Year of

CET GEOTECHNICAL CATEGORY L T P CIVIL ENGINEERING

CREDIT
Introduction
305 ENGINEERING - II
PCC 4 0 0 4 2019

Preamble: Goal of this course is to impart to the students, in-depth knowledge about the basic
concepts and theories of foundation engineering. After this course, students will be able to recognize
practical problems of foundations in real-world situations and respond accordingly.

Prerequisite : Geotechnical Engineering - I

Course Outcomes: After completion of the course the student will be able to:

CO 1 Understand soil exploration methods

Explain the basic concepts, theories and methods of analysis in foundation
CO 2
engineering
CO 3 Calculate bearing capacity, pile capacity, foundation settlement and earth pressure

CO 4 Analyze shallow and deep foundations

CO 5 Solve the field problems related to geotechnical engineering

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes (Minimum requirement)

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO 1 3 - - 3 - - - - - - - -
CO 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 3 2 3 - - - - - - - - - -
CO 4 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - -
CO 5 3 3 - - - - - - - - - -

Assessment Pattern

Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester

Bloom’s Category
Test 1 (Marks) Test 2 (Marks) Examination (Marks)
Remember 5 5 10
Understand 10 10 20
Apply 25 25 50
Analyse 10 10 20
Evaluate
Create

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Mark Distribution
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Total Marks CIE Marks ESE Marks ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)Pattern :

Attendance : 10 Marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 Marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 Marks

End Semester Examination (ESE)Pattern : There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contains 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students
should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should
answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

(Questions may be framed based on the outline given under each course outcome)
Course Outcome 1 (CO1):
1. Understand Soil Investigation and Soil Exploration methods
Course Outcome 2 (CO2):
1. Explain the bearing capacity theory of shallow foundations
2. Explain the basic concepts and theory of settlement calculations of shallow foundations
3. Explain the concepts and theory of pile capacity
4. Explain the earth pressure theories for cohesionless and cohesive soils
Course Outcome 3 (CO3):
1. Calculate the bearing capacity of shallow foundations
2. Calculate pile capacity
3. Calculate the settlement of footings
4. Calculate the earth pressure acting on retaining walls

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Analyze and design shallow foundations
2. Analyze deep foundations

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Solve the field problems related to different types of shallow and deep foundations, retaining
walls, etc.

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 SYLLABUS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Module 1
Earth pressure : Earth pressure - At rest, active and passive earth pressures - Practical examples
Rankine’s theory – Earth pressure and point of application for cohesionless and cohesive soils -
Influence of surcharge and water table on earth pressure - Numerical problems - Earth pressure with
layered backfill - Numerical problems - Coulomb’s theory [no derivation required] – Comparison of
Rankine’s and Coulomb’s theory
Foundation – General Considerations : Functions of foundations - definition of shallow and deep
foundation - Selection of type of foundation - Different types of shallow foundations - advantages
and limitations of various types of shallow foundations

Module 2
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations: Gross and Net bearing pressure - Ultimate and Safe
bearing capacity - Failure mechanism - Allowable soil pressure - Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory
for strip footing [no derivation required] – Assumptions – Bearing capacity factors - Numerical
problems - Terzaghi’s formulae for circular and square footings - Numerical problems - Factors
affecting bearing capacity - Effect of water table on bearing capacity - Numerical problems -
General, local and punching shear failure - Skempton’s formula – Numerical problems

Module 3
Settlement analysis: Introduction- causes of settlement – estimation of immediate settlement –
Numerical problems - Allowable settlement-Maximum and differential settlements as per Indian
standard - Field test - Plate load test – Procedure, uses and limitations
Footings :Principles of design of footings – strip/continuous and individual footings - Numerical
Problems - Combined footings- Rectangular and Trapezoidal combined footings - Numerical
problems - Footings subjected to eccentric loading
Raft foundations: Types – Principles of design of raft foundation- Bearing capacity equations for
raft on sand (Teng’s equation based on SPT value) and for raft on clay (Skempton’s formula) -
Floating foundations - conventional design procedure for rigid mat.

Module 4
Pile foundations: uses of piles - classification of piles - determination of type and length of piles -
Bearing capacity of single pile in clay and sand [I.S. Static formulae] - Numerical problems -
Dynamic formulae (Modified Hiley formulae only) – Numerical Problems - I.S. Pile load test
[conventional] - Negative skin friction - Group action - Group efficiency - Capacity of Pile groups -
Numerical problems
Well foundation : Elements of a well foundation – construction details of well foundations -
Problems encountered in well sinking – Methods to rectify tilts and shifts

Module 5
Site investigation and soil exploration: objectives - planning - reconnaissance - Guidelines for
choosing spacing and depth of borings [I.S. guidelines only]- Methods of subsurface exploration -
test pits - Auger borings – Wash Boring - Rotary drilling - Standard Penetration Test – procedure and
correlations - Corrections for SPT value – Numerical Problems - Sampling - disturbed samples,
undisturbed samples and chunk samples - types of samplers - Sampler parameters - Boring log - Soil

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profile- Location of Water table - Geophysical methods : Seismic Refraction method and Electrical
Resistivity method (in brief).
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Text Books:

1. Ranjan G. and A. S. R. Rao, Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics, New Age International,
2002.
2. Arora K. R., Geotechnical Engineering, Standard Publishers, 2006.
References:
1. Das B. M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Cengage India Pvt. Ltd., 2010.
2. Venkatramaiah, Geotechnical Engg, Universities Press, 2000.
3. Terzaghi K. and R. B. Peck, Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, John Wiley, 1967.
4. A V Narasimha Rao and C Venkatramaiah, Numerical Problems, Examples and Objective
questions in Geotechnical Engineering, Universities Press (India) Ltd., 2000
5. Purushothamaraj P., Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Dorling Indersley(India)
Pvt. Ltd., 2013
6. Taylor D.W., Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics, Asia Publishing House, 1948.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule:

Modul Outcomes
Contents Hours
e Addressed
1 Module 1 9
1.1 Earth pressure : Earth pressure - At rest, active and passive earth CO 2 & CO 5
1
pressures - Practical examples
1.2 Rankine’s theory – Earth pressure and point of application for CO 2
1
cohesionless and cohesive soils
1.3 Influence of surcharge and water table on earth pressure - CO 2 & CO 3
2
Numerical problems
1.4 Earth pressure with layered backfill - Numerical problems CO 2 & CO 3 2
1.5 Coulomb’s theory [no derivation required] – Comparison of CO 2
1
Rankine’s and Coulomb’s theory
1.6 Foundation – General Considerations: Functions of foundations CO 4 & CO 5 1
- definition of shallow and deep foundation - Selection of type of
foundation
1.7 Different types of shallow foundations- advantages and limitations CO 4 & CO 5 1
of various types of shallow foundations
2 Module 2 9
2.1 Bearing capacity of shallow foundations: Gross and Net bearing CO 2 1
pressure - Ultimate and Safe bearing capacity
2.2 Failure mechanism - Allowable soil pressure CO 2 1

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 2.3 Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory for strip footing [no derivation CO 2 1
required] – Assumptions – Bearing capacity factors
CIVIL ENGINEERING
2.4 Numerical problems CO 3 1
2.5 Terzaghi’s formulae for circular and square footings - Numerical CO 2 & CO 3 1
problems
2.6 Factors affecting bearing capacity - Effect of water table on CO 2 1
bearing capacity
2.7 Numerical problems CO 3 1
2.8 General, local and punching shear failure CO 2 & CO 3 1
2.9 Skempton’s formula – Numerical problems CO 2 & CO 3 1
3 Module 3 9
3.1 Settlement analysis: Introduction- causes of settlement – CO 2 & CO 3 1
estimation of immediate settlement – Numerical problems
3.2 Allowable settlement-Maximum and differential settlements as per CO 2 & CO 5 1
Indian standard
3.3 Field test - Plate load test – Procedure, uses and limitations CO 3 & CO 5 1
3.4 Footings :Principles of design of footings – strip/continuous and CO 4 1
individual footings - Numerical Problems
3.5 Combined footings- Rectangular and Trapezoidal combined CO 4 1
footings
3.6 Numerical problems CO 4 1
3.7 Footings subjected to eccentric loading CO 4 1
3.8 Raft foundations: Types – Principles of design of raft foundation- CO 3 & CO 4 1
Bearing capacity equations for raft on sand (Teng’s equation based
on SPT value) and for raft on clay (Skempton’s formula)
3.9 Floating foundations - conventional design procedure for rigid mat. CO 2 & CO 4 1
4 Module 4 9
4.1 Pile foundations: Uses of piles - classification of piles - CO 2 & CO 5 1
determination of type and length of piles
4.2 Bearing capacity of single pile in clay and sand [I.S. Static CO 2 1
formulae]
4.3 Numerical problems CO 3 1
4.4 Dynamic formulae (Modified Hiley formulae only) – Numerical CO 2 & CO 3 1
Problems
4.5 I.S. Pile load test [conventional] CO 5 1
4.6 Negative skin friction - Group action - Group efficiency CO 2 1
4.7 Capacity of Pile groups - Numerical problems CO 3 & CO 4 1
4.8 Well foundation : Elements of a well foundation – construction CO 2 & CO 5 1
details of well foundations

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 4.9 Problems encountered in well sinking – Methods to rectify tilts and CO 2 & CO 5
1
shifts
CIVIL ENGINEERING
5 Module 5 9
5.1 Site investigation and soil exploration: objectives - planning - CO 1 1
reconnaissance
5.2 Guidelines for choosing spacing and depth of borings [I.S. CO 1 1
guidelines only]
5.3 methods of subsurface exploration - test pits - Auger borings – CO 1 1
Wash Boring - Rotary drilling
5.4 Standard Penetration Test – procedure and correlations CO 1 1
5.5 Corrections for SPT value – Numerical Problems CO 1 1
5.6 Sampling - disturbed samples, undisturbed samples and chunk CO 1 1
samples
5.7 types of samplers - Sampler parameters CO 1 1
5.8 Boring log - soil profile- Location of Water table CO 1
5.9 Geophysical methods: Seismic Refraction method and Electrical CO 1 1
Resistivity method (in brief).

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Model Question Paper
QP CODE: CIVIL ENGINEERING
Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FIFTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: CET305

Course Name :GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING - II

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 hours

Part A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks)

1. List the assumptions of Rankine’s theory of earth pressure.

2. Explain the situations in which combined footings are provided.
3. Write the assumptions of Terzaghi’s method for bearing capacity.
4. Explain the factors affecting bearing capacity.
5. Explain Allowable settlement.
6. Explain floating foundation.
7. Explain negative skin friction.
8. List the elements of a well foundation.
9. List Objectives of soil exploration.
10. Define (i) Inside clearance, (ii) Outside clearance and (iii) Area ratio as applied to sampler.

PART B
(Answer one full question from each module, each question carries 14 marks)

Module – 1
17. (a) Explain different types of earth pressures with practical examples. (6 Marks)
(b) A wall of 8m height retains a non-cohesive layered backfill. Top 3 m soil is having γ =
18kN/m3 and φ =30°. Bottom 5 m soil is having γ = 17.5 kN/m3 and φ =28°. Using Rankine’s
theory, find the total active thrust on the wall and the point of application. (8 Marks)
18. (a) A 6m high retaining wall with vertical back supports soil which is in level with the top of
retaining wallcarries a uniform surcharge load of 20kPa. Backfill properties are c = 5 kN/m2,
γ = 18.5 kN/m3, φ = 30°. Determine Rankine’s passive earth pressure on the retaining wall.
(6 Marks)
(b) A 6m high retaining wall with vertical back supports soil which is in level with the top of
retaining wall. Backfill properties are c = 5 kN/m2,γ = 18 kN/m3,φ = 30°. Find the maximum
depth up to which excavation can safely be done without the sides caving in? Also determine
Rankine’s active earth pressure on the retaining wall before the formation of tension crack.
(8 Marks)

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 CIVIL ENGINEERING
Module – 2
11. (a) Differentiate between General shear failure and local shear failure. (6 Marks)
(b) A strip footing of 2.0 m wide is to be founded at a depth of 1.6 m in a soil with following data:
= 19 kN/m3 ; c = 10 kN/m2 ; = 400
Nc = 95.7 ; Nq = 81.3 ; N= 100.4
Determine the safe bearing capacity with a FS of 3, when
i) Water table is at great depth
ii) Water table is at a depth of 1.0 m from ground level.
iii) Water table is at a depth of 3.0 m from ground level. (8 Marks)
12. (a) A Circular footing rests in pure clay with unconfined compressive strength qu = 200 kN/m2 at
a depth of 1.5 m. Using Skempton’s method, determine the diameter of footing if it has to
transmit a net load of 1000 kN. Take FS = 3. (6 Marks)
(b) A square footing 2m x 2m is at a depth of 1.5 m in a soil with c = 30 kN/m2, φ = 35°, (Nc =
57.8, Nq = 41.4 and Nγ = 42.4). Takeγ = 18 kN/m3. Calculate the net safe load that can be
carried by footing. (8 Marks)

Module – 3
13. (a) A rectangular surface footing 2m x 3m carries a column load of 600 kN. The footing rests on
a c-φ soil strata 6 m thick having µ = 0.25 and E as 5000 kN/m2. Calculate the immediate
settlement of footing assuming the influence factor If = 1.36. (6 Marks)
(b) Explain Plate Load Test with neat sketch. List the limitations of plate load test. (8 Marks)
16. (a) What are the different types of raft foundations? Under what circumstances raft foundations
are preferred? (6 Marks)
(b) Design a rectangular combined footing for uniform pressure for the column loads of 1000 kN
and 1500 kN at column A and B respectively. Projection of footing beyond centre line of
column A is restricted to 0.5 m. Distance of c/c of columns is 5 m. Net Allowable pressure =
150 kN/m2.
Design a suitable combined footing if projection beyond centre line of both columns
restricted to 0.5 m. (8 Marks)

Module – 4
19. (a) Explain the classification of pile foundations based on installation. (6 Marks)
(b) A RCC pile weighs 25 kN is driven by drop hammer weighing 35 kN, having effective fall of
0.85 m. Average set/blow is 1.3 cm. Take elastic compression as 1.6 cm. Assuming
coefficient of restitution as 0.25. Find ultimate and safe load on pile by assuming factor of
safety of 2.5. (8 Marks)
20. (a) Explain any three methods (with neat sketches) for rectification of tilts in a well foundation.
(6 Marks)
(b) A bored pile in a clayey soil is 50 cm diameter and 10 m long, determine the capacity of a 3X3

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 CIVIL ENGINEERING

pile group spaced 1 m centre to centre both ways. Take Cu = 70 kN/m2 and α = 0.6.
(8 Marks)
Module – 5

14. (a) Explain Augur boring and wash boring methods used in soil exploration. (6 Marks)
(b) Explain Standard Penetration Test? How this is correlated with shear strength parameters?
What are the corrections to the observed SPT (N) value? (8 Marks)
15. (a) A SPT is conducted in a sand deposit at a depth of 16 m. Water table is at 7 m below ground
level. Unit weight of sand is 18 kN/m3 above water table and 19 kN/m3 below water table. If
N value is 36, find the corrected N value. (6 Marks)
(b) Explain Geophysical Exploration using Seismic Refraction Method. What are its limitations?
(8 Marks)

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