officers and members thereof
being appointed by the Mayors with the consent of the
City or Municipal Council. Under this set-up the
police are primarily a political entity that tended to
serve the wills of those in power.

In an effort to improve the quality and morale of

all existing police forces, R.A. No. 4864, known as the
Police Act of 1966 was enacted, by virtue of which,
National Police Commission was created, vested with the
power to supervise and control the police forces all
over the country. Under this act the administration,
control and disciplinary measures, including training
of each member are placed under the exclusive
jurisdiction of the NAPOLCOM.

Integration of the Police Forces

The early seventies saw the rapid escalation of

subversive activities of the insurgents throughout the
country. So, on September 21, 1972, the then President
Ferdinand E. Marcos proclaimed Martial Law throughout
the country by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081, and
subsequently Presidential Decree No. 765 was put into
effect on August 8, 1975.

The said law instituted the integration of the

nation’s police forces with the Philippine Constabulary
or the PC/INP, virtually making the Integrated National
Police a component of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, and under the general supervision of the
Department of National Defense.

Creation of the Philippine National Police

In response to the call for public safety and

reforms within the organization, Honorables Teodulo
Natividad, Blas Ople, Regalado Maambong and Rustico
Delos Reyes authored the provisions of Sec. 6, Art. XVI
in the 1987 Constitution, which provides that, “the
state shall establish and maintain one police force,
which shall be national in scope and civilian in

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character, to be administered and controlled by the
NAPOLCOM. The authority of local executives over the
police units in their respective jurisdiction shall be
provided by the law.

This gave birth in the enactment of RA No. 6975,

entitled “An Act Establishing the Philippine National
Police Under the Reorganized Department of the Interior
and Local Government and for Other Purposes, which took
effect on January 2, 1991. The said act was
subsequently amended by RA No. 8551, entitled “An Act
Providing for the Reform and Reorganization of the
Philippine National Police, and for Other Purposes,
which took effect on March 6, 1998.

Powers and Functions of the PNP

a) Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to

the protection of lives and properties;

b) Maintain peace and order and take all

necessary steps to ensure public safety;

c) Investigate and prevent crimes, effects the

arrest of criminal offenders, bring offenders to
justice and assist in their prosecution;

d) Exercise the general powers to make arrest,

search and seizure in accordance with the Constitution
and pertinent laws;

e) Detain an arrested person for a period not

beyond what is prescribed by law, informing the person
so detained of all his rights under the Constitution;

f) Issue licenses for the possession of firearms

and explosives in accordance with law;

g) Supervise and control the training and

operations of security agencies and issue licenses to
operate agencies, and to security guards and private
detectives, for the practice of their professions, and

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 h) Perform such other duties and exercise all
other functions as may be provided by law.
CHAPTER

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

======================================================

The police force shall be organized, trained and

equipped primarily for the performance of police
functions. Its national scope and civilian character
shall always be paramount.

Composition of the PNP

The Philippine National Police (PNP) is hereby

established, initially consisting of the members of the
police forces who were integrated into the Integrated
National Police (INP) pursuant to Presidential Decree
No. 765, and the officers and enlisted personnel of the
Philippine Constabulary (PC).

Officers and enlisted personnel of the PC shall

include those assigned with the Narcotics Command
(NARCOM), Criminal Investigation Service (CIS),
together with the civilian operatives, and those of the
technical service of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) assigned with the PC.

Also included are the absorbed regular operatives

of the abolished Inspection, Investigation and
Intelligence Branch (IIIB) of the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM).

Organization of the PNP

The Philippine National Police (PNP) shall be

headed by a Chief with the rank of Director General,
who shall be assisted by two (2) Deputy Chiefs, i.e.,

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one (1) for administration, who is the second in
command with the rank of Deputy Director General, and
one (1) for operations, who is third in command with
the rank of Deputy Director General.

The organizational structure is composed of the

national office, regional offices, provincial offices,
district offices, in case of large provinces and city
and municipal stations. The national office is composed
of the following:

1. The Office of the Chief, PNP. the Office of

the Deputy Chief for Administration, the Office of the
Deputy Chief for Operations, and the Office of the
Chief, Directorial Staffs;

3. The ten (10) Staff Directorates are as

follows: Directorate for Personnel and Records
Management (DPRM), Directorate for Human Resource and
Doctrine Development (DHRDD), Directorate for Logistics
(DL), Directorate for Research and Development (DRD),
Directorate for Comptrollership (DC), Directorate for
Intelligence (DI), Directorate for Operations (DO),
Directorate for Plans (DP), Directorate for Police-
Community Relations (DPCR), and 10) Directorate for
Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM).

3. The Office of the Inspector General, Internal

Affairs Service (IG, IAS), Program Management Office
(PMO), and Public Information Office (PIO), which are
all under the Office of the Chief, PNP.

4. The ten (10) Administrative Support Units

(ASU), which are as follows: Chaplain Service, Computer
Service (COMS), Communications and Electronic Service
(CES), Engineering Service (ES), Finance Service (FS),
Headquarters Support Service (HSS), Health Service
(HS), Legal Service (LS), Logistic Service (LOGS), and
Training Service (TS).

5. The ten (10) Operational Support Units

(OSU), which are as follows: Aviation Security Group
(ASG), Civil Security Group (CSG), Crime Laboratory
(CL), Criminal Investigation & Detection Group (CIDG),

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Maritime Security Group (MSG), Police-Community
Relations Group (PCRG), Police Highway Patrol Group
(PHPG), Police Intelligence Group (PIG), Police
Security & Protective Group (PSPG), and Special Action
Force (SAF)

6. The PNP Regional Offices (PROs) corresponding

to the following: the Office of the Regional Director
(RD), the Office of the Deputy Regional Director for
Administration (DRDA), the Office of the Deputy
Regional Director for Operations (DRDO), the Office of
the Chief, Regional Directorial Staff (CRDS) with staff
divisions, as follows: Regional Personnel & Human
Resource Division (RPHRDD), Regional Logistics &
Research Development Division (RLRD), Regional
Comptrollership and Finance Division (RCFD), Regional
Intelligence and Investigation Division (RIID),
Regional Operations & Plans Divisions (ROPD), and
Regional Police Community Relations Division (RPCRD).

7. The five (5) Police District Offices (PDO) of

the National Capital Region (NCR), each headed by a
District Director (DD) and assisted by a Deputy
District Director (DDD), and the District Internal
Affairs Service (DIAS) which is under the District
Director.

8. The Police Provincial Office (PPO)

corresponding to all provinces throughout the country,
each headed by a Provincial Director (PD) and assisted
by a Deputy Provincial Director (DPD), and the
Provincial Internal Affairs Service (PIAS) which is
under the Provincial Director.

9. The City Police Office (CPO) of highly

urbanized cities outside of NCR which shall be under
the command and direction of the Regional Director (RD)
and equivalent to a Provincial Police Office (PPO),
headed by a City Director (CD) and assisted by Deputy
City Director (DCD), and the City Internal Affairs
Service (CIAS).

10. The City/Provincial Mobile Group (C/PMG)

headed by the Group Director (GD) to enhance the

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police internal security operations in the province,
and to assist the AFP in counter-insurgency.

11. The Police Station (PS) headed by a Chief of

Police (COP) which is established in every component
city and municipality, under the command and direction
of the Provincial Director (PD), and with subordinate
Police Community Precincts (PCP) and Community-Police
Assistance Centers (COMPAC), classified as follows:

1) Cities. i.e., Type “A” - population of

100,000 or more, Type “B” - population of 75,000 to
less than 100,000, and Type “C” - population of less
than 75,000 population.

2) Municipalities, i.e., Type “A” - population

of 75,000 or more, Type “B” - population of 30,000 to
less than 75,000, and Type “C” - population of less
than 30,000.

Manning Levels

On the average nationwide, the manning levels of

the PNP shall be approximately in accordance with a
police-to-population ratio of one (1) policeman for
every five-hundred (500) persons. The actual strength
by cities and municipalities shall depend on the state
of peace and order, population density and actual
demands of the service in the particular area.

However, the minimum police-to-population ratio

shall not be less than one (1) policeman for every one
thousand (1,000) persons. Urban areas shall have a
higher minimum police-to-population ratio as maybe
prescribed by regulations promulgated by the NAPOLCOM.

Rank Classification

For purposes of efficient administration,

supervision and control, the rank classification of the
member of the PNP shall be as follows:

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 PNP Ranks AFP Ranks
Director General General
Deputy Director General Lieutenant General
Director Major General
Chief Superintendent Brigadier General
Senior Superintendent Colonel
Superintendent Lieutenant Colonel
Chief Inspector Major
Senior Inspector Captain
Inspector Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer IV Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer III Technical Sergeant
Senior Police Officer II Staff Sergeant
Senior Police Officer I Sergeant
Police Officer III Corporal
Police Officer II Private First Class
Police Officer I Private

Percentage Rank Distribution

The percentage rank distribution of the uniformed
members, except for the rank of Police Chief
Superintendent and above, shall be as follows:

Rank Percentage
Police Senior Superintendent .23%
Police Superintendent .61%
Police Chief Inspector 1.22%
Police Senior Inspector 2.25%
Police Inspector 4.10%
Senior Police Officer IV 4.10%
Senior Police Officer III 7.74%
Senior Police Officer II 9.78%
Senior Police Office I 12.50%
Police Officer III 14.95%
Police Officer II 18.77%
Police Officer I 23.75%
======= Total
100.00%

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 CHAPTER

RECRUITMENT & SELECTION

======================================================

Whereas, Section 14 of R.A. No. 8551 amending

Section 30 of R.A. No. 6975, prescribes the minimum
qualifications for appointment of uniformed personnel
in the Philippine National Police (PNP).

General Qualifications

Hereunder are the general qualifications and

standards in the recruitment and selection of police
personnel, as follows:

1. A citizen of the Philippines;

2. A person of good moral character;

3. Must have passed the psychiatric and

/psychological, physical, medical and dental, and drug
tests to be administered by the PNP Health Service and
Crime Laboratory Service or by any NAPOLCOM accredited
government hospital for the purpose of determining
physical and mental health;

4. Must posses a formal baccalaureate degree

from a recognized learning institution;

5. Must be eligible in accordance with the

standards set by the Commission;

6. Must not have been convicted by final

judgment of an offense or crime involving moral
turpitude;

7. Must not have been dishonorably discharged

from military employment or on AWOL or Dropped from

12
Rolls from the PNP service or dismissed for cause from
any civilian position in the government;

8. Must have no pending criminal case in any

court, including the Office of the Ombudsman or
administrative case if he/she is already an employee of
the government;

9. Must not have been convicted by final

judgment of an offense or crime involving moral
turpitude;

10. Must be at least 1.62 meters in height for

male and 1.57 meters in height for female;

11. Must weigh not more or less than five

kilograms from the standard weight corresponding to
his/her height, age and sex; and

12. Must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor

more than thirty (30) years of age.

Appropriate Eligibilities

The appropriate eligibilities to Police Officer I

are those acquired from the following:

1) NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Examination.

2) R.A. No. 6506—-Licensed Criminologist.

3) R.A. No. 1080-Board and Bar Examinations

4) P.D. No. 907-Honor Students.

5) Civil Service Eligibilities.

Distribution Criteria of Police Officer 1

To attain the equitable distribution of new Police
Officer I recruit, the allocation of quota at the

13
city/municipal levels shall be based on the set of
criteria, as follows:

1. Police-to-population ratio as herein

provided: highly urbanized cities - 1:500 to 700;
component cities - 1:650 to 800; and municipalities -
1:750 to 1000.

2. Peace and order conditions, actual demand of

the service, and class of city and municipality.

Regular Recruitment Quota

The recruitment quota given to any of the National

Support Units (NSU) shall be based on the actual
demands of the functional area covered. Within five (5)
working days from receipt of the proposed annual
recruitment quota, the Commission shall grant the
Chief, PNP the authority to recruit through a
Resolution which shall contain the approved quota
distribution and supplemental guidelines peculiar to
the particular recruitment.

Attrition Recruitment Quota

Upon receipt of the recruitment quota, the Mayor

as Chairperson of the Local Peace and Order Council
(LPOC) shall create an Ad Hoc Body composed of four (4)
members, namely: Vice-Mayor; DILG-CLGOO/MLGOO; POC
Member; and City Director/Chief of Police. The City
Director/Chief of Police (CD/COP) shall serve as the
Secretariat for this activity. He shall publish the
list of applicants in public places and through the
local media, if any, to encourage the public to report
any information relative to the worthiness of the
applicant to become law enforcer in their community.

Final Evaluation of Applicant

The final evaluation includes the sequential

conduct of the following examinations: Physical Agility

14
Test (PAT); Psychiatric or Psychological Examination
(PPE); Complete Physical, Medical and Dental
Examination (PMDE); and Final Screening Committee
Interview (FSCI).

The Drug Test (DT) shall not follow the sequential

step but shall be conducted anytime after the PAT—-on
passers only, and before the Final Screening Committee
Interview (FSCI)—-on PMDE passers only. The Character
and Background Investigation (CBI) shall be conducted
on all PPE passers and must be completed before the
start of the Final Screening Committee Interview
(FSCI).

Appointing Authorities

The following shall be the appointing authorities

to the rank of Police Officer I:

1. The Chief, PNP for applicants recruited at the

national level.

2. The PNP Regional Director for applicants

recruited at the regional level.

3. The Director of the concerned National Support

Unit (NSU) for applicants recruited by such particular
unit.

Status of Appointment

The following are the status of appointment of

newly appointed Police Officer I:

1. Temporary appointment shall be issued to a

newly recruited Police Officer I who meets the required
minimum qualifications, except the training required
which is the PNP Field Training Program (FTP). The FTP
shall be composed of the Public Safety Basic Recruit
Course (PSBRC) and the Field Training Exercise (FTX).

15
 2. Permanent appointment shall be issued to a
Police Officer I after the completion of the required
PNP Field Training Program for twelve (12) months actual
experience and assignment in patrol, traffic, and
investigation.

Guidelines in the Appointment on Waiver Program

The following are the guidelines in the appointment
of Police Officer I under a waiver program:

1. The age, height and weight for initial

appointment to the PNP may be waived only when the
number of qualified applicant fall below the approved
quota, and the Commission en banc my grant age, height,
and weight waiver. The RD, NAPOLCOM may grant height
waiver to a member of indigenous group.

3. Waiver of the age requirement may be granted

provided that applicant shall not be less than 20 nor
more than 35 years of age. For purposes of this
paragraph, one is considered to be not over 35 years
old if he is no yet reached his or her 36th birthday on
the date of the issuance of his or her appointment.

4. Waiver of the height requirements may be

granted to the male applicant who is at least one meter
and 1.57 meters and to a female applicant who is at
least 1.52 meters.

Selection Criteria on Waiver Program

Applicants who posses the least disqualification

shall take precedence over those who possesses more
disqualification. The requirements shall be waived in
the following order, i.e., age, height, and weight.

Each applicant for waiver must posses special

qualifications, skills, or attributes useful to or
needed by the PNP such as those mentioned in letter B
Section VII hereof, which are sufficient to compensate
to his or her lack or certain minimum qualifications.

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 CHAPTER

PROMOTION, ATTRITION & RETIREMENT

======================================================

In furtherance of Section 14(e), R.A. No. 6975, as

amended by R.A. No. 8551 which authorized the National
Police Commission to prescribe rules and regulations on
the promotion of the PNP uniformed personnel, the
following policies are hereby issued for strict
adherence of all concerned.

Types of Promotions

Hereunder are the types of promotions as provided

by R.A. No. 8551:

1. Regular Promotion

A member of the PNP shall not be eligible for

promotion to a higher position or rank unless he has
successfully passed the corresponding promotional
examination given by the Commission, or the Bar or
corresponding board examinations for technical services
and other professions, and has satisfactorily completed
an appropriate and accredited course in the PNP or
equivalent training institutions, and acquired the
necessary work experience. In addition, no member of
the PNP shall be eligible for promotion unless he has
been cleared by the People's Law Enforcement Board
(PLEB) of complaints proffered against him, if any.

2. Special Promotion

Special promotion may be extended to any member of

the PNP for acts of conspicuous courage and gallantry
at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of
duty or selected as such in a nationwide search

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conducted by the PNP or any accredited civic
organization.

3. Promotion by Virtue of Position

Any PNP personnel designated to any key position

whose rank is lower than that which is required for
such position shall, after six (6) months of occupying
the same, be entitled to a rank adjustment
corresponding to the position. Provided, that the
personnel shall not be reassigned to a position calling
for a higher rank until after two (2) years from the
date of such rank adjustment.

Appointing Authority for Promotion

The following are the appointing authorities for

promotion:

Grade Promotional Authority

Director General President
Senior Superintendent to President
Deputy Director General
Inspector to Superintendent Chief, PNP
Police Officer I to Senior Chief, PNP,
Police Officer IV Regional Director, PRO
Director, NSU

Mandatory Requirements for Promotion

The following are considered mandatory

requirements for candidate for promotions:

1. Minimum Educational Attainment, i.e., non-

Officer–-college degree, and officer–-college degree,
but preferably with master’s degree.

2. Completion of Appropriate Training Course.

3. Work Experience.

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 4. Appropriate Police Eligibility, prescribed by
the National Police Commission.

5. Clearance from the People’s Law Enforcement

Board (PLEB).

Effects of Pending Case on Promotions

Mere pendency of an administrative or criminal

case shall be a bar for the promotion of a qualified
candidate, more particularly when the latter has been
placed under the preventive suspension by reason of the
fact that the charge is serious and the evidence of
guilt is strong.

If one who has been promoted has a pending case,

such promotional appointment shall be on temporary
status only, subject to change of status to permanent
by application thru the proper channels of the
individual PNP member, upon favorable disposition of
the case against him.

Weight of Seniority in Promotion

The qualified seniority rule is to be applied in

the sense that length of service is merely one of the
various factors specified in the factors considered for
promotion which shall be used to determine preference
in promotional status.

Seniority shall be used as a governing factor only

when clearly and positively related to job performance
and when all the other relevant factors specified in
factors considered for promotion are relatively equal
among the candidates.

Means of Attrition

The following are the means of attrition as

provided under Section 24 to 29 of R.A. No. 8551,

19
including other grounds for attrition as deemed
necessary by the Commission:

1. Attrition by Attainment of Maximum Tenure

Position Maximum Tenure

Chief, PNP four (4) years
Deputy for Administration & Operation four (4) years
Chief Directorial Staff four (4) years
Directors, Directorial Staff four (4) years
Regional Directors, PRO Six (6) years
Provincial Director, PPO nine (9) years

2. Attrition by Relief

A PNP member, who has been relieved for cause and

has not been given an assignment within two (2) years
from the effective date of such relief, shall be
retired or separated.

3. Attrition by Demotion in Position

A PNP member who is relieved and assigned to a

position lower than what is established for his/her
rank in the PNP Staffing Pattern and who shall not be
assigned to a position commensurate to such rank
despite the existence of a vacancy within eighteen (18)
months after his/her demotion in position shall be
retired or separated.

4. Attrition by Non-Promotion

A PNP member who has not been promoted for a

continuous period of ten (10) years shall be retired or
separated.

5. Attrition by Other Means

A PNP member with at least five (5) years of

accumulated active service shall be separated based on
any of the following factors:

1) Inefficiency based on poor performance during

the last two (2) successive annual rating periods. To

20
warrant attrition, a PNP member has been rated poor for
four (4) successive rating periods.

2) Inefficiency based on poor performance for

three (3) cumulative annual ratings. To warrant
attrition, a PNP member was rated poor for three (3)
cumulative annual ratings.

3) Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform

police functions and duties.

4) Failure to pass the required entrance

examinations twice and/or finish the required career
courses except for justifiable reasons.

5) Refusal to take periodic PNP Physical Fitness

Test without justifiable reason.

6) Failure to take the PNP Physical Fitness Test

for four (4) consecutive tests due to health reason.

7) Failure to pass PNP Physical Fitness Test for

two (2) consecutive periodic tests of four (4)
cumulative periodic tests.

8) Non-compliance with the minimum qualification

standards for the permanency of original appointment.

Definition of Terms

To ensure clarity and consistency, the following

terms, as used in the Circular, shall be construed as:

Attrition—refers to the retirement or separation

from the police service of PNP uniformed personnel
pursuant to any of the means mentioned in Sections 24
to 29 of R.A. No. 8551, and other means as provided in
the Circular.

Attrition Action—refers to the action containing

the finding and evidence on a specific means field by a
particular Screening Committee before the concerned
Attrition Board.

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 Demotion in Position—refers to the designation of
a personnel to position lower that what is established
for his/her rank or not commensurate to his/her rank in
the PNP Table of Organization.

Field Training Program—refers to the training

required to make the temporary appointment of a new PNP
member permanent.

Immediate Supervisor—refers to a person authorized

to make the performance evaluation rating of a PNP
member.

Just Cause—refers to the legal grounds that would

warrant the relief or removal of PNP member from his
present position and designation in the PNP
organization.

Mandatory Career Course—refers to the required

training for a PNP member to be eligible for promotion
to the next higher grade.

Maximum Tenure in Position—refers to the maximum

cumulative period for a PNP member to hold a particular
position level.

Mental Incapacity—refers to a condition where a

PNP member is unable to exercise his/her reasoning
faculties or incapable of understanding and acting with
discernment his/her duties and responsibilities as a
result of illness or injury as may be determined by the
PNP Medical Screening Committee.

Non-Promotion—refers to the non-advancement to the

next higher rank or position beyond maximum prescribed
period.

Organic Personnel to a Unit—refers to a PNMP

member assigned to a particular unit and covered with
appropriate PNP assignment orders.

Original Appointment—refers to the appointment for

the initial entry of PNP member to the PNP service who
meets all the requirements of the position.

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 Party—refers to the Chairman of the Screening
Committee or the respondent.

Pendency of an Attrition Action—refers to the

stage when the endorsement of the Regional Director,
Police Regional Office (PRO) of the Director, National
Support Units (NSU) of a PCO Attrition Action has been
officially received by the concern NHQ PCO Attrition
Board through the NHQ Screening Committee or when the
NHQ/PRO.

Personnel Action on Attrition—refers to an action

filed before the Screening Committee based on verified
statement of an alleged means of attrition by an
initiating person.

Physical Fitness Test—refers to the method of

evaluating the physical condition of PNP members in
terms of stamina, strength, speed, and agility.

Physical Incapacity—refers to the inability of PNP

member to perform his/her duties and responsibilities
due to physical defect/s as a result of disease or
injury as may be determined by the PNP Medical
Screening Committee.

Poor Performance—refers to the poor rating in the

promulgated PNP Performance Evaluation Rating System.

Respondent—refers to the PNP member subjected to

attrition proceedings.

Retirement—refers to the termination of employment

and official relations of a PNP member who rendered at
least twenty (20) years of active service in the
government with payment of corresponding benefits.

Second Level PCO Ranks—refer to the Police

Commissioned Officers (PCO) below the third level ranks
in the PNP.

Second Level PNCO Ranks—refer to all ranks for

Police Non-Commissioned Officers (PNCO).

23
 Separation—refers to the termination of employment
and official relations of a PNP member who rendered
less than twenty (20) years of active service in the
government with payment of corresponding benefits.

Third Level PCO Ranks—refer to Police Commissioned

Officers (PCO) with the rank of Police Senior
Superintendent and higher.

Total Permanent Physical Disability—refers to any

impairment of the body which renders PNP member
indefinitely incapable of substantially performing the
mandated duties and functions of his position.

Waiver Program—refers to the waiver of the minimum

age, height, weight, and educational requirements for
the initial appointment to the Philippine National
Police (PNP) pursuant to existing laws and policies on
the matter.

Types of Retirement

Hereunder are the different types of retirement,

as follows:

1. Compulsory Retirement

Compulsory retirement for officer and non-officer

shall be upon the attainment of age fifty-six (56):
Provided, that, in case of any officer with the rank of
Chief Superintendent, Director or Deputy Director
General, the Commission may allow his retention in the
service for an unextendible period of one (1) year.

2. Optional Retirement

Upon accumulation of at least twenty (20) years of

satisfactory active service, an officer or non-officer,
at his own request and with the approval of the
Commission, shall be retired from the service and
entitled to receive benefits provided by law.

3. Permanent Physical Disability

24
 An officer or non-officer who is permanently and
totally disabled as a result of injuries suffered or
sickness contracted in the performance of his duty as
duly certified by the National Police Commission, upon
finding and certification by the appropriate medical
officer, that the extent of the disability or sickness
renders such member unfit or unable to further perform
the duties of his position, shall be entitled to one
year's salary and to lifetime pension equivalent to
eighty percent (80%) of his last salary, in addition to
other benefits as provided under existing laws.

Monthly Retirement Benefits

Monthly retirement pay shall be fifty percent

(50%) of the base pay and longevity pay of the retired
grade in case of twenty (20) years of active service,
increasing by two and one-half percent (2.5%) for every
year of active service rendered beyond twenty (20)
years to a maximum of ninety percent (90%) for thirty-
six (36) years of active service and over.

Provided, that, the uniformed personnel shall have

the option to receive in advance and in lump sum his
retirement pay for the first three (3) years. Provided,
further, that payment of the retirement benefits in
lump sum shall be made within six (6) months from
effectivity date of retirement and/or completion.

Should such member who has been retired under

permanent physical disability under this section die
within five (5) years from his retirement, his
surviving legal spouse or if there be none, the
surviving dependent legitimate children shall be
entitled to the pension for the remainder of the five
(5) years guaranteed period.
Computation of Retirement Gratuity

Hereunder is a sample computation of thirty-six

(36) months lump sum. Compulsory retired with the rank
of SPO I base on one (1) rank higher of SPO II. The
Length of Service (LOS) is twenty-seven (27) years, six

25
(6) months, and eight (8) days, and with 5th Long Pay,
and computed as three (3) years lump sum.

Base Pay 12,938.00

Long Pay (+) 6,499.00
=========
19,407.00

Percentage Allocated
to the Service (x) 68.796%

Monthly Pension 13,351.24

(x) 36 mos.
=========
Three Years Lump Sum 480,664.63

Percentage allocated in the service is twenty-

seven years (27) x 2.5% + six (6) months x 0.208% +
eight (8) days x 0.006% = 68.796%.

Computation of Commutation of Leave

Hereunder is a sample computation of Commutation

of Accrued Leave (CAL). Compulsorily retired with the
rank of SPO IV computed based on one (1) tank higher of
POLICE INSPECTOR.

Base Pay--POLICE INSPECTOR 16,667.00

Long Pay--5th (+) 8,334.00
=========
25,001.00
Constant Factor (x) 0.0478087
=========
1,195.27
Number of Leave Credits (x) 993.00
=========
Commutation of Leave Amount 1,186.898.45

26
 CHAPTER

DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES

======================================================

As provided by R.A. 6975, as amended by R.A. 8551,

the police force shall be organized, trained and
equipped primarily for the performance of police
functions. Its national scope and civilian character
shall be paramount. The PNP shall be so organized to
ensure accountability and uprightness in police
exercise of discretion as well as to achieve efficiency
and effectiveness of its members and units in the
performance of their functions.

Citizen’s Complaints

Any complaint by a natural or juridical person

against any member of the PNP shall be brought before
the following:”

1. Chiefs of Police, where the offense is

punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to
specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary or
any combination thereof, for a period not exceeding
fifteen (15) days;”

2. Mayors of cities and municipalities, where

the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges,
restriction to specified limits, suspension or
forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a
period of not less than sixteen (16) days but not
exceeding thirty (30) days;”

3. People’s Law Enforcement Board, where the

offense is punishable by withholding of privileges,
restriction to specified limits, suspension or
forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a
period exceeding thirty (30) days or by dismissal.

27
Internal Discipline

On dealing with minor offenses involving internal

discipline, the duly designated supervisors, exercise
disciplinary powers as follows:

1. Chief of Police or equivalent supervisors may

summarily impose the administrative punishment of
admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified
limits, withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary
or suspension; or any of the combination of the
foregoing. Provided, that, in all cases the total
period shall not exceed fifteen (15) days.

2. Provincial directors or equivalent

supervisors may summarily impose administrative
punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to
specified limits: withholding of privileges, forfeiture
of salary or suspension; or any of the combination of
the foregoing. Provided, that, in all cases the total
period shall not exceed thirty (30) days.

3. Police regional directors or equivalent

supervisors shall have the power to impose upon any
member the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from
the service. He may also impose the administrative
punishment of admonition of reprimand; restrictive
custody; withholding of privileges; suspension or
forfeiture of salary; demotion; or any combination of
the foregoing. Provided, that, in all cases the total
period shall not exceed sixty (60) days.

4. The Chief of the PNP shall have the power to

impose upon any member the disciplinary punishment of
dismissal from the service; suspension or forfeiture of
salary; or any combination thereof for a period not
exceeding one hundred eighty (180) days. Provided,
further, that the chief of the PNP shall have the
authority to place police personnel under restrictive
custody during the pendency of a grave administrative
case filed against him or even after the filing of a
criminal complaint, grave in nature, against such
police personnel.
Exclusive Jurisdiction

28
 A complaint or a charge filed against a PNP member
shall be heard and decided exclusively by the
disciplining authority who has acquired original
jurisdiction over the case and notwithstanding the
existence of concurrent jurisdiction as regards the
offense. Provided, that offenses which carry higher
penalties shall be referred to the appropriate
authority which has jurisdiction over the offense.

A minor offense shall refer to any act or

commission not involving moral turpitude, but affecting
the internal discipline of the PNP, and shall include,
but not limited to: 1) simple misconduct or negligence,
2) insubordination, 3) frequent absences and tardiness,
4) habitual drunkenness, and 5) gambling prohibited by
law.

Forum shopping or multiple filing of complaints--

when an administrative complaint is filed with a police
disciplinary authority, such as the PLEB, no other case
involving the same cause of action shall be filed with
any other disciplinary authority.

Summary Dismissal Powers

The NAPOLCOM, the Chief, PNP and RD, PROs, after

due notice and summary hearings, may immediately remove
or dismiss any respondent PNP member in any of the
following cases, i.e., when the charge is serious and
the evidence of guilt is strong, when the respondent is
a recidivist or has been repeatedly charged and there
are reasonable grounds to believe that he is guilty of
the charges, and when the respondent is guilty of a
serious offense involving conduct unbecoming of a
police officer.

Disciplinary Appellate Boards

The formal administrative disciplinary machinery

of the PNP shall be the National Appellate Board and
the regional appellate boards. The National Appellate

29
Board shall be composed of the four (4) regular
commissioners and shall be chaired by the executive
officer. The board shall consider appeals from
decisions of the Chief of the PNP. The National
Appellate Board may conduct its hearing or sessions in
Metropolitan Manila or any part of the country as it
may deem necessary.

There shall be at least one (1) regional appellate

board per administrative region in the country to be
composed of a senior officer of the regional Commission
as Chairman and one (1) representative each from the
PNP, and the regional peace and order council as
members. It shall consider appeals from decisions of
the regional directors, other officials, mayors, and
the PLEBs. Provided, that the Commission may create
additional regional appellate boards as the need
arises.

Preventive Suspension Pending Criminal Case

Upon filing of a complaint or information

sufficient in form and substance against a member of
the PNP for grave felonies where the penalty imposed by
law is six (6) years and one (1) day or more, the court
shall immediately suspend the accused from office for a
period not exceeding ninety (90) days from arraignment.
Provided, finally, that such preventive suspension may
be sooner lifted by the court in the exigency of the
service upon recommendation of the Chief, PNP. Such
case shall be subject to continuous trial and shall be
terminated within ninety (90) days from arraignment of
the accused.

Finality of Disciplinary Actions

The disciplinary action imposed upon a member of

the PNP shall be final and executory. Provided, that a
disciplinary demotion or dismissal from the service may
be appealed to the regional appellate board within (10)
days from receipt of the copy of the notice of
decision: Provided, further, that the disciplinary

30
action imposed by the Chief of the PNP involving
demotion or dismissal may be appealed to the National
Appellate Board within ten (10) days from receipt
thereof.

Provided, furthermore, that the National or

Regional Appellate Boards as the case may be, shall
decide the appeal within sixty (60) days from the
receipt of the notice of appeal: Provided, finally,
That failure of the National and Regional Appellate
Boards to act on the appeal within said period shall
render the decision final and executory without
prejudice, however, to the filing of an appeal by
either party with the secretary.

People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB)

The Sangguniang Panlungsod or Sanguniang Bayan in

every city and municipality shall create such number of
People’s Law Enforcement Boards (PLEBs) as may be
necessary. Provided, that there shall be at least one
(1) PLEB for every five hundred (500) city or municipal
police personnel and for each of the legislative
districts in a city. The PLEB shall be the central
receiving entity for any citizen’s complaint against
the officers and members of the PNP.

The PLEB shall be composed of the following: any

member of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (SP) or Sanguniang
Bayan (SB) chosen by his respective sanggunian; any
Barangay Captain of the city or municipality concerned
chosen by the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC),
and three (3) other members who are removable only for
cause to be chosen by the local peace and order council
from among the respected members of the community known
for their probity and integrity, one (1) of whom must
be a woman and another a member of the Bar, or, in the
absence thereof; a college graduate, or the principal
of the central elementary school in the locality.

31
 CHAPTER

POWERS OF LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVES

======================================================

Whereas, effective police administration at the

local level requires a clearer delineation and
operazationalization of the aforementioned statutory
powers of local chief executives. Now, therefore, the
Commission has resolved to prescribe, as it hereby
prescribed the following guidelines in the exercise of
the aforementioned powers by local chief executives.

Powers of Operational Supervision and Control

The power of operational supervision and control

pertains to the authority to direct, superintend, and
overseeing the daily performance of police functions at
the local level to ensure the effective conduct of
crime investigation, traffic control and crime
prevention activities.

In furtherance thereto, City/Municipal Mayor is

empowered to direct the employment and deployment of
units or elements of the PNP through the Chief of
Police (COP), to ensure public safety and effective
maintenance of peace and order within the locality. For
this purpose, the terms employment and deployment shall
mean as follows:

“Employment” refers to the utilization of units or

elements of the PNP for purposes of protection of lives
and properties, enforcement of laws, maintenance of
peace and order, prevention of crimes, arrest of
criminal offenders and bringing the offenders to
justice, and ensuring public safety, particularly in
its suppression of disorders, riots, lawlessness,
violence, rebellious and seditious conspiracy,
subversion or other related activities.

32
 “Deployment” shall mean the orderly and organized
physical movement of elements or units of the PNP
within the province, city or municipality for purposes
of employment as herein defined (Sec. 62, R.A. No.
8551).

Powers to Discipline PNP Uniformed Personnel

As a disciplinary authority, a City/Municipal

Mayor shall:

1. Have jurisdiction over citizen’s complaint

when the offense alleged is have been committed by a
PNP member is punishable by withholding of privileges,
restriction to specified limits, suspension or
forfeiture of salary or any combination thereof for a
period of not less than sixteen (16) days but not
exceeding thirty (30) days.

2. Refers to the PLEB a citizen’s complaint

filed with his office when the offense alleged to have
been committed by a PNP member is punishable by a
penalty higher than thirty (30) days forfeiture of
salary or suspension.

3. File with the appropriate PNP disciplinary

authority a complaint against any PNP member in his/her
city/municipality for breach of internal discipline.

Authority to Choose the Chief of Police

Authority to choose the Chief of Police (COP) from

a list of five (5) eligibles recommended by the
Provincial Director (PD), preferably from the same
province, city or municipality. Provided, however, that
in no case shall an Officer-In-Charge (OIC) be
designated for more than thirty (30) days.

Provided, further, that the local peace and order

council may, through the City or Municipal Mayor,
recommend the recall or reassignment of the Chief of
Police (COP), when in its perception, the latter has

33
been ineffective in combating crime or maintaining
peace and order in the city or municipality. Provided,
finally, that such relief shall be based on guidelines
established by the NAPOLCOM.

The City/Municipal Mayor shall be consulted if the

PNP Provincial Director/District Director or higher PNP
official relieves or reassigns the Chief of Police
(COP) unless such relief or reassignment is urgently
required in the needs of the service or necessitated to
maintain the integrity of the police station.

In such case, the PNP Provincial Director or

higher PNP officials shall inform the Mayor within
forty (40) hours of the relief or reassignment made.

Recommend Appointment of New PNP Members

Authority to recommend from a list of eligibles

previously screened by the local peace and order
council the appointment of new members of the PNP to be
assigned to their respective cities and municipalities
without which no such appointments shall be attested.
Provided, that whenever practicable and consistent with
the requirements of the service, PNP members shall be
assigned to the city or municipality of their
residence.

Recommend the Transfer or Detail of PNP Members

Authority to recommend to the Provincial Director

(PD), the transfer, reassignment or detail of PNP
members outside of their respective city or town
residence (Sec. 63 (4) (ii), R.A. No. 8551).

The authority of the City/Municipal Mayor is a

positive measure to enhance police service in his/her
city/municipality. Such reassignment or detail outside
his city/municipality should not be resorted to as a
form of disciplinary action.
Authority to Conduct Inspection and Audit

34
 As a matter of policy, the purpose for conducting
inspection and audit of the police station by the
City/Municipal Mayor is to promote effectiveness and
economy in police administration and operations.
Relative thereto, the following guidelines are hereby
prescribed:

1. Objectives of the inspection and audit

function. The City/Municipal Mayor shall regularly
conduct inspection and audit of the police station in
his locality.

2. Scope and Coverage of Inspection. The

inspection and audit program shall look into the
following, i.e., organizational structure and
functions, actual number of uniformed personnel
distribution, actual number of non-uniformed personnel
distribution, incidence of administrative disciplinary
and/or criminal cases filed against officers and
members of the police station, promotions and other
personnel movements, separations from the service
within a span of one (1) year before the conduct of
initial inspection, existing
programs/projects/activities which are being
implemented, existing system of procedures, allocation
of budgetary and logistics support, level of
performance or accomplishment.

3. Nature of Inspection. Inspection and audit

shall be of two (2) kinds—-the regular and the special.
The regular inspection and audit is a periodic
appraisal of all the items covered by the
aforementioned scope of inspection and audit. Such
inspection shall be scheduled at the first month of
every quarter.

Responsibilities of Local Chief Executives

The following are the responsibilities of the

local chief executives:

1. As provided under R.A. No. 6975, as amended

by R.A. No. 7160, the City/Municipal Mayor, in

35
coordination with the local peace and order council of
which he is the Chairperson, pursuant to Executive
Order No. 309, as amended, develop and establish an
integrated area/community public safety plan embracing
priorities of action and program thrusts for
implementation by the local PNP stations.

2. Section 51 (b) (2) paragraph 2, R.A. No.

6975, as amended by R.A. No. 8551, provides that
City/Municipal Mayor have the duty to sponsor periodic
seminars for members of the PNP assigned or detailed in
their city or municipality in order to update them on
local ordinances and legislation.

Deputation of Local Government Executives

Governors and Mayors, upon having been elected and

having qualified as such are automatically deputized as
representatives of the National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM) in their respective jurisdictions. As
deputized agents of the Commission, local government
executives can inspect police forces and units, conduct
audit, and exercise other functions as may be duly
authorized by the Commission. Pursuant to Section 65,
R.A. No. 8551, the statutory deputation of local chief
executives maybe withdrawn.

Unless reversed by the President, the Commission

may, after consultation with the Provincial Governor
and congressman concerned, suspend or withdraw the
deputation of any local executive for any of the
following grounds, i.e., 1) frequent unauthorized
absences, 2) abuse of authority, 3) providing material
support to criminal elements, and 4) engaging in acts
inimical to national security or which negate the
effectiveness of the peace and order campaign.

Upon good cause shown, the President may, directly

or through the Commission, motu propio restore such
deputation withdrawn from any local government
executive.
CHAPTER

36
 7

POLICE PLANNING

======================================================

The task of preparing a police plans can not be

completed without an in-depth study and considerable
preliminary inquiry before the outlining of decision
and program of action for future implementation of the
police organization’s activities and projects.

Definition of Police Planning

It is a systematic and continuous process of

preparing a set of decision for action in the future,
directed in achieving goal by optimal means and of
learning from the outcome about possible new sets of
decision and new goals to be achieved.

Classifications of Police Plans

Police plans may be classified in a number of

ways. To facilitate orderly discussion, they are
arbitrarily divided into five (5) classifications,
although its terminology may be controversial. Research
is, of course, essential in all planning.

1. Procedural Plans

Procedural plans include every procedure that has

been outlined and officially adopted as the standard
method of action to be followed by all members of the
police organization under specified circumstances,
regardless of where or when the circumstances arise and
regardless of the functional unit to which the member
confronted by them may be currently assigned. These
plans constitute the standard operating procedures of
the organization.
2. Tactical Plans

37
 Tactical plans also affect all members of the
police organization, but they are restricted to methods
of action to be taken at a designated location and
under specified circumstances. Tactical plans represent
the application of procedures to specific situation. An
outline of description of action that is to be taken in
the event of an emergency or when a report is received
that a crime is in progress or has just been committed
at a specified location.

3. Operational Plans

Operational plans include the work programs of the

line divisions. The work to be done to accomplish the
process of patrol, crime investigation, traffic, vice,
and juvenile-crime control, must be analyzed from the
point of view of the nature, time, and place of the
component tasks, and measured in terms of manpower and
equipment requirements. Human and material requirement
must be assigned to each branch of service; specific
objectives must be defined and methods of action
developed for their achievement.

4. Extra-Departmental Plans

Extra-departmental plans include those that

require action or assistance from persons or agencies
outside the police organization, or that related to
some form of community organization. An extra-
departmental plan may be 0f particular interest to a
special operating division. These special division,
therefore, have a greater responsibility in the
development of extra-departmental plans in their
spheres of activity that has the organization as a
whole.

5. Management Plans

Management plans related to the problems of

equipping, staffing, and preparing the police
organization to do the job, rather than to its actual
operation as an organized force. They include the
organization plan--with definitions of the duties of
the component organic units, the budget, and procedures

38
relating to accounting, purchasing, and personnel
management—-recruitment, training, rating, selection
for promotion, discipline, and welfare.

Types of Police Plans According to Range

There are also types of police plans according to

range, as follows:

1. Short Range

This is a type of police plan according to range

with a life span of one (1) year, a typical example of
plan falling under this type are those plans to meet
special incidents encountered by the police.

2. Medium Range

This is a type of police plan according to range

with a life span of two (2) years, a typical example of
plan falling under this type are standard operating
procedures, and auxiliary plans.

3. Long Range

This is a type of police plan according to range

with a life span of three (3) years or more, a typical
example of plan falling under this type is the
strategic plan.

Sequence in Police Planning Process

Described hereunder is the different sequence in

police planning process:

1. Setting Planning Goals

Normally, the first planning question is “what

needs to be accomplished?” “What is the desired future
step?” The obviousness of the answer may depend on the
kind of police planning being done.
2. Preparing for Planning

39
 Successful planning requires that some ongoing
planning assignment be made; someone must do the
planning, although who is this may vary depending on
the level or subject of planning.

3. Identifying the Problems

The first step in beginning to identify problems

is to asses the present situation, describing the
current state of affairs that may involve scanning the
environment, and performing research both inside and
outside the organization.

4. Identifying Alternative Solutions

Once a problem is identified, alternative courses

of action must be build-out for analysis. The planner
should consider the extent of the effectiveness of the
plan and the criteria for judging the strength of each
course of action. In other words, once the goals are
set, different ways of reaching them must be analyzed
and assessed.

Stages in Police Planning Activities

Enumerated and discussed hereunder are the

different stages in police planning activities.

1. Frame of Reference

This shall be based on a careful selection of

matters relating to the situations in which plans are
being developed, and the opinions or ideas of
individual persons who may speak with authority on the
subject concerned.

2. Clarifying the Problems

This calls for the identification of the problem,

understanding both its record and its possible
solutions.
3. Collecting Pertinent Facts

40
 Attempts shall not be made to develop a plan until
all facts relating to it have been gathered and
collated.

4. Analyzing the Facts

After all data have been gathered, a careful

analysis and evaluation for its usefulness shall be
made, and to deduce conclusion from it.

5. Developing Alternative Plans

In the initial phase of plan development, several

alternative measures will appear to be logically
comparable to the needs of a situation.

6. Selecting Appropriate Alternative

A careful consideration of all facts usually leads

to the selection of the “best” of all alternative
proposals.

7. Selling the Plan

A plan to be effectively carried out must be

accepted by all personnel concerned at the appropriate
level of the plans development.

8. Arranging for Executions of the Plan

The execution of a plan requires the issuance of

orders and directives to concerned unit or personnel,
the establishment of a schedule, and the provision of
manpower and equipment for carrying out the plans.

9. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan

The results of the plan shall be determined, and

this is necessary in order to know whether correct
alternative was chosen, whether the plan was correct,
which phase was poorly implemented, and whether
additional planning may be necessary.

41
 CHAPTER

CRIME STATISTICS

======================================================

Statistics had a long and venerable history. The

uses of statistics, which encompasses broad field of
activity referred to as “state arithmetic,” are purely
descriptive in nature.

Definition of Crime Statistics

It is a science which deals with the collection,

presentation, analysis and interpretation of
quantitative crime data useful in police operational
activities. It is in this crime statistics that the
police organization will be able to determine the
current crime trend in a particular geographical
location, using the population as the constant factor
in the statistical computation of crime information.

Definition of Index Crimes

Index crimes are those serious crimes that are

readily reported, and those that occur with sufficient
regularity and frequency, so as to be used as an index
of the actual level of criminality in particular
geographical locations, i.e., murder, homicide, rape,
physical injuries, parricide, robbery and theft. In
police work, index crimes are simply called crimes
against persons and properties.

Definition of Non-Index Crimes

Non-index crimes are those crimes that are not

classified as index crimes, these are crimes, and

42
although not given particular attention by the police
units and/or offices and other law enforcement
agencies, it can also be used as parameters in
determining the peace and order condition, and also
forms part of the crime volume and crime rate in a
particular geographical location.

Definition of Indictable Crimes

Indictable crimes are those cases which are

defined and penalized under the revised penal code and
special laws. Whether it is index or non-index crimes,
both are given important considerations in computing
the crime volume, monthly crime rate, and crime
solution efficiency.

Definition of Non-Indictable Crimes

Non-indictable crimes are those cases which are

not defined and penalized under the revised penal code
and special laws. The typical example of indictable
crimes is the infractions of ordinances with
imprisonment and fines.

Definition of Crime Volume

This refers to the number of crimes committed in a

given area over a period of time. If refers to the
total number of crime incidents reported or brought to
the attention, and subsequently investigated by the
police units/offices or any other law enforcement
agencies having jurisdiction over the case.

For example, a total of one hundred fifty (150)

crimes were reported in City Police “A” for the month
of January to June of the current year. Therefore, the
said figure reflects the total crime volume or the TCV
in the said locality for the period covered. Thus, the
TCV is very important variable in the computation of
crime statistics, over a period of time.

43
Definition of Population Density

This refers to the number of inhabitants per unit

geographical area.

Formula : PD = P
C

Where : PD = Population Density

P = Population
C = Constant

Example : PD = 240,100
100,000

PD = 24.01

Note:

In the computation of crime statistics 100,000 is

always a constant factor.

Definition of Crime Density

This refers to the number of crimes for every
100,000 population in a given period of time. It is
obtained by dividing the Crime Volume (TCV) by the
Population Density (PD).

Formula : CD = CV
PD
Where : CD = Crime Density

CV = Crime Volume
PD = Population Density

Example : CV = 404
PD = 24.01
CD = _404_
24.01

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 CD = 16.83

Note:

This means that 16.83 incidents transpired for

every 100,000 population in a given period.

Definition of Monthly Crime Rate

This refers to the frequency of crime occurrence

by month for every 100,000 population in particular
geographical location. It is obtained by multiplying
the crime volume by 100,000 divided by the total number
of population.

Formula :

MCR = CV x C
P

Where : MCR = Monthly Crime Rate

CV = Crime Volume
C = Constant
P = Population

Example : CV = 250
P = 135,000
C = 100,000

MCR = 250 x 100,000

135,000

= 25,000,000
135,000

MCR = 185.19

Note:

This means that 185.19 incidents transpired for

every 100,000 population in a month. If what is being
asked is Average Monthly Crime Rate (AMCR), there will
be a modification of the formula.

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 Formula : AMCR = CV x 100,000
P_
NOM

Where : AMCR = Average Monthly Crime Rate

CV = Crime Volume
C = Constant
P = Population
NOM = Number of Months

Example : CV = 250
P = 135,000
NOM = 6

AMCR = 250 x 100,000

135,000
6

= 25,000,000
135,000
6

= 185.19
6

AMCR = 30.865

Definition of Crime Solution Efficiency

This refers to the batting average of a law
enforcement agency in the solution of crime. It is
obtained by dividing the Number of Crimes Solved (NCS)
by the Number of Crimes Reported (NCR) for a given
period multiplying the dividend by 100.

Formula : CSE = NCS

---- x 100
NCR

Where : CSE = Crime Solution Efficiency

NCS = Number of Crimes Solved

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 NCR = Number of Crimes Reported

Example : NSC = 9
NCR = 10

CSE = 9
-- x 100
10

= 0.9 x 100

CSE = 90%

Note:

The crime is considered solved if the suspect has

already been identified and case had already been filed
in court.

Definition of Frequency of Crime

This refers to the frequency of occurrence of a
particular crime incident committed in a given area
over a period of time, it is also similarly known as
Crime Clock.

Formula : FC = NOD
NOI

Where : FC = Frequency of Crime

NOD = Number of Days
NOI = Number of Incidents

Example : NOD = 01 Jan-31 Mar-90 Days

NOI = Murder Case-35 Incidents

F0C = 90
--
35

D = 2.57

= .57 x 24

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 H = 13.68
= .68 x 60

M = 40.80

= .80 x 60

S = 48

= 2D, 13H, 40M & 48S

FC = 61H, 40M & 48S

Note:

Two (2) represents the number of days, to get the

number of hours, .57 will be multiplied by 24 hours,
hence .57 x 24 = 13.68, now 13 represent the number of
hours. To get the number of minutes, .68 will be
multiplied by 60 minutes, .68 x 60 = 40.80, now 40
represent the number of minutes, to get the number of
seconds, .8 will be multiplied by 60 seconds, .80 x 60
= 48, then 48 represents the number of seconds. The
frequency of crime or the crime clock for the crime of
murder is every 2 days, 13 hours, 40 minutes, and 48
seconds, or one murder case is committed every 61
hours, 40 minutes, and 48 seconds in a given
geographical area. FC or CC is important in determining
the regularity of the crimes in a particular
geographical location.

Definition of Arrest Rate

This refers to the batting average of a law
enforcement agency in the accounting of persons with
warrant of arrest. It is obtained by dividing the total
number of Wanted Persons Arrested (WPA) by the total
number of Warrant of Arrest Received (WAR) in a given
period multiplying the dividend by 100.

Formula : AR = WPA
--- x 100

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 WAR

Where : AR = Arrest Rate

WPA = Wanted Persons Arrested
WAR = Warrant of Arrest Received

Example : WPA = 9
WAR = 10

AR = 9
--- x 100
10

= 0.9 x 100

AR = 90%

Percentage Distribution

This refers to share of the different crimes in

terms of percent as compared with the total crime
volume in a geographical location. Percentage
distribution can be computed by dividing the number of
particular crimes by the total crime volume multiplying
the dividend by 100.

Formula : PC
% = -- x 100
CV

Where : % = Percentage
PC = Particular Crimes
CV = Crime Volume

Example : PC = 65
CV = 95

% = 65
-- x 100
95

= 0.68 x 100

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 % = 68%

Percentage Increase and Decrease

Percentage increase and decrease is the variance

in percent of two different total crime volumes
recorded in a given geographical location, over two
different periods of time. There are two different
formulas in the computation, one for percentage
increase, and the other for percentage decrease. It can
be obtained by dividing the difference by higher or
lower crime volumes.

Formula : %I = D
--- x 100
HCV

%D = D
--- x 100
LCV

Where : %I = Percentage Increase

%D = Percentage Decreases
d = Difference of Crime Volume
HCV = Higher Crime Volume
LCV = Lower Crime Volume

Example : HCV = 220

LCV = 180
D = 40

%I = 40
-- x 100
220

= 0.1818 x 100

%I = 18.18%

%D = 40
--- x 100
180

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 = 0.2222 x 100

%D = 22.22%
Counting Rules

Hereunder are some of the rules in reflecting a

crime or incidents in the crime statistics.

1. There must be a prima facie case that a crime

has been committed before it is recorded. That it is
either that the police find evidence of the crime or
receive a believable allegation that a crime has been
committed.

2. Multiple reports of the same crime count as

one crime. Some jurisdictions count each report
separately, and others count each victim of ceime
separately.

3. Where several crimes are committed at the

same time, in one act of crime it is only the most
serious offense is counted. Some jurisdictions record
and count each and every crime separately, and others
count cases, or offenders, that can be prosecuted.

4. Where multiple offenders are involved in the

same crime only one act is counted when counting crimes
but each offender is counted when apprehended.

5. Crime is counted at the time it comes to the

attention of a law enforcement officer. Some
jurisdictions record and count offending at the time it
occurs.

Sources of Crime Statistics

To estimate the nature of crime, the local setting

primarily rely on the National Crime Reporting System
(NCRS) compiled by the NAPOLCOM through the Crime
Prevention and Coordination Service (CPCS), which
measures crimes through reports made by the police and
other law enforcement agencies, providing information

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about crimes and criminal acts committed in the
different places of the country.

-END-

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