VELTECH HIGHTECH Dr. RANGARAJAN Dr.

SAKUNTHALA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Govt. of Tamil Nadu &
Affiliated to Anna University

REGULATION 2017

CE8394 - FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

HANDOUTS

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

VelTech HighTech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College,
Avadi, Chennai – 600062.
VEL TECH HIGH TECH Dr. RANGARAJAN Dr. SAKUNTHALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE DETAILS

Subject Name: Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Course Code: CE8394

Class: Mech / II Year / III Sem A-section Date of Compilation: 01.06.18

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• The properties of fluids and concept of control volume are studied
• The applications of the conservation laws to flow through pipes are studied.
• To understand the importance of dimensional analysis.
• To understand the importance of various types of flow in pumps.
• To understand the importance of various types of flow in turbines.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to :
Knowledge
CO No. Course Outcomes
Level
CO203.1 Apply mathematical knowledge to predict the properties and characteristics of a k1, k2
fluid.
Can analyse and calculate major and minor losses associated with pipe flow in
CO203.2 k1, k2
piping networks.
CO203.3 Can mathematically predict the nature of physical quantities. k1, k2
CO203.4 Can critically analyse the performance of different types of pumps. k1, k2, k3

CO203.5 Can critically analyse the performance of different types of turbines. k1, k2, k3

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes

CO PO1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO203.1 3 3 3 - - 3 - - - - - 3
CO203.2 3 3 3 - - 3 - - - - - 3
CO203.3 3 3 3 - - - 3 - - - - 3
CO203.4 3 3 3 - 3 - 3 - - - 3 3
CO203.5 3 3 3 - 3 - 3 - - - 3 3

C.No PO1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO 3 3 3 - 2 2 3 - - - 2 3

Mapping Relevancy
3 – Substantial (Highly relevant)
2 – Moderate (Medium)
1 – Slight (Low)
COURSE DELIVERY METHODS
• Class room lecture - Black board
• PPTs, Videos
• Lab Demonstrations
• Activities like In Plant Training, Industrial Visit and Guest Lecture
Assessment methods
• Continuous Internal Assessment
• Assignments
• Seminars

UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS 8

Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume,
specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow
characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation
and momentum equation.
UNIT II FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUITS 8
Hydraulic and energy gradient - Laminar flow through circular conduits and circular annuli
Boundary layer concepts – types of boundary layer thickness – Darcy Weisbach equation –
friction factor- Moody diagram- commercial pipes- minor losses – Flow through pipes in series
and parallel.
UNIT III DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 9
Need for dimensional analysis – methods of dimensional analysis – Similitude –types of
similitude - Dimensionless parameters- application of dimensionless parameters – Model
analysis.
UNIT IV PUMPS 10
Impact of jets - Euler‘s equation - Theory of roto-dynamic machines – various efficiencies–
velocity components at entry and exit of the rotor- velocity triangles - Centrifugal pumps–
working principle - work done by the impeller - performance curves - Reciprocating pump-
working principle – Rotary pumps –classification.
UNIT V TURBINES 10
Classification of turbines – heads and efficiencies – velocity triangles. Axial, radial and mixed
flow turbines. Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbines- working principles - work
done by water on the runner – draft tube. Specific speed - unit quantities – performance curves
for turbines – governing of turbines.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK:
1. Modi P.N. and Seth, S.M. "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics", Standard Book House,
New Delhi 2013.
REFERENCES:
1. Graebel. W.P, "Engineering Fluid Mechanics", Taylor & Francis, Indian Reprint, 2011
2. Kumar K. L., "Engineering Fluid Mechanics", Eurasia Publishing House(p) Ltd., New
Delhi 2016
3. Robert W.Fox, Alan T. McDonald, Philip J.Pritchard, ―Fluid Mechanics and
Machinery‖, 2011.
4. Streeter, V. L. and Wylie E. B., "Fluid Mechanics", McGraw Hill Publishing Co. 2010
 COURSE DELIVERY PLAN

Text/
Teaching Course
S.No Date Unit Topic Reference
Methodology Outcome
Books
1 I Units and dimensions CO.203.1
Properties of fluids- mass density, specific CO.203.1
Class room
weight, specific volume, specific gravity,
2 I lecture - Black
viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure,
board
surface tension and capillarity
3 I Flow characteristics CO.203.1
Slip Test 1
4 I concept of control volume TB1, RB4 Class room CO.203.1
lecture - Black CO.203.1
5 I application of continuity equation board
6 I application of energy equation PPT CO.203.1
Slip Test 2
application of momentum equation. Class room CO.203.1
7 I
lecture - Black
8 I Problems in unit 1 board CO.203.1
Cycle Test-I (Unit 1)
9 II Hydraulic and energy gradient CO.203.2
Class room
Laminar flow through circular conduits and CO.203.2
10 II lecture - Black
circular annuli Boundary layer concepts
board
11 II types of boundary layer thickness CO.203.2
Slip Test 3
12 II Darcy Weisbach equation –friction factor CO.203.2
TB1, RB4 Class room
13 II Moody diagram lecture - Black CO.203.2
14 II commercial pipes- minor losses board PPT CO.203.2
Slip Test 4
15 II Flow through pipes in series. Class room CO.203.2
lecture - Black CO.203.2
16 II Flow through pipes in parallel. board
Cycle Test-II (Unit 2)
17 III Need for dimensional analysis C203.3
Class room
18 III Methods of dimensional analysis lecture - Black C203.3
19 III Similitude board C303.3
Slip Test 5
20 III types of similitude C203.3
Class room
21 III lecture - Black C203.3
Problems TB1,RB3 board C203.3
22 III
Slip Test 6
23 III Dimensionless parameters C203.3
24 III Application of dimensionless parameters PPT & Videos C203.3
25 III Model analysis C203.3
Cycle Test-III (Unit 1,2&3)
26 IV Impact of jets TB1,RB3 Class room C203.4
27 IV Euler‘s equation lecture - Black C203.4
board C203.4
28 IV Theory of roto-dynamic machines
Slip Test 7
various efficiencies– velocity components at C203.4
29 IV
entry and exit of the rotor Class room
velocity triangles lecture - Black C203.4
30 IV
board
31 IV Centrifugal pumps– working principle C203.4
Slip Test 8
Work done by the impeller - performance C203.4
32 IV
curves PPT & Videos
33 IV Reciprocating pump- working principle – C203.4
Class room C203.4
34 IV Rotary pumps lecture - Black
board
C203.4
35 IV classification PPT & Videos

Cycle Test-IV (Unit 4)

36 V Classification of turbines C203.5
Class room
37 V heads and efficiencies – velocity triangles. lecture - Black C203.5
38 V Axial, radial and mixed flow turbines. board C203.5
Slip Test 9
Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan C203.5
39 V
turbines
Working principles - work done by water on Class room C203.5
40 V the runner lecture - Black
board
41 V Draft tube. Specific speed - TB1, RB4 C203.5
Slip Test 10
PPT & Lab C203.5
42 V Unit quantities Demo

Class room C203.5

Performance curves for turbines governing
43 V lecture - Black
of turbines
board
44 V Class room C203.5
Problems lecture - Black
45 V C203.5
board
CO203.
Cycle Test-V (Unit 1,2,3,4&5)
1,2,3,4,5
 VELTECH HIGHTECH Dr.RANGARAJAN Dr.SAKUNTHALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CURRICULUM MAPPING

NAME OF THE PROGRAMME: B.E., MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NAME OF THE COURSE: FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

COURSE OUTCOMES:

CO No. Course Outcomes

CO1 Apply mathematical knowledge to predict the properties and characteristics of a fluid.
CO2 Can analyse and calculate major and minor losses associated with pipe flow in piping
networks.
CO3 Can mathematically predict the nature of physical quantities.
CO4 Can critically analyse the performance of different types of pumps.
CO5 Can critically analyse the performance of different types of turbines.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs): Our Graduates will,

1. Exhibit technical prowess to solve problems and able to work in multidisciplinary teams lead to
deliver significant societal benefits.

2. Demonstrate professional engineering competence via promotions / positions of increasing

responsibility.

3. Pursue research activities and publish papers, apply for patents, deliver effective conference
presentations.

4. Demonstrate a commitment to the community and the profession through involvement with
community / professional organizations / make contributions towards society’s greater
prosperity.

5. Demonstrate an understanding of the need for life-long learning via progress.

Program Outcomes (POs): Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a
team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

The outcome of this course facilitates to attain the following POs:

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO 3 3 3 - 2 2 3 - - - 2 3

Note: 1: Slight (Low); 2: Moderate (Medium); 3: Substantial (High); If there is no correlation, put “-”
1.Explain Euler’s equation and deduce Bernoulli’s theorem
Bernoulli’s equation
In a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the total energy at any point is constant. The
total energy consist of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy
P V2
+ + z = Constant
ρg 2g
Consider a cylindrical element of length ds and cross sectional area dA, in which steady fluid is
flowing

Pressure force at A =P
Pressure force at B =P+dP
Mass of the fluid = Density  Volume
= Density  Area  Length
m = ρ dA ds
Wieght of the fluid = mass  accelerati on due to gravity
W= mg
= ρ dA ds  g
W = ρ g dA ds
The forces acting on the fluid are
1. pressure force

2. Gravity force:

Pressure force = Pressure  Area

Pressure force at A,
FA = PdA
FA =P dA
Pressure force at B
FB = (P + dP) dA
FB = P dA + dP dA
Gravity force:
 Fg = Wcosθ
dZ
cosθ =
ds

dZ
Fg = ρ g dA ds 
ds
Gravity force Fg = ρ g dA dZ

Resultant force in the direction of fluid flow

F = FA - Fg - FB
= PdA - PdA - (dPdA + ρ g dAdz )
= PdA - PdA - dPdA + ρ g dAdz
F = -dPdA - ρ g dAdz ......................(1)
According to Newton’s second law of motion
F = ma
m = ρdAdS
dV
a=
dt
dV ds
a= 
ds dt
ds
V=
dt
dV
a= V
ds
dV
a=V
dS
dV
F = ρdAds V
ds
F = ρdA VdV....... .....................(2)
F = -dPdA - ρdAgdz ......................(1)
Equating equation (1)& (2)
ρdA VdV = -dPdA - ρdAgdz
 ρdA
dP
VdV = - - gdz
ρ
dP
+ gdz + VdV = 0
ρ
Euler’s equation
dP
+ gdz + VdV = 0
ρ
1
ρ
dP + g  dz +  VdV = 0

P V2
+ gz + = Constant
ρ 2
g
P V2
+z + = Constant
ρg 2g
P V2
+ + z = Constant
ρg 2g
Assumption
➢ The flow is ideal ie viscosity is zero

➢ The flow is steady

➢ The flow is incompressible

➢ The flow is irrotational

3. Derive Hagen poiseuilles.

or
Explain flow of viscous fluid through circular pipe

Consider a horizontal pipe of radius R.

The viscous fluid is flowing through the pipe.

Consider a fluid element of radius r.

Let length of the fluid element be dx.
Let
Pressure force at A =P
Pressure force at B =P+dP
The forces acting on the fluid are
1. pressure force

2. Gravity force:

Pressure force = Pressure  Area

Pressure force at A,
FA = P  πr 2
FA = π r 2 P
Pressure force at B
FB = (P + dP )  π r 2
FB = π r 2 P + π r 2 dP
Shear force Fs = Shear stress  Area
Fs = τ 2 π r dx
Fs = 2 π r dx τ

FA − FB - FS = 0
π r 2 P − (P + dPdx )π r 2 - 2 π r dx τ = 0
πr 2 P − πr 2 P - πr 2 dP - 2π r dx τ = 0
- πr 2 dPdx - 2π r dx τ = 0
2 π r dx τ = - π r 2 dP
π r 2 dP
τ=−
2 π r dx
r dP
τ=- .......................................(1)
2 dx
(i) Velocity Distribution.
According to Newton’s law of viscosity
du
τ=μ
dy
y is measured from the pipe wall
y = R −r
Differentiating y with respect to r
dy
= 0 −1
dr
dy = −dr
 du
τ=μ
dy
du
τ = −μ
dr
From eqn (1)
r dP
τ=-
2 dx
du r dP
-μ =−
dr 2 dx

du r dP
-μ =−
dr 2 dx
r dr dP
du =
2 μ dx
1 dP
 du = 2 μ dx  r dr
1 dP r 2
u= +C
2 μ dx 2
1 dP 2
u= r + C........(2)
4 μ dx
Boundary condition
At r = R, u = 0
1 dP 2
0= R +C
4 μ dx
1 dP 2
C=- R
4 μ dx
sub C in eqn (2)
1 dP 2 1 dP 2
u= r - R
4 μ dx 4 μ dx

u=−
1 dP 2 2
4 μ dx
(
R -r )
Maximum velocity occurs when r =0
1 dP 2
U max = - R
4 μ dx
Average Velocity
Consider a circular ring element of radius r and thickness dr in which is flow take place.
Discharge = area of ring element velocity
dQ = 2π r dr  u
 1 dP 2 2
u =  − (
R -r ) 
 4 μ dx 
 1 dP 2 2
dQ = 2π r dr  − R -r ( ) 
 4 μ dx 

dQ = −
π dP 2 2
2 μ dx
( R - r r dr )
 dP
dQ = −
2 μ dx
(r R 2
)
- r 3 dr

 dP R
 dQ = − 2 μ dx 0
(r R 2
- r 3 dr)
R
 dP  r 2 R 2 r 4 
Q =−
2 μ dx  2 4  0
-

π dP  R 2  R 2 R 4 
=−
2 μ dx  4 
-
2
π dP  R 4 R 4 
=−
2 μ dx  2 4 
-

π dP  4R 4 - 2R 4 
=−  
2 μ dx  8 
π dP  2R 4 
=−
2 μ dx  8 
π dP  2R 4 
Q= −
2 μ dx  8 
Average velocity
Q
u=
A
π dP 4
− R
8 μ dx
=
π R2
1 dP 2
u=− R
8 μ dx
Ratio of maximum velocity to Average velocity
 1 dP 2
U max = - R
4 μ dx
1 dP 2
- R
Umax 4μ dx
=
u 1 dP 2
- R
8μ dx
Umax
=2
u
 Ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity = 2.0.
P -P
hf = 1 2
Friction loss ρg
sub P1-P2 in equation (2)
P −P
hf = 1 2
ρg
_
32 μ u L
hf =
ρ g D2
_
P1 − P2 32 μ u L
=
ρg ρ g D2
P1 - P2 32 μ u L
= = hf
ρg ρgD 2 ………………………………………………….(3)
Equation (3) is called Hagen Poiseuille Formula.
4.Derive Darcy-Weisbach equation.
or
Expression for loss of head due to Friction in pipes

Let
Pressure force at A =P
Pressure force at B =P+dP
The forces acting on the fluid are
1. Pressure force

2. Friction force:

Consider a steady fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe

Pressure force = Pressure  Area
Pressure force at A,
π
FA = P1  d 2
4
π
FA = d 2 P1
4
Pressure force at B
π
FB = P2  d 2
4
π
FB = d 2 P2
4
Friction force = f   contact area  velocity 2

F = f  π d L  V2
F = πf  d LV 2

FA − FB − F = 0
π 2 π
d P1 − d 2 P2 − π f  d LV 2 = 0
4 4
π 2
d (P1 - P2 ) − π f  d LV 2 = 0
4
π 2
d (P1 - P2 ) = π f  d LV 2
4
4  π f  d LV 2
P1 - P2 =
πd 2
4f  LV 2
P1 - P2 =
d
P1 V12 P V2
+ + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z2 + Friction loss
ρg 2g ρg 2g
P1 V12 P V2
+ + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + h f
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Z1 = Z2
V1 = V2
P1 P2
= + hf
ρg ρg
 P1 − P2
= hf
ρg
P1 − P2
hf = ...........................(1)
ρg
Sub P1-P2 in equation (1)
4f  LV 2
hf =
ρg d
f f
=
ρ 2
4f LV 2
hf =
2gd
4. Explain Boundary Layer thickness. Displacement thickness momentum thickness &
Energy thickness.
Boundary Layer Thickness (): It is defined as the distance from the boundary of the solid
body measured in the y – direction to the point, where the velocity of the fluid is approximately
equal to 0.99 times the free steam (U) velocity of the fluid.
Expression for *:

Consider a fluid moving with a free stream velocity(U) approaching a flate plate which is at rest flow of
a fluid having free stream velocity equal to U
Consider section 1-1 at a distance at a distance x from the leading edge. let the thickness of
boundary layer be 
The velocity of fluid on the flate plate is zero .The velocity of fluid on the boundary is
U.. Thus velocity varies from zero to U ,
Displacement Thickness (*)
It is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid
body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in flow rate on account
of boundary layer formation. It is denoted by *.
Expression for *:
Consider an elemental strip of thickness dy. The elemental strip is distance of y from the
plate. At this strip, the velocity of fluid is u
Area of elemental strip = breadth  thickness
 = bdy

Mass flow rate of fluid flowing through elemental strip = density  area  velocity

= ρbdyu
In the absence of plate, then the fluid is moving free stream velocity (U).
Mass flow rate of fluid through elemental strip in absence of plate = density  area  velociy
= ρbdyU
Reduction in mass flow rate = ρbdyU - ρbdyu

= ρbdy(U - u )


Total Reduction in mass flow rate =  ρb(U - u )dy........................................(1)
0

Let the plate is displaced by a distance * .At this distance *,velocity of fluid is U.

Area = b  δ
Velocity = U
Reduction in mass flow rate through δ = density  area  velocity

= ρbδ U.........................................(2)
Equating (1)& ( 2)


ρUbδ  =  ρb(U - u )dy
0

 ρUb


 U-u 
δ = 

dy
0
U 


 u
δ =  1 − dy
0
U

Momentum Thickness ():

Momentum thickness is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid
body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of the
flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation. It is denoted by .

Expression for :
Consider an elemental strip of thickness dy. The elemental strip is distance of y from the plate. At this
strip, the velocity of fluid is u
Area of elemental strip = breadth  thickness

= bdy
Mass flow rate of fluid flowing through elemental strip = density  area  velocity

= ρbdyu

Momentum per second of this fluid = mass flow rate  Velocity

= ρbdyu  u

= ρbdyu 2

Momentum per second in absence of boundary layer = mass flow rate  Velocity

= ρbdyuU

Reduction in momentum per second = ρbdyuU - ρbdyu 2

(
= ρbdy uU - u 2 )
δ
( )
Total Reduction in momentum per second =  ρb uU - u 2 dy........................................(3)
0
Let the plate is displaced by a distance θ .At this distance θ, velocity of fluid is U.

Area = b  θ

Velocity = U

mass flow rate = density  area  velocity

= ρbθU

Reduction in momentum per second through a distance θ = mass flowrate  velocity

= ρbθU  U

= ρbθU 2 .........................................(4)
Equating (3)& ( 4)

δ
( )
ρbθU 2 =  ρb uU - u 2 dy
0

 ρbU 2

δ
 uU - u 2 
θ =   dy
0
U 2 


u u
θ= 1 − dy
0
U U
Energy Thickness (**):
Energy thickness is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid
body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in kinetic of the
flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation. It is denoted by **.

Expression for **:

Consider an elemental strip of thickness dy. The elemental strip is distance of y from the plate. At
this strip, the velocity of fluid is u
Area of elemental strip = breadth  thickness
= bdy

Mass flow rate of fluid flowing through elemental strip = density  area  velocity

= ρbdyu

1
Kinetic energy of this fluid =  mass flow rate  Velocity 2
2

1
=  ρbdyu  u 2
2

1 3
= ρu bdy
2
1
Kinetic energy of this fluid in absence of boundary layer =  mass flow rate  Velocity 2
2
1
=  ρbdyu  U 2
2

1
= ρbdyuU 2
2

1 1
Reduction in Kinetic energy = ρbdyuU 2 - ρbdyu 3
2 2

= ρbudy  U 2 - u 2 
1
2  

δ1
Total Reduction in Kinetic energy =  ρbu U 2 - u 2 dy
02  

1 δ
= ρb  u U 2 - u 2 dy........................................(5)
2 0  
Let the plate is displaced by a distance ** .At this distance **, velocity of fluid is U.

Area = b  δ
Velocity = U

mass flow rate = density  area  velocity

= ρbδ U
1
Reduction in kinetic energy thr ough a distance δ =  mass flow rate  Velocity 2
2

1
=  ρUbδ   U 2
2

1
= ρbδ  U 3 .....................(6)
2

Equating (5)& ( 6)

δ
1
2
1
(
ρbδ U3 = ρb  U 2 - u 2 dy
2 0
)

1
 ρb
2
δ
(
δ U3 =  u U 2 - u 2 dy

)
0

δ
 u2 
δ U3 =  uU 2 1 − 2 dy
0  U 

 U3

uU 2  u 2 
δ
δ =  1 − 2 dy
3 
0
U  U 

u  u2 
= 1 − dy
0
U  U 2 

4.a.1) .The internal and external diameter of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 300
mm and 600 mm respectively. The pump is running at 1000rpm. The vane angles of the
impeller at inlet and outlet are 20 and 30 respectively. The water enters the impeller
radially and velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by impeller per unit
weight of water . Sketch the velocity triangle
Given Data
Internal diameter of the impeller, D1=300 mm= 0.3m;
External diameter of the impeller, D2=600 mm = 0.6 m;
Speed N = 1000 rpm,
Vane angles of the impeller at inlet , = 20
Vane angles of the impeller outlet,  = 30
To find
Work done by impeller per unit weight of water
Solution:
π  0.3  1000
u1 =
60
u1 = 15.7 m/s
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.6  1000
u2 =
60
u 2 = 31.4 m/s

Runner vane angle at inlet,

Vf
tan θ = 1
u1
Vf 1
tan 20 =
15.7
Vf 1 = 15.7tan 20
Vf 1 = 5.17 m/s
Vf 2 = Vf 1
= 5.17 m/s
Runner vane angle at oulet, 
Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
 5.71
tan 30 =
31.4 − Vw 2
5.71
31.4 − Vw 2 =
tan 30
31.4 − Vw 2 = 9.81
31.4 − 9.81 = Vw 2
Vw 2 = 21.51 m/s
Work done by impeller per second /N weight of water, W:
Vw 2 u 2
Workdone W =
g
21.51  3.14
=
9.81
Workdone W = 68.5
4.a.2) The internal and external diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump which is
running at 1000 rpm are 200mm and 400mm respectively. The discharge through pump is
0.04m3/s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.0 m\s .The diameter of the suction
and deliver pipes are 150mm and 100mm respectively ad suction and delivery heads are
6m (abs) and 30m (abs)of water respectively. If the outlet vane angle is 45 and power
required to drive the pump is 16.186kW,
Determine;
i. Vane angle of the impeller at inlet,
ii. The overall efficiency of the pump, and
iii. Manometric efficiency of the pump.
Given Data
Internal diameter of the impeller, D1=200 mm= 0.2m;
External diameter of the impeller, D2=400 mm = 0.4 m;
Velocity of flow, Vf 1 = Vf 2 = 3 m/s
Speed N = 1000 rpm,
Discharge ,Q =0.04 m3/s,
Vane angles of the impeller outlet,  = 45
Diameter of suction pipe ds =100 mm= 0.1m;
Diameter of delivery pipe dd =150 mm= 0.15m;
Suction head hs= 6m
Delivery head hd= 30m
External diameter of the impeller, D2=150 mm = 0.15 m;
To find
i. Vane angle of the impeller at inlet,
ii. The overall efficiency of the pump, and
iii. Manometric efficiency of the pump.
Solution:
 π  0.2  1000
u1 =
60
u1 = 10.47 m/s
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.4  1000
u2 =
60
u 2 = 20.94 m/s

Runner vane angle at oulet, 

Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
2
tan 45 =
20.94 − Vw 2
2
20.94 − Vw 2 =
tan 45
20.94 − Vw 2 =2
20.94 − 2 = Vw 2
Vw 2 = 18.94 m/s
Runner vane angle at inlet,
Vf
tan θ = 1
u1
2
tan θ = = 0.191
10.47
θ = tan −1 (0.191)
 =10.8
Overall efficiency,
Water power
Overall efficiency of pump ηo =
Shaft power
Water power = ρ g H Q
 Vd2   Vs2 

H =  hd + 
 -  h s + 2g 

 2g   
Vd2 V2
H = hd + - hs − s
2g 2g
Q=AsVs
π
A s = d s2
4
π
=  0.12
4
A s = 0.00785 m 2
0.04 = 0.00785  VS
VS = 5.09 m/s
Q=AdVd
π
A d = d d2
4
π
A d =  0.152
4
Ad=0.01766 m2
0.04 = 0.01766  Vd
Vd = 2.26 m/s
5.092 2.262
H = 30 + -6−
2  9.81 2  9.81
H = 25.06 m
Water power = ρ g H Q
= 1000  9.81 25.06  0.4
Water power =9833.544 W
Water power
ηo =
Shaft power
9833.544
=
16.186  103
ηo = 0.6074
Manometric efficiency
gH
Manometric efficiency , ηman =
Vw 2 u 2
9.81 25.06
ηman =
18.94  20.94
η man = 0.6198
Manometric efficiency η man = 0.6198
4.a.3) A centrifugal pump running at 920 rpm and delivering 0.32m3/s of water against a head of
28m, the flow velocity being 3m/s. if the manometric efficiency is 80% determine the diameter
and width of the impeller. The blade angle at outlet is 25.
Given Data
Speed N = 920 rpm,
Discharge ,Q =0.32m3/s,
Head , H = 28m
Velocity of flow, Vf 1 = Vf 2 = 3 m/s
Manometric efficiency ηman =80%=0.8
Vane angles of the impeller outlet,  = 25
To find
i. Diameter of the impeller
ii. Width of the impeller
Solution:
gH
Manometric efficiency , ηh =
Vw 2 u 2
9.81 28
0.8 =
Vw 2 u 2
9.81 28
Vw 2 u 2 =
0.8
Vw 2 u 2 = 343.85

Vane angle at oulet, 

Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
3
tan 25 =
u 2 − Vw 2
3
u 2 − Vw 2 =
tan 25
u 2 − Vw 2 = 6.43
u 2 − 6.43 = Vw 2
Vw 2 = u 2 − 6.43
Vw 2 u 2 = 343.85
(u2 - 6.43) u2 = 343.85
u 22 - 6.43u 2 − 343.85 = 0
On comparing
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
a= 1 b= -6.43 c= -343.85
u2= 22.02 m/s
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  D 2  920
22.02 =
60
22.02  60
= D2
  920
D2 = 0.46 m
Diameter of impeller D2 = 0.46 m
Discharge
Q = π D 2 B2 Vf 2
0.32 = π  0.46  B2  3
0.32
= B2
π  0.46  3
B2 = 0.074 m
Width of impeller B2 = 0.074 m
4.a.4) A centrifugal pump is running at 1000 r.p.m. The outlet vane angle of the impeller
is 45 and velocity of flow at outlet is 2.5 m/s. the discharge through the pump is 200 litres/s
when the pump is working against a total head of 20m .if the manometric efficiency of the
pump is 80% determine
i. the diameter of the impeller, and
ii. the width of the impeller at outlet.
Given Data
Speed N = 1000 rpm,
Discharge ,Q =200litre/s
= 200  10 −3 m 3 /s
=0.2m3/s,
Head , H = 20 m
Velocity of flow, Vf 1 = Vf 2 = 2.5 m/s
Manometric efficiency ηman =80%=0.8
Vane angles of the impeller outlet,  = 45
To find
i. Diameter of the impeller
ii. Width of the impeller at outlet
Solution:
gH
Manometric efficiency , ηh =
Vw 2 u 2
9.81  20
0.8 =
Vw 2 u 2
9.81  20
Vw 2 u 2 =
0.8
Vw 2 u 2 = 245.25

Vane angle at oulet, 

Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
2.5
tan 45 =
u 2 − Vw 2
2.5
u 2 − Vw 2 =
tan 45
u 2 − Vw 2 = 2.5
u 2 − 2.5 = Vw 2
Vw 2 = u 2 − 2.5
Vw 2 u 2 = 245.25
(u 2 - 2.5) u 2 = 245.25
u 22 - 2.5u 2 − -245.25 = 0
On comparing
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
a= 1 b= -2.5 c= -245.25
u2= 16.96 m/s
 π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  D 2  1000
16.96 =
60
16.96  60
= D2
  1000
D2 = 0.324 m
Diameter of impeller D2 = 0.324 m
Discharge
Q = π D 2 B2 Vf 2
0.2 = π  0.324  B2  2.5
0.2
= B2
π  0.324  2.5
B2 = 0.0786 m
Width of impeller B2 = 0.0786 m
4a.5) Find the power required to drive a centrifugal pump which delivers 0.04m3/s of water
to a height of 20m through a 15 cm diameter pipe and 100m long. The overall efficiency
4flV 2
pump is 70% and co-efficient of friction f=0.15 in the formula h f =
d  2g
Given Data
Speed N = 1000 rpm,
Discharge ,Q =0.04 m3/s,
Hieght, Hs = 20 m
Co-efficient of friction f=0.15
Diameter of pipe,D =15 cm
Length of pipe,L =100 m
Overall efficiency pump η o = 70%
To find
Power required to drive pump
Water power = ρ g H Q
= 1000  9.81 25.06  0.4
Water power =9833.544 W
Water power
ηo =
Shaft power

Water power = ρ g H Q
V2
H = Hs + h f +
2g
Hs= 20 m

4fLV 2
hf =
2gd
Q=AV
π
A = d2
4
π
A =  0.152
4
A=0.01766 m2
0.04 = 0.01766  V
V = 2.26 m/s
4  0.015  100  2.26 2
hf =
2  9.81  0.15
h f = 10.41 m
2.262
H = 20 + 10.41 +
2  9.81
H = 30.67 m
Water power = 1000  9.81 30.97  0.04
Water power =12152.628 W
12152.628
0.7 =
Shaft power
12152.628
Shaft power =
0.7
Shaft power =17360.89 W
Power required to drive pump =17360.89 W
4.a.6) A centrifugal pump as an impeller 500mm in diameter running at 400 rpm. The
discharge at the inlet is entirely radial. The velocity of the flow at outlet is 1 m/s. The vanes
are curved backwards at outlet at 30 to the wheel tangent. If the discharge of the pump is
0.14 m3/s, calculate the impeller power and the torque on the shaft.

π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.5  400
u2 =
60
u 2 = 10.47 m/s
Vane angle at oulet, 
Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
1
tan 30 =
10.47 − Vw 2
1
10.47 − Vw 2 =
tan 30
10.47 − Vw 2 = 1.795
10.47 − 1.795 = Vw 2
8.675 = Vw 2
8.675 = Vw 2
Impeller power
P=ρgHQ
Vw 2 u 2
H=
g
8.675 10.47
=
9.81
H = 9.25 m
P = 1000  9.81 9.25  0.14
P = 1000  9.81 9.25  0.14
P = 12703.95 W
Torque on the shaft
2 π NT
P=
60
2  π  400  T
12703.95 =
60
12703.95  60
=T
2  π  400
T = 303.43 Nm
Torque T = 303.43 Nm
4.a.7)A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118 m3/s at a speed of 1450 r.p.m. against a head
of 25 m. the impeller diameter is 250 mm, its width at outlet is 50 mm and manometric
efficiency is 75%. determine the vane angle at the outer periphery of the impeller.
Given Data
Speed N = 1450 rpm,
Discharge ,Q =0.118m3/s,
Head , H = 25m
Manometric efficiency ηman =75%=0.75
External diameter of the impeller, D2=250 mm = 0.25 m
Width of the impeller at outlet, B2=50 mm = 0.05 m

To find
i. Vane angle of the impeller at outlet, 
Solution:
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.25  1450
u2 =
60
u 2 = 18.98 m/s
Discharge
Q = π D 2 B2 Vf 2
0.118 = π  0.25  .05  Vf 2
0.118
= Vf 2
π  0.25  .05
Vf 2 = 3 m/s
Vf1 = Vf 2 = 3 m/s
Manometric effciency
gH
Manometric efficiency , ηh =
Vw 2 u 2
9.81 25
0.75 =
Vw 2  18.98
9.81  25
Vw 2 =
0.75  18.98
Vw 2 = 17.23 m/s
Vane angle at oulet, 
Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
3
=
18.98 − 17.23
tan  = 1.7143
 = tan -1(1.7143) = 59.74

4.a.8) A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5 m and a design speed
of 1000 r.p.m. against a head of 25 m. The Vanes are curved back to an angle of 30 with
the periphery. the impeller diameter is 300 mm and outlet width is 50 mm .Determine the
discharge if manometric efficiency is 95%.
Given Data
Speed N = 1000 rpm,
Discharge ,Q =0.118m3/s,
Head , H = 14.5m
Manometric efficiency ηman =95%=0.95
External diameter of the impeller, D2=300 mm = 0.3 m
Width of the impeller at outlet, B2=50 mm = 0.05 m
Vane angle of the impeller at outlet,  =30
To find
i. Discharge
Solution:
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.3  1000
u2 =
60
u 2 = 15.7 m/s
Manometric effciency
gH
Manometric efficiency , ηh =
Vw 2 u 2
 9.8114.5
0.95 =
Vw 2 15.7
9.81  14.5
Vw 2 =
0.95  15.7
Vw 2 = 9.54 m/s

Vane angle at oulet, 

Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
Vf 2
tan30 =
15.7 − 9.54
Vf 2
tan30 =
6.16
Vf 2 = 3.556 m/s
Vf1 = Vf 2 = 3.556 m/s
Discharge
Q = π D 2 B2 Vf 2
= π  0.3  .05  3.556
Q = 0.1675 m3/s

4.a.9 )A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter
and running at 1000 rpm works against a total head of 40m. The velocity of flow through
the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5m/s . The vanes are set back at an angle of 40 at
outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500mm and width at outlet is 50mm,
determine:
i. vane angle at inlet
ii. work done by impeller on water per second, and
iii. manometric efficiency.
Given Data
Speed N = 1000 rpm,
Head , H = 40m
External diameter of the impeller, D2=500 mm = 0.5 m
Width of the impeller at outlet, B2=50 mm = 0.05 m
External diameter of the impeller, D2= 2  Internal diameter of the impeller,
D2 = 2  D1
0.5 = 2  D1
D1 = 0.25 m
External diameter of the impeller, D1 = 0.25 m
Vane angle of the impeller at outlet,  =40
Velocity of flow, Vf 1 = Vf 2 = 2.5 m/s
To find
i. Runner vane angle at inlet,
ii. Work done by impeller on water per second
iii. Manometric efficiency of the pump.
Solution:
π D1 N
u1 =
60
π  0.25  1000
u1 =
60
u1 = 13.09 m/s
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.5  1000
u2 =
60
u 2 = 26.18 m/s
Discharge
Q = π D 2 B2 Vf 2
= π  0.5  .05  2.5
Q = 0.1963 m3/s
Runner vane angle at oulet, 
Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
2.5
tan 40 =
26.18 − Vw 2
2.5
26.18 − Vw 2 =
tan 40
26.18 − Vw 2 = 2.979
26.18 − 2.979 = Vw 2
Vw 2 = 23.201 m/s
Runner vane angle at inlet,
Vf
tan θ = 1
u1
2.5
tan θ = = 0.191
13.09
θ = tan −1 (0.191)
 =10.8
Work done by impeller on water per second
Work done by impeller on water per second = ρ Q Vw 2 u 2
= 1000  0.1963  23.201 26.18
=119233.03 W
Manometric efficiency
gH
Manometric efficiency , ηman =
Vw 2 u 2
9.81 40
ηman =
23.201 26.18
ηman = 0.646
Manometric efficiency ηman = 0.646

To find
i. Discharge
Solution:
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.3  1000
u2 =
60
u 2 = 15.7 m/s
Manometric effciency
 gH
Manometric efficiency , ηman =
Vw 2 u 2
9.8114.5
0.95 =
Vw 2 15.7
9.81  14.5
Vw 2 =
0.95  15.7
Vw 2 = 9.54 m/s

Manometric effciency
gH
Manometric efficiency , ηh =
Vw 2 u 2
9.81 225
0.75 =
Vw 2  18.98
9.81  25
Vw 2 =
0.75  18.98
Vw 2 = 17.23 m/s

Vane angle at oulet, 

Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
Vf 2
tan30 =
18.98 − 17.23
Vf 2
tan30 =
6.16
Vf 2 = 3.556 m/s
Vf1 = Vf 2 = 3.556 m/s
Discharge
Q = π D 2 B2 Vf 2
= π  0.3  .05  3.556
Q = 0.1675 m3/s
4.a.10 The outer diameter of an impaller of a centrifugal pump is 400mm and outlet
widthis 50mm. the pump is running at 800 r.p.m. and is working against a total head
of15m.the vanes angle at outlet is 40 and manometric efficiency is 75%.
determine
i. velocity of flow at outlet
ii. velocity of water leaving the vane
iii. angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion at outlet,
and
iv. discharge

Given Data
Speed N = 800 rpm,
Head , H = 15 m
Outer diameter of the impeller, D2=400 mm = 0.4 m
Width at outlet, B2=50 mm = 0.05 m
Vane angle of the impeller at outlet,  =40
Manometric efficiency ηman = 75% = 0.75
To find
i. Velocity of flow at outlet,
ii. Velocity of water leaving the vane
iii. Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet
iv. Discharge
Solution:
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.4  800
u2 =
60
u 2 = 16.75 m/s

Manometric efficiency
 gH
Manometric efficiency , ηman =
Vw 2 u 2
9.8115
0.75 =
Vw 2 16.75
9.81  15
Vw 2 =
0.75  16.75
Vw 2 = 11.71 m/s
Vane angle at oulet, 
Vf 2
tan  =
u 2 − Vw 2
Vf 2
tan40 =
16.75 − 11.71
Vf 2
tan40 =
5.04
Vf 2 = 4.23 m/s
Velocity of water leaving the vane, V2
V2 = Vf22 + Vw2 2

= 4.232 + 11.712
V2 =12.45 m/s
Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet, β

Vf 2
tan β=
Vw 2
17.79
= = 0.36
137.12
β = tan −1 (0.36)
β =19.8
Discharge
Q = π D 2 B2 Vf 2
= π  0.4  .05  4.23
Q = 0.265 m3/s
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Piston or Plunger Diameter → D

Stroke length →L
Actual discharge, → Qact

Head , →H
Length of suction pipe, → ls
Diameter suction pipe, → ds
Length of delivery pipe, → ld
Diameter delivery pipe, → dd
Suction head → hs
Delivery head → hd
Coefficient of friction → f
Theoretical discharge single acting reciprocating pump
ALN
Theoretical discharge single acting pump, Q the =
60
Theoretical discharge double acting reciprocating pump
2ALN
Theoretical discharge for double acting reciprocating pump, Q the =
60
Area of piston or plunger
π
A = D2
4
Coefficient of discharge
Q act
Coefficien t of discharge, C d =
Q the
Slip
Slip = Q the − Q act
Percentage of slip
 Q − Q act 
Percentage of slip =  the  100
 Q the 
Power required to drive the double acting pump
Power P = ρ g H Q act
H = hs + hd
Stroke length
Crank radius , r =
2
2πN
ω=
60
 π 2
Area of piston or plunger, A = D
4
π 2
Area of suction pipe , a s = d s
4

π 2
Area of delivery pipe , a d =dd
4
Pressure head due to acceleration head in the Suction stroke, has
l A
h as = s  ω 2 rcosθ
g as
Friction loss in suction pipe
2
4f ld  A 
h fd =   ωrcosθ 
g  ad 
At the beginning of suction stroke θ = 0 
At the middle of suction stroke θ = 90
At the end of suction stroke θ = 180
At Maximum pressure head due to acceleration cosθ = 1
Pressure head in the cylinder in the suction stroke
Pressure head in the cylinder =hs+has+hfs
Absolute Pressure head in the cylinder in suction stroke
Absolute Pressure head = Atmospheric pressure head - pressure head
Pressure head due to acceleration head in the delivery stroke , had
l A
h ad = d  ω 2 rcosθ
g ad
Friction loss in delivery pipe
2
4f ld  A 
h fd =   ωrcosθ 
g  ad 
At the beginning of delivery stroke θ = 0 
At the middle of delivery stroke θ = 90
At the end of delivery stroke θ = 180
At Maximum pressure head due to acceleration cosθ = 1
Pressure head in the cylinder in the delivery stroke
Pressure head in the cylinder =hd+had+hfd
Absolute Pressure head in the cylinder in delivery stroke
Absolute Pressure head = Atmospheric pressure head + pressure head

4.b.1) A single acting reciprocating pump running at 50 rpm, delivers 0.01 m3/s of water.
The diameter of the piston is 200 mm and stroke length 400 mm. Determine the theoretical
discharge of the pump, coefficient of discharge and slip and the percentage slip of the
pump.
Given:
Speed, N = 60rpm,
Actual discharge , Qact =0.01m3/s

Diameter of piston, D = 200 mm =0.2 m

Stroke length L = 400 mm =0.4 m

To find
i) Theoretical discharge of the pump,
ii) Coefficient of discharge
iii) slip
iv) percentage slip
Solution:
i) Theoretical discharge for single acting reciprocating pump
ALN
Theoretical discharge single acting pump, Q the =
60
π
A = D2
4
π
A =  0 .2 2
4
A = 0.0314 m 2
0.0314  0.4  50
Q the =
60
Qthe=0.01047 m3/s
Theoretical discharge Qthe=0.015 m3/s
ii) Coefficient of discharge
Q
Coefficien t of discharge, C d = act
Q the
0.01
Cd = = 0.955
0.01047
Coefficient of discharge, Cd =0.955
iii) Slip
Slip = Q the − Q act
= 0.01047 − 0.01
=0.00047 m3/s
Slip=0.00047 m3/s
iv) Percentage of slip
 Q − Q act 
Percentage of slip =  the  100
 Q the 
 0.01047 − 0.01 
=   100
 0.01047 
=4.489 %
Percentage of slip =4.489 %
4.b.2) A double –acting reciprocating pump running at 40 r.p.m is discharging 1.0m of
water per minute. The pump has a stroke of 400mm .the diameter of the piston is 200mm.
the delivery and suction head are 20m and 5m respectively. Find the slip of the pump and
power required to drive the pump.
Given:
Speed, N = 40rpm,
Actual discharge , Q act = 1 m 3 /min

1 m3
=
60 s
Q act = 0.0166 m 3 / s
Diameter of piston, D = 200 mm =0.2 m
Stroke length L = 400 mm =0.4 m
Suction head hs= 5m
Delivery head hd=20m
To find
i) Slip
ii) Power required to drive the pump
Solution
i. Slip
Slip = Q the − Q act
2ALN
Theoretical discharge for double acting reciprocating pump, Q the =
60
π 2
A= D
4
π
A =  0 .2 2
4
A = 0.0314 m 2
2  0.0314  0.4  60
Q the =
60
3
Qthe=0.01675 m /s

Theoretical discharge Qthe=0.01675 m3/s

Slip = Q the − Q act
= 0.01675 − 0.01666
=0.00009 m3/s
Slip =0.00009 m3/s
ii. Power required to drive the double acting pump
Power P = ρ g H Q act
H = hs + hd
= 5 + 20
H = 25 m
 P = 2 1000  9.81 0.01675  25
= 4107.9375 W
Power required to drive the double acting pump =4107.9375 W
4.b.3 The cylinder bore diameter of single acting reciprocating pump is 150mm and its
stroke is 300mm. The pump runs at 50 r.p.m. and lifts water through a height of 25m .The
delivery pipe is 22m long and 100mm in diameter .Find the theoretical discharge and the
theoretical power required to run the pump . if the actual discharge is 4.2 litres/s. find the
percentage slip.Also determine the acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the
delivery stroke.
Given:
Diameter of reciprocating pump, D = 150 mm =0.15 m

Stroke length of reciprocating pump, L = 300 mm =0.3 m

Actual discharge, Qact =4.2 litre/s
= 4.2  10 −3 m 3 /s
=0.0042m3/s,
Speed, N = 50rpm,
Head , H = 25 m
Length of delivery pipe, ld =22 m
Diameter delivery pipe, dd =100mm =0.1m
To find :
i) Power required to drive the pump
ii) Percentage of slip
iii) Acceleration head at the beginning of delivery stroke,
iv) Acceleration head at the middle of delivery stroke,
Solution:
i) Power required to drive the pump
P = ρ g H Q the

Theoretical discharge for single acting pump

ALN
Q the =
60
π
A = D2
4
π
A =  0.15 2
4
A = 0.01767 m 2
0.001767  0.3  50
Q the =
60
Qthe=0.0044175 m3/s
P = 1000  9.81 25  0.0044175
P= 1083.39 W
 Power required to drive the pump P= 1083.39 W
ii) Percentage of slip
 Q − Q act 
Percentage of slip =  the  100
 Q the 
 0.0044175 − 0.0042 
=   100
 0.0044175 
=4.92%
Percentage of slip =4.92 %
Pressure head due to acceleration head in the delivery stroke , had
l A
h ad = d  ω 2 rcosθ
g ad
Stroke length
Crank radius , r =
2
0.3
r = = 0.15 m
2
π 2
Area of delivery pipe , a d = d d
4
π
=  0.12
4
a d = 0.00784 m 2
ld=22m
A = 0.001767 m 2
2πN
ω=
60
2  π  50
ω=
60
ω = 5.236 rad/s
22 0.001767
h ad =   5.236 2  0.15  cosθ
9.81 0.007854
h ad = 2 0.75 cosθ
v) Acceleration head at the beginning of stroke,
h ad = 2 0.75 cosθ
At the beginning of delivery stroke θ = 0 
h ad = 2 0.75 cos0
h ad = 2 0.75 m
Acceleration head at the beginning of stroke, had =20.75 m
vi) Acceleration head at the middle of stroke,
h ad = 2 0.75 cosθ
At the middle of delivery stroke θ = 90 
h ad = 2 0.75 cos90
 h ad = 0
Acceleration head at the end of stroke, had =0 m
4.b.4) The length and diameter of a suction pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump
are 5m and 10cm respectively. The pump has a plunger diameter of 15 cm and stroke
length of 35 cm. The center of the pump is 3 m above the water surface in the sump.
The atmospheric pressure head is 10.3m of water and the pump is running at 35 rpm.
Determine
(i) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of suction stroke.
(ii) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration .
(iii) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning and at the end of the stroke
Given:
Length of Suction pipe, ls =5m
Diameter Suction pipe, ds =10 cm =0.1m
Diameter of plunger, D = 15 cm =0.15 m
Stroke length , L = 35 cm =0.35 m
The centre of the pump is 4 m above the water surface in the sump
Suction head hs= 3 m
Atmospheric pressure head , hatm =10.3m of water
Speed, N = 40 rpm,
To find :
(i) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of suction stroke.
(ii) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration .
(iii) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning and at the end of the stroke

Solution:
Pressure head due to acceleration head in the Suction stroke, has
l A
h as = s  ω 2 rcosθ
g as
Stroke length
Crank radius , r =
2
0.35
r = = 0.175 m
2
π 2
Area of Plunger , A = D
4
π
=  0.15 2
4
A = 0.01767 m 2
π 2
Area of suction pipe , a s = d s
4
π
=  0.12
4
a s = 0.00785 m 2
 ls =5m
2πN
ω=
60
2  π  35
ω=
60
ω = 3.665 rad/s
5 0.01767
h as =   3.665 2  0.175  cosθ
9.81 0.00785
h as = 2.695 cosθ
i) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of suction stroke.
h as = 2.695 cosθ
At the beginning of delivery stroke θ = 0 
h as = 2.695 cos0
h as = 2.695 m
Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of suction stroke has=2.695 m
ii) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration .
h as = 2.695 cosθ

At Maximum pressure head due to acceleration cosθ = 1

h as = 2.695  1
h as = 2.695 m
Maximum Pressure head due to acceleration has=2.695 m
iii) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of the stroke
Pressure head in the cylinder =hs+has
Suction head hs= 3 m
At the beginning of delivery stroke θ = 0 
h as = 2.695 cos0
h as = 2.695 m
Pressure head in the cylinder =3+2.695 =5.695 m
During suction stroke, pressure head is less than atmospheric pressure head
Absolute Pressure head = Atmospheric pressure head - pressure head
=10.3-5.695
= 4.605 m
Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of the stroke = 4.605 m
iv) Pressure head in the cylinder at the end of the stroke
Pressure head in the cylinder =hs+has
Suction head hs=4 m
At the end of delivery stroke θ = 180 
h as = 2.695 cos180
h as = −2.695 m
 Pressure head in the cylinder =3- 2.695 =0.305 m
During suction stroke, pressure head is less than atmospheric pressure head
Absolute Pressure head = Atmospheric pressure head - pressure head
=10.3-0.305
= 9.995 m
Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of the stroke = 9.995 m.
4.b.5A single acting reciprocating pump has a stroke length of 15cm .the suction pipe is
7 metre long and the ratio of the suction diameter to the plunger diameter is 3/4.The
water level in the sump is 2.5 metres below the axis of the pump cylinder and the pipe
connecting the sump and pump cylinder is 7.5 cm diameter. If the crank is running at
75 r.p.m, determine the pressure head on the piston
i. in the beginning of the suction stroke
ii. in the end of the suction stroke
iii. in the middle of the suction stroke
Take co efficient of friction as 0.01
Given:
Stroke length , L = 15 cm =0.15 m
Length of Suction pipe, ls =7 m
The pipe connecting the sump and pump cylinder is 7.5 cm diameter
Note: The pipe which connects sump and pump cylinder is suction pipe
Diameter Suction pipe, ds =7.5 cm =0.75m
Diameter of plunger, D = 15 cm =0.15 m
Suction pipe diameter 3
=
Plunger pipe diameter 4
ds 3
=
D 4
0.75 3
=
D 4
0.75  4
=D
3
D = 0.1 m
Diameter of plunger, D = 0.1 m
The water level in the sump is 2.5 metres below the axis of the pump cylinder
Suction head hs= 2.5 m
Atmospheric pressure head , hatm =10.3m of water
Speed, N = 75 rpm,
To find :
(iv) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of suction stroke.
(v) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration .
(vi) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning and at the end of the stroke

Solution:
Pressure head due to acceleration head in the Suction stroke, has
 ls A 2
h as =  ω rcosθ
g as
Stroke length
Crank radius , r =
2
0.15
r = = 0.075 m
2
π 2
Area of Plunger , A = D
4
π
=  0.12
4
A = 0.00785 m 2
π 2
Area of suction pipe , a s = d s
4
π
=  0.075 2
4
a s = 0.004415 m 2
ls =5m
2πN
ω=
60
2  π  75
ω=
60
ω = 7.85 rad/s
7 0.00785
h as =   7.85 2  0.075  cosθ
9.81 0.004415
h as = 5.87 cosθ
2
4 f ls  A 
h fs =   ω r sin θ 
2g d s  a s 
4  0.01 7
2
 0.00785 
h fs =   7.85  0.075 sin θ 
2  9.81  0.075  0.004415 
h fs = 0.208 sin 2 θ
Pressure head in the piston at the beginning of the suction stroke
Pressure head in the piston =hs+has+ hfs
Suction head hs= 2.5 m
h as = 5.87 cosθ
At the beginning of suction stroke θ = 0 
h as = 5.87 cos0
h as = 5.87 m
h fs = 0.208 sin 2 θ
At the beginning of suction stroke θ = 0 
 h fs = 0.208 sin 2 0
h fs = 0
Pressure head in the piston =2.5+5.87+0=8.37 m
Pressure head in the piston at the middle of the suction stroke
Pressure head in the piston =hs+has+ hfs
Suction head hs= 2.5 m
h as = 5.87 cosθ
At the beginning of middle stroke θ = 90
h as = 5.87 cos90
h as = 0
h fs = 0.208 sin 2 θ
At the middle of suction stroke θ = 90
h fs = 0.208 sin 2 90
h fs = 0.208 m
Pressure head in the piston =2.5+0+0.208=2.708 m
Pressure head in the piston at the end of the suction stroke
Pressure head in the piston =hs+has+ hfs
Suction head hs= 2.5 m
h as = 5.87 cosθ
At the end of suction stroke θ = 180 
h as = 5.87 cos180
h as = −5.87 m
h fs = 0.208 sin 2 θ
At the end of suction stroke θ = 180 
h fs = 0.208 sin 2 180
h fs = 0
Pressure head in the piston =2.5-5.87+0= -3.37 m
PELTON TURBINE
Notation
Shaft power, → S.P.
Speed → N
Head → H
Gross Head → Hg
Friction Head → Hf
Bucket diameter → D
Jet diameter → d
Discharge → Q
Discharge of one jet → q
Velocity of jet → V1
Bucket Speed or Runner Speed → u1
Hydraulic efficiency → h
Overall efficiency → o
Co efficient of velocity → C v
Side clearance angle → 

Velocity of jet

Velocity of jet, V1 = C v 2gH

Vw 1 = V1
Runner Speed
π D N
Runner speed, u1 =
60
or
Runner speed, u1 = Speed ratio  2gH
Relative Speed
Relative Speed
Vr1 = V1 - u1
Vr2 = Vr1
Vw 2 + u 2
cos  =
Vr2

Power given by water to runner

Power given by water t o runner = ρ Q (Vw1 + Vw 2 ) u1
Power available at the nozzle
Power available at the nozzle = ρ gHQ
The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine

Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
(
2 Vw1 + Vw 2  u1 )
V22

Discharge of one jet

q = a  V1
Overall efficiency
Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine ηo =
Water power
Water Power
Water power = ρ g H Q
Number of jet
Total Discharge Q
Number of jet = =
Discharge of one jet q
Net Head
Net head=Gross Head-Friction
H=Hg-hf
Side clearance angle,
Side clearance angle,= 180-Angle of Deflection
=80-Angle of Deflection
Size of buckets
Width of buckets =5d.
Depth of buckets =1.2d

Number of buckets on the wheel

D
Z = 15 +
2d
1. A pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 metres per second with a jet of water
flowing at the rate of 700 litres/s under a head of 30 metres. The buckets deflect the je
through an angle of 160. Calculate the power given by water to the runner and the
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assume co-efficient of velocity as 0.98.
Solution, Given :
Speed of bucket, u = u1 = u2 = 10 m/s
Discharge Q = 700 litres/s
= 700  10 −3 m3/s
=0.7 m3/s,
Head of water, H = 30 m
Angle of deflection = 160
 Side clearance angle,  = 180 – 160 = 20
Co-efficient of velocity Cv = 0.98

Velocity of jet

Velocity of jet, V1 = Cv 2gH

V1 = 0.98 2  9.81 30
V1=23.77 m/s
Vw 1 = V1 = 23.77 m/s
Relative Speed
Vr1 = V1 - u1
Vr1 = 23.77 - 10
Vr1 = 13.77 m/s
Vr2 = Vr1 = 13.77 m/s
From outlet velocity triangle,
Vw + u 2
cos  = 2
Vr2
Vw 2 + 10
cos 20 =
13.77
12.94 = Vw 2 + 10
12.94 − 10 = Vw 2
Vw 2 = 2.94 m/s
Power given by water to runner
Power given by water t o runner = ρ Q (Vw1 + Vw 2 ) u1
= 1000  0.7 (23.77 + .94)10
=186970 W
The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
2 (Vw1 + Vw 2 ) u1
Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
V22
2 (23.77 + 2.94 )  10
=
23.77 2
η h =0.954
2 A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1m and is running at 100 .r.p.m the
net head on the Pelton wheel is 700m. if the side clearance angle is 15 and discharge
through nozzle is 0.1 m3/s, find
i. Power available at the nozzle,
ii. Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
Solution,
Given :
Diameter D = 1.0 m
Discharge Q =0.1 m3/s,
Head , H = 700 m
 Side clearance angle,  = 15
Speed, N = 100 r.p.m.

Velocity of jet
Velocity of jet, V1 = Cv 2gH
V1 = 1 2  9.81 700
V1=117.19 m/s
Vw 1 = V1 = 117.19 m/s
Runner Speed
π D N
Runner speed, u1 =
60
π  1 1000
u1 =
60
u1 = 52.36 m/s

Relative Speed
Vr1 = V1 - u1
Vr1 = 117.19 - 52.36
Vr1 = 54.83 m/s
Vr1 = 54.83 m/s
Vr2 = Vr1 = 54.83 m/s
From outlet velocity triangle,
Vw + u 2
cos  = 2
Vr2
Vw 2 + 10
cos 15 =
54.83
54.83 cos15 = Vw 2 + 10
52.961 = Vw 2 + 10
52.961 − 10 = Vw 2
Vw 2 = 42.961 m/s
Power available at the nozzle
Power available at the nozzle = ρ gHQ
= 1000  9.81 700  0.1
=686700 W
The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine

Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
(
2 Vw1 + Vw 2  u1 )
V22
2 (117.19 + 42.961)  52.36
=
117.192
η h =0.9718
3 A pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specification ; shaft power =11,772kw;
head = 380 meters; speed= 750r.p.m ; overall efficiency =89%; jet diameter is not exeed
one –sixth of the wheel diameter.
Determine;
i. The wheel diameter
ii. The number of jets required,
iii. Diameter of the jet
Solution,
Given :
Shaft power, S.P. = 11772 kW
= 11772  103 W
Head, H = 380 m

Speed N= 750r.p.m ;
Overall efficiency ηo = 89% = 0.89
Jet Diameter 1
=
Wheel Diameter 6
d 1
=
D1 6
Co-efficient of velocity Cv = 0.985
Speed ratio =0.45
To find:
i. The wheel diameter,D1
ii. The number of jets required, N
iii. Diameter of the jet, d
Velocity of jet,
Velocity of jet, V1 = Cv 2gH
V1 = 0.985 2  9.81 380
V1= 85.05 m/s
Vw 1 = V1 = 85.05m/s
Runner Speed
Runner speed, u1 = Speed ratio  2gH
u1 = 0.45  2  9.81 380
u1 = 38.85 m/s
π  D1  N
u1 =
60
π  D1  750
38.85 =
60
38.85  60
= D1
  750
 D1 = 0.989 m
Wheel Diameter D1 = 0.989 m
d 1
=
D1 6
d 1
=
0.989 6
1
d =  0.909 = 0.165 m
6
Jet Diameter d =0.165 m
Discharge of one jet
q = a  V1
π 2
a = d
4
π
=  0.1652
4
= 0.021371 m 2
q = 0.021371 85.05
q = 1.818 m3/s
Discharge of one jet, q = 1.818 m3/s
Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine ηo =
Water power
11772  103
0.84 =
Water power
11772  103
Water power =
0.84
Water Power =14014285.7 W

Water power = ρ g H Q
14014285.7 = 1000  9.81  380  Q
14014285.7
=Q
1000  9.81  380
Q = 3.672m3/s
Total Discharge Q = 3.672m3/s
Total Discharge Q
Number of jet = =
Discharge of one jet q
11772  10 3
=
Water power
Q
=
q
 3.672
= =2
1.818
Number of jet =2
4. The penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the Pelton wheel with a gross head 500
m. one-third of the gross head is lost in friction in the penstock. The rate of flow of water
through the nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is 2.0 m3/s. the angle of deflection of the
jet is 165. Determine the power given by the water to the runner and also hydraulic
efficiency of the pelton wheel. Take speed ratio = 0.45 and Cv = 1.0.
Gross head, Hg = 500 m
Gross Head
Head lost in friction =
3
h 500
hf = g = = 166.7 m
3 3

Net head H=Hg-hf

= 500 – 166.7
H= 333.30 m
Discharge, Q = 2.0 m3/s
Angle of deflection = 165
Side clearance Angle  = 180 – 165 = 15
Speed ratio = 0.45
Co-efficient of velocity, Cv = 1.0

Velocity of jet

velocity of jet, V1 = Cv 2gH

V1 = 1 2  9.81 333.3
V1=80.86 m/s
Vw 1 = V1 = 80.86 m/s
Runner Speed
Runner speed, u1 = Speed ratio  2gH
u1 = 0.45  2  9.81  333.3
u1 = 36.387 m/s
Relative Speed
Vr1 = V1 - u1
 Vr1 = 80.86 - 36.387
Vr1 = 44.473 m/s
Vr2 = Vr1 = 44.473 m/s

From outlet velocity triangle,

Vw + u 2
cos  = 2
Vr2
Vw 2 + 36.387
cos15 =
44.473
44.473 cos15 = Vw 2 + 36.387
44.473 cos15 = Vw 2 + 36.387
42.957 − 36.387 = Vw 2
Vw 2 = 6.57 m/s
Power given by water to runner
Power given by water t o runner = ρ Q (Vw1 + Vw 2 ) u1
= 1000  2 (80.86 + 6.57) 36.387
=6362630 W
The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
2 (Vw1 + Vw 2 ) u1
Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
V22
2 (80.86 + 6.57 )  36.387
=
80.86 2
η h =0.9731
5. A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60 m when running at 200 r.p.m. the
Pelton wheel develops 95.6475 kW shaft power. The velocity of the buckets = 0.45 times the
velocity of this overall efficiency = 0.85 and co-efficient of velocity is equal to 0.98.

Solution, Given :

Head, H=60m
Speed N = 200 r.p.m.
Shaft power, S.P = 95.6475 kW
Velocity of bucket u = 0.45 x Velocity of jet
Overall efficiency, 0=0.85
Co-efficient of velocity Cv=0.98

Design of Pelton wheel means to find diameter of jet (d), diameter of wheel (D), Width and
depth buckets and number of buckets on the wheel.
i. Velocity of jet, V1 = Cv  2gH = 0.98  2  9.81 60 = 33.62 m/s
 Bucket velocity, u = u1 = u2 = 0.45 x V1 = 0.45 x 33.62 = 15.13 m/s

 DN
But u= ; where D=Diameter of wheel
60
  D  200 60  15.13
 15.13= or D= =1.44 m, Ans
60   200

ii. Diameter of the jet (d)

overall efficiency 0 = 0.85

S.P 95.6475 95.6475  1000

But 0 = = =
W .P  W .P    g Q  H
 1000 
 
95.6475  1000
=
1000  9.81 Q  60
95.6475  1000 95.6475  1000
Q= = = 0.1912 m2 / 2
0  1000  9.81 60 0.85  1000  9.81 60

But the discharge, Q = area of jet x Velocity of jet

 
0.1912 = d 2  V1 = d 2  33.2
4 4
4  0.1912
d= = 0.085 m=85mm Ans.
  33.62
iii. Size of buckets
Width of buckets =5 x d = 5 x 85 = 425 mm.
Depth of buckets =1.2 x d = 1.2 x 85 = 102 mm. Ans.

iv. Number of buckets on the wheel is given by equation, as

D 1.44
Z = 15 + = 15 + = 15 + 8.5 = 23.5 say 24. Ans.
2d 2  .085
FRANCIS TURBINE
Notation
Shaft power, → S.P.
Speed → N
Head → H
Outer diameter of runner → D1
Inner diameter of runner → D2
Discharge → Q
Velocity of flow → Vf 1
Hydraulic efficiency → h
Overall efficiency → o
Guide blade angle, → 
Vane angles at inlet → θ
Vane angle at outlet → 
Formula
Overall efficiency
Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine ηo =
Water power
Water Power
Water power = ρ g H Q
Discharge
Discharge Q = π D1 B1 Vf1
Hydraulic efficiency
Vw 1 u1
Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
gH
Flow ratio
Vf 1
Flow ratio =
2gH
Speed ratio

u1
Speed ratio =
2gH
Breadth ratio
B1
Breadth ratio =
D1

π D1 N
u1 =
60
π D2 N
u2 =
60
Guide blade angle, 
Vf
tanα = 1
Vw 1
Runner vane angles at inlet, θ
Vf 1
tan θ =
Vw 1 − u 1
Runner vane angles at oulet, 
Vf
tan  = 2
u2
Speed of turbine ,N
π D1 N
u1 =
60
Speed of turbine ,Ns
 N S.P
Ns = 5
H4
where Shaft Power , S.P in kW

2.The following data is given for a francis turbine. Net head h=60m; speed N=700 r.p.m
shaft power=294.3 kW; η o =84% ; η h =93%; flow ratio =0.20; breadth ratio n =0.1
outer diameter of the runner=2  inner diameter of runner. The thickness of vanes occupy
5% of circumferential area of the runner, velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet
and discharge is radial at outlet
Determine
i. Guide blade angle
ii. Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet
iii. Guide blade angle
iv. Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet
Given Data
Shaft power, S.P. = 148.5 kW
= 148.5 10 3 W
Head, H = 7.62 m
Overall efficiency, o = 84% =0.84
Hydraulic efficiency, h =93 % =0.93
Flow ratio =0.6
breadth ratio n = 0.1
Outer diameter of runner → D1
Inner diameter of runner → D2
Outer diameter of runner = 2  Inner diameter of runner
D1 = 2 D2
thickness of vanes = 5% of circumferential area of the runner
velocity of flow is constant Vf 1 = Vf 2
To find
a. Guide blade angle
b. Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet
c. Guide blade angle
d. Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet
Solution
Velocity of jet
velocity of jet, V1 = flow ratio  2 gH
V1 = 0.2  2  9.81 60
V1=6.826 m/s
 B1
Breadth ratio =
D1
B1
0 .1 =
D1
B1=0.1D1
Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine ηo =
Water power
294.3  103
0.84 =
Water power
294.3  103
Water power =
0.84
Water Power = 350.357 103 W

Water power = ρ g H Q
350.357 103 = 1000  9.81 60  Q
350.357 103
=Q
1000  9.81 60
Q = 0.5952 m3/s
Discharge Q = 0.5952 m3/s
Discharge = Actual area of flow  Velocity of flow
Thickness of vanes = 5% of circumferential area of the runner
Actual area of flow = 0.95  πD1 B1
Q = 0.95  π D1 B1 Vf1
0.5952 = 0.95  π D1  0.1 D1  6.862
0.5952
= D12
0.95  π  0.1  6.862
0.29507 = D12
D1 = 0.54 m
B1 = 0.1 D1
B1 = 0.1 0.54 = 0.054 m
D1 = 2D2
0.54 = 2  D2
D2 = 0.27 m

π D1 N
u1 =
60
π  0.54  700
=
60
u1 = 19.79 m/s
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.27  700
=
60
u 2 = 9.896 m/s
Vw 1 u1
Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
gH
Vw 1  19.79
0.93 =
9.81  60
0.93  9.81  60
= Vw 1
19.79
Vw 1 = 27.66 m/s

Guide blade angle, 

Vf
tanα = 1
Vw 1
6.862
=
27.66
tanα = 0.248
α = tan -1 (0.248) =13.928

Runner vane angles at inlet, θ

Vf 1
tan θ =
Vw 1 − u1
6.862
tan θ = = 0.872
27.66 − 19.79

θ = tan -1(0.872) = 41.09 

Runner vane angles at oulet, 
 Vf 2
tan  =
u2
6.682
tan  =
9.896
 = tan (0.6934) = 34.74 
-1

2.The following data is given on a Francis turbine; Net head =50m, speed = 600rpm; Shaft
Power = 400hp =84% = 90% flow ratio= 0.2; breadth ratio= 0.1; η o =84% ; η h =90%;
flow ratio =0.20; breadth ratio n =0.1 outer diameter of the runner=2  inner diameter of
runner. The thickness of vanes occupy 5% of circumferential area of the runner, velocity
of flow is constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial at outlet
Determine
i. Guide blade angle
ii. Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet
iii. Guide blade angle
iv. Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet
Given Data
Shaft power, S.P. = 400 HP
1HP= 735.35 W
= 148.5 735.75 W
S.P. = 294300 W
Head, H = 50 m
Overall efficiency, o = 84% =0.84
Hydraulic efficiency, h =90 % =0.9
Flow ratio =0.2
breadth ratio n = 0.1
Outer diameter of runner → D1
Inner diameter of runner → D2
Outer diameter of runner = 2  Inner diameter of runner
D1 = 2 D2
thickness of vanes = 5% of circumferential area of the runner
velocity of flow is constant Vf 1 = Vf 2
To find
a. Guide blade angle
b. Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet
c. Guide blade angle
d. Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet

Solution
Velocity of jet
velocity of jet, V1 = flow ratio  2 gH
 V1 = 0.2  2  9.81 50
V1=6.264 m/s
B1
Breadth ratio =
D1
B1
0 .1 =
D1
B1=0.1D1

Vw 1 u1
Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
gH
Vw 1  19.79
0.9 =
9.81  60
0.93  9.81  60
= Vw 1
19.79
Vw 1 = 27.66 m/s
Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine η o =
Water power
294300
0.84 =
Water power
294300
Water power =
0.84
Water Power = 350.357 103 W

Water power = ρ g H Q
350.357 103 = 1000  9.81 50  Q
350.357 103
=Q
1000  9.81  50
Q = 0.714 m 3 /s
Discharge Q = 0.714 m 3 /s
Discharge = Actual area of flow  Velocity of flow
Thickness of vanes = 5% of circumferential area of the runner
Actual area of flow = 0.95  πD1 B1
Q = 0.95  π D1 B1 Vf1
0.714 = 0.95  π D1  0.1 D1  6.264
0.714
= D12
0.95  π  0.1  6.264
0.382 = D12
D1 = 0.618 m
 B1 = 0.1 D1
B1 = 0.1 0.618 = 0.0618 m
D1 = 2D2
0.618 = 2  D 2
D 2 = 0.309 m
π D1 N
u1 =
60
π  0.618  600
=
60
u1 = 19.415 m/s
π D2 N
u2 =
60
π  0.309  600
=
60
u 2 = 9.7075 m/s
Vw 1 u1
Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
gH
Vw 1  19.415
0.9 =
9.81  50
0.9  9.81  50
= Vw 1
19.415
Vw 1 = 22.737 m/s

Guide blade angle, 

Vf
tanα = 1
Vw 1
6.264
=
22.737
tanα = 0.2755
α = tan -1 (0.2755) =15.4
Runner vane angles at inlet, θ
 Vf 1
tan θ =
Vw 1 − u 1
6.264
tan θ = = 1.88
22.737 − 19.415
θ = tan -1 (1.88) = 62 
Runner vane angles at oulet, 
Vf
tan  = 2
u2
6.264
tan  =
9.7075

 = tan -1 (0.645) = 32.83 

KAPLAN TURBINE
Notation
Shaft power, → S.P.
Speed → N
Head → H
Hub or Boss Diameter → D0
Diameter of runner → D0
Discharge → Q
Velocity of flow → Vf 1
Hydraulic efficiency → h
Overall efficiency → o
Guide blade angle, → 
Vane angles at inlet → θ
Vane angle at outlet → 

Formula
Overall efficiency
Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine ηo =
Water power
Water Power
Water power = ρ g H Q
Hydraulic efficiency
Vw 1 u1
Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
gH
Flow ratio
Vf 1
Flow ratio =
2gH
Speed ratio

u1
Speed ratio =
2gH
Remember
In Kaplan turbine
u1 = u 2
Guide blade angle, 
 Vf 1
tanα =
Vw 1
Runner vane angles at inlet, θ
Vf 1
tan θ =
Vw 1 − u 1
Runner vane angles at oulet, 
Vf
tan  = 2
u2
Speed of turbine ,N
π Do N
u1 =
60
Speed of turbine ,Ns
N S.P
Ns = 5
4
H
where Shaft Power , S.P in kW

1. A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops 11772 kW shaft power. The
outer diameter of the runner is 3.5 m and hub diameter 1.75 m. The guide blade angle at
the extreme edge of the runner is 35. The hydraulic and overall efficiencies of the
turbines are 88% and 84% respectively. If the velocity of what is zero at outlet, determine:

(i) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet at the extreme edge of the runner, and
(ii) Speed of the turbine.

Solution:
Given:
Head, H = 20 m
Shaft power, S.P. = 11772 kW
= 11772  103 W
 Outer dia. of runner Do = 3.5 m
Hub diameter, Db = 1.75 m
Guide blade angle,  = 35
Hydraulic efficiency, h = 88%
Overall efficiency, o = 84%

Velocity of whirl at outlet Vw 2 = 0

To find:
(i) Runner vane angles at inlet, θ
(ii) Runner vane angles at outlet, 
(iii) Speed of the turbine, N.
Solution
Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine ηo =
Water power
11772  103
0.84 =
Water power
11772  103
Water power =
0.84
Water Power =14014285.7 W

Water power = ρ g H Q
14014285.7 = 1000  9.81  20  Q
14014285.7
=Q
1000  9.81  20
Q = 71.428 m3/s
Discharge, Q = 71.428 m3/s

Q=
4
(D 2
o − D 2h ) Vf1


71.428 =
4
(3.5 2
)
− 1.752  Vf1

71.428 = 7.251  Vf1

71.428
= Vf1
7.251
Vf1 = 9.9 m/s
Vf 2 = Vf1
= 9.9 m/s
Guide blade angle, 
Vf
tanα = 1
Vw 1
9.9
tan 35 =
Vw 1
9.9
Vw 1 =
tan 35
Vw 1 = 14.14 m/s
Vw 1 u1
Hydraulic efficiency , ηh =
gH
14.14  u1
0.84 =
9.81  20
0.84  9.81  20
= u1
14.14
u1 = 12.21 m/s
u 2 = u1
u 2 = 12.21 m/s

Runner vane angles at inlet, θ

Vf 1
tan θ =
Vw 1 − u 1
9.9
tan θ = = 5.13
14.14 − 12.21

θ = tan -1 (5.13) = 78.97 

Runner vane angles at oulet, 
Vf
tan  = 2
u2
 9.9
tan  = = 0.811
12.21

 = tan -1 (0.811) = 39.035

Speed of turbine ,N
π Do N
u1 =
60
π  3.5  N
12.21 =
60
12.21  60
=N
π  3.5
N =66.63 rpm
Speed of turbine, N =66.63 rpm
2. The hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine, working under a head of 12 m, is 0.35 times the
diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 r.p.m. If the vane angle of the
extreme edge of the runner at outlet is 15 and flow ratio 0.6, find:
(i) Diameter of the runner,
(ii) Diameter of the boss, and
(iii) Discharge through the runner.
The velocity of whirl at outlet is given as zero.
Solution:
Given
Head, H = 12 m
Hub diameter → Db
Diameter of runner → D0
Hub diameter = 0.35  Diameter of runner
Db = 0.35 D0
Speed, N = 100 r.p.m
Flow ratio =0.6
Vane angle at outlet,  = 15
To find
(i) Diameter of the runner, Do
(ii) Diameter of the boss, Db
(iii) Discharge through the runner, Q

Solution
Vf 1
Flow ratio =
2gH
Vf 1
0.6 =
2  9.81  5.5
0.6  2  9.81  5,5 = Vf 1
Vf 1 = 9.2 m/s
Vf 2 = Vf1
= 9.2 m/s

Runner vane angle at oulet, 

Vf
tan  = 2
u2
9.2
tan 15 =
u2
9.2
u2 =
tan 15
u 2 = 34.33 m/s
u1 = u 2
= 34.33 m/s
Diameter of runner, Do
π Do N
u1 =
60
π  D o  100
34.33 =
60
34.33  60
= Do
π  100
Do=6.55 m
Diameter of runner, Do=6.55 m
Hub diameter, Db
Db = 0.35 D0
Db = 0.35  6.55
Db=2.3 m
Hub diameter, Db=2.3 m
Discharge through the runner, Q

Discharge , Q = (D o2 − D 2h ) Vf1
4
 
Q=
4
(6.55 2
)
− 2.32  9.2

Q = 271.77 m3 / s
3.A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 9100 kW. The net available head is
5.6 m .If the speed ratio=2.09, flow ratio=0.68, overall efficiency=86% and the diameter of
the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the runner . find the diameter of the runner, its speed and
the specific speed of the turbine.
Given Data
Shaft power, S.P. = 9100 kW
= 9100  103 W
Head, H = 5.6 m
Speed ratio = 2.09
Flow ratio =0.68
Overall efficiency, o = 86% =0.86
Hub diameter or Boss diameter → Db
Diameter of runner → D0
1
Boss diameter =  Diameter of runner
3
1
Db =  D0
3
To find:
i. Diameter of the runner,
ii. Speed of turbine
iii. Specific Speed of turbine
u1
Speed ratio =
2gH
u1
2.09 =
2  9.81 5.6
2.09  2  9.81 5.6 = u 1
u1 = 21.95 m/s
Vf 1
Flow ratio =
2gH
Vf 1
0.68 =
2  9.81 5.6
0.68  2  9.81  5.6 = Vf 1
Vf 1 = 7.12 m/s
Vf 2 = Vf1
= 7.12 m/s
 Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine , η =
Water power
9100  103
0.6 =
Water power
9100  103
Water power =
0.6
Water Power =15166.666 W

Water power = ρ g H Q
15166.666 = 1000  9.81  5.6  Q
15166.666
=Q
1000  9.81  5.6
Q = 192.5 m3/s
Discharge, Q = 192.5 m3 /s

Q=
4
(D 2
o − D 2b ) Vf1

Do
Db =
3
Do2
D =2
b
9
 2 Do2 
D − D =  Do −
2 2

9 
o b

 1
= 1 − Do2
 9
 9 -1 2
= Do
 9 
8
D o2 − D 2b = D o2
9
 8
192.5 =  D o2  7.12
4 9
 192.5  4  9
= Do2
π  8  7.12
38.74 = Do2
38.74 = Do
Do=6.21 m
Diameter of the runner Do=6.21 m
Do
Db =
3
6.21
Db = = 2.07 m
3
Speed of turbine ,N
π Do N
u1 =
60
π  6.21  N
21.95 =
60
21.95  60
=N
π  6.21
N =66.63 rpm
Speed of turbine, N =66.63 rpm
Speed of turbine ,Ns
N S.P
Ns = 5
4
H
where Shaft Power , S.P in kW
S.P. = 9100 kW
67.5 9100
Ns = 5
4
5.6
67.5 9100
=
5.61.25
Ns = 746 rpm
4.A Kaplan turbine develops 24647.6 kW power at an average head of 39 meter .assuming a
speed ratio of 2, flow ratio of 0.6, diameter of the boss equal to 0.35 times the diameter of the
runner and an overall efficiency of 90% , calculate the diameter, speed and specific speed of
specific speed of the turbine.

Given Data
Shaft power, S.P. = 24647.6 kW
= 24647.6  103 W
Head, H = 39 m
Speed ratio = 2.
Flow ratio =0.6
 Overall efficiency, o = 90% =0.9
Hub diameter or Boss diameter → Db
Diameter of runner → D0
Boss diameter = 0.35 Diameter of runner
Db = 0.35D0
To find:
i. Diameter of the runner,
ii. Speed of turbine
iii. Specific Speed of turbine
u1
Speed ratio =
2gH
u1
2=
2  9.81 39
2  2  9.81  39 = u1
u1 = 55.32 m/s
Vf 1
Flow ratio =
2gH
Vf 1
0.6 =
2  9.81 39

0.6  2  9.81  39 = Vf 1
Vf 1 = 16.59 m/s
Vf 2 = Vf1
= 16.59 m/s

Shaft power
Overall efficiency of turbine ηo =
Water power
24647.6  103
0.9 =
Water power
24647.6  103
Water power =
0.9
Water Power =27386.22 W
Water power = ρ g H Q
27386.22 = 1000  9.81  39  Q
27386.22
=Q
1000  9.81  39
Q = 71.58 m3/s
Discharge, Q = 71.58 m3/s

Q=
4
(D 2
o )
− D 2b  Vf1

D b = 0.35 D o
D 2b = 0.1225 Do2
(
D o2 − D 2b = D o2 − 0.1225 D o2 )
= (1 − 0.1225)Do2
Do2 − D2b = 0.8775Do2

71.58 =  0.8775Do2  16.59
4
71.58  4
= Do2
π  0.8775  16.59
6.163 = Do2
Do=2.5 m
Diameter of the runner Do=2.5 m
D b = 0.35  D o
D b = 0.35  2.5 = 0.875 m
Speed of turbine ,N
π Do N
u1 =
60
π  2.48  N
55.32 =
60
55.32  60
=N
π  2.5
N =422.61 rpm
Speed of turbine, N =422.61 rpm
Speed of turbine ,Ns
N S.P
Ns = 5
H4
where Shaft Power , S.P in kW
S.P. = 24647.6 kW
 422.61 24647.6
Ns = 5
39 4
422.61 24647.6
=
391.25
N s = 690.76 rpm