Akash Full Bio PDF

Chapter 5
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. Where are the respiratory gases exchanged in the body of earthworm?
Sol. Exchange of gases takes place at cuticle which is moist, thin and vascular.
2. Name the membrane that surrounds the lung.
Sol. Pleura
3. Give the name of the partition between thoracic and abdominal cavity.
Sol. Diaphragm
4. Write down the catabolic reaction that takes place during respiration.
Sol. C6H12O6 + 6O2 

 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water
dioxide
5. In which axis, the volume of thoracic cavity increases during the contraction of external intercostal muscles?
Sol. In dorso-ventral axis, i.e., backward-forward direction.
6. What is vital capacity?
Sol. It is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in and out after a forceful expiration and inspiration.
7. Give values of alveolar pO2 and alveolar pCO2.
Sol. Alveolar pO2 is equal to 104 mm Hg.
Alveolar pCO2 is equal to 40 mm Hg.
8. What are the three forms in which CO2 is transported by the blood?
Sol. As bicarbonate ions, carbonic acid (dissolved form) and carbaminohaemoglobin.
9. How many O2 molecules can be carried by a single molecule of Hb?
Sol. Four
10. Which respiratory disease is characterised by damaged alveolar walls?
Sol. Emphysema
Aakash Institute | Aakash

Aakash Educational ServicesIIT-JEE
Pvt. Ltd.- Regd.
- Regd.Office:
OfficeAakash
: AakashTower,
Tower,Plot
PlotNo.-4,
No.-4,Sector-11,
Sector-11, Dwarka, New Delhi-75
Delhi-75Ph.011-47623456
Ph.011-47623456
28 Breathing and Exchange of Gases Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
Short Answer Type Questions :
11. Give three differences in breathing and respiration.
Sol.
Breathing Respiration
1. It is simply inhalation of fresh air and It is the oxidation of food (glucose) to form
exhalation of foul air. CO2, water and release energy.
2. It is a physical process. It is a biochemical process.
3. No energy is released during this Energy is released during this process.
mechanism.
12. Explain how gases are exchanged in sponges.
Sol. In sponges, cell surface gaseous exchange takes place. As in these animals, cells are in direct contact with
environment. Oxygen dissolved in water passes into the cells by diffusion while CO2 liberated by the cells
diffuses out into the surrounding water through the general surface.
13. Describe the nature of respiratory organ of earthworms.
Sol. Earthworm : Cuticle is the outermost covering of their body and the underlying epidermis which are utilised
for the exchange of gases by simple diffusion. They are thin, moist and vascular, so that diffusion of gases
takes place easily.
14. Explain the structure which prevents the entry of food into the larynx.
Sol. Epiglottis prevents the entry of food into the larynx during swallowing. It is a leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure
made up of elastic cartilage which covers the glottis during swallowing, so that the food cannot enter into the
larynx.
15. Describe wind pipe, a part of human respiratory tract.
Sol. It is a straight tube extending upto the mid-thoracic cavity. This tube finally divides into right and left primary
bronchi at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra. It is lined by cartilaginous rings that prevents collapsing.
16. Explain the membranes which surround the lungs.
Sol. The membranes surround the lungs are pleura or pleural membranes. These are two in number and a narrow
space present between the two is known as pleural cavity which is filled with pleural fluid secreted by pleural
membranes. Outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the thoracic cavity and inner one is in close
contact with lung surface.
17. Write the sequence of structures included in human respiratory system.
Sol. External nostrils  Nasal chamber  Nasopharynx  Glottis  Trachea  Primary bronchi  Secondary
bronchi  Tertiary bronchi  Bronchioles  Alveolar ducts  Atria  Alveolar sac  Alveoli
18. Differentiate between inspiration and expiration.
Sol.
Inspiration Expiration
1. Inspiration is a process by which fresh air Expiration is a process by which foul air
enters the lungs. (containing CO2) is expelled out of the
lungs.
2. It is simply the inflow of fresh air. It is simply the outflow of air.
Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, Plot No.-4, Sector-11, Dwarka, New Delhi-75 Ph.011-47623456
Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Breathing and Exchange of Gases 29
19. What is the role of external intercostal muscles in inspiration?
Sol. During inspiration, external intercostal muscles contract and lift up the ribs and sternum causing an increase
in the volume of thoracic cavity in dorso-ventral axis that leads to similar
Increase in the volume of pulmonary cavity
Causes
Decrease in pressure within the pulmonary cavity

Causes
Atmospheric air enters into the lungs as it has

higher pressure than in lungs
20. Write down the route adopted by air during inspiration and expiration.
Sol. Movement of air during inspiration :
External nostrils  Nasal cavities  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Bronchioles  Alveoli
Movement of air during expiration :
Alveoli  Bronchioles  Bronchi  Trachea  Larynx  Pharynx  Nasal cavities  External nostrils
21. How the movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out? Give an example.
Sol. The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between lungs
and the atmosphere. Pressure gradient is the pressure difference. For example, pressure of O2 in atmospheric
air is higher than the alveoli because of which O2 diffuses in from atmospheric air.
22. What is meant by vital capacity? List any two categories of people which possess higher vital capacity.
Sol. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forceful expiration or the maximum
volume of air a person can breathe out after a forceful inspiration.
Athletes and young ones possess higher vital capacity.
23. Define the terms inspiratory capacity and expiratory capacity.
Sol. Inspiratory capacity : It is defined as the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration.
It includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
Expiratory capacity : It is defined as the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration.
It includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume.
24. What is partial pressure? How does it help in exchange of O2 between alveoli and blood?
Sol. Partial pressure is the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases. It is represented as pO2
(for oxygen) and pCO2 (for carbon dioxide). Gases move from their higher partial pressure to their lower partial
pressure.
It helps in exchange of O2 between alveoli and blood. As the pO2 in alveoli is higher, i.e., 104 mm Hg than
that present in the blood, i.e., 40 mm Hg. So, O2 diffuses into the blood from higher pO2 to lower pO2.
25. Why is O2 moved from blood to tissues whereas CO2 from tissues to blood?
Sol. This is due to partial pressure gradient. The pO2 is higher in systemic arteries carrying oxygenated blood, i.e.,
95 mm Hg than that in tissues, i.e., 40 mm Hg. So, O2 moves from systemic arteries to body tissues, whereas
CO2 moves from tissues to blood because the pCO2 is higher in tissues, i.e., 45 mm Hg than that in blood
capillaries, i.e., 40 mm Hg.
26. Give graphic presentation of O2-dissociation curve. Which part of graph indicates association of O2 with Hb?
Sol. %
100
Percentage saturation of haemoglobin
Shift to Left
80 Normal
Shift to right
60
P50
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Partial pressure of oxygen (mm Hg)
The association of O2 with Hb is indicated by when the graph shifts towards the left-hand side of the normal
curve.
27. “About 20–25% CO2 is transported as carbaminohaemoglobin”. Explain.

Sol. CO2 that enters in the RBC forms a reversible compound, i.e., carbaminohaemoglobin, it binds with amino group
of protein part (globin). Reaction involved is
Hb  CO2

HbCO 2
Carbaminohaemoglobin
It is transported to the alveoli, from where it is exhaled out as CO2 because dissociation of CO2 and Hb occurs
in the alveoli.
28. For which gas O2 and CO2, Hb has high affinity? Write the equation showing the binding of Hb with O2 and
CO2.
Sol. Hb has high affinity for O2 than CO2.
Binding of O2 with Hb :
Hb  O 2

HbO 2
Haemoglobin Oxygen Oxyhaemoglobin
Binding of CO2 with Hb :
Hb  CO2

HbCO 2
Haemoglobin Carbon Carbamino-
dioxide haemoglobin
29. Explain the role of chemosensitive area in the regulation of respiration.

Sol. This area is highly sensitive to CO2 and H+ ions. Whenever there is an increase in these substances, this
area gets activated which inturn activates rhythm centre to increase the rate of respiration. Due to which these
substances are eliminated out of the body.
30. Explain causes and symptoms of respiratory disease Emphysema.

Sol. Causes : It is caused due to excessive cigarette smoking. Other causes involve inhalation of smoke particles,
harmful gases over a period of time.
Symptoms : Alveolar walls are damaged due to which the surface area for exchange of gases is reduced.
Alveolar sacs remain filled with air even after expiration.
Long Answer Type Questions :
31. Which features decide the type of respiratory organ in an animal? Explain with examples.
Sol. Two main features of animals which decide the type of respiratory organs are
1. Habitat : It is the place where an animal lives. The nature of respiratory organ depends on the habitat
of an animal. For example, fishes live in water, so they have gills to respire. Reptiles live on land and
they respire through lungs.
2. Level of organisation : According to the level of organisation of animals, breathing mechanism varies.
For example, Poriferans have cellular level of organisation. In them, no well-developed tissues, organs are
present that’s why they can exchange O2 with CO2 by simple diffusion over their entire body surface.
Simple diffusion means the movement of molecules from their higher concentration region to their lower
concentration region.
32. Explain the nature of respiratory organs in
(i) Coelenterates
(ii) Earthworm
Sol. (i) In coelenterates, gaseous exchange takes place through cell surface. In these animals, cells are in direct
contact with environment. Respiratory organs are absent in these lower animals as they do not have blood
to transport gases. Oxygen dissolved in water passes into the cells through diffusion while CO2 liberated
by the organisms diffuses out of the cells into the surrounding water through the cell surface.
(ii) In earthworms, cuticle is the outermost covering of their body which is utilised for the simple diffusion of
gases.
33. Explain the larynx and trachea in detail.
Sol. Larynx : It is also known as sound/voice box because it helps in the production of sound. It is made up of
cartilages and present at the upper part of trachea. Its upper part has a opening, i.e., glottis. During swallowing
this, glottis can be covered by epiglottis which is a leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure made up of elastic
cartilage. It prevents the entry of food into the larynx during swallowing.
Trachea : It is also known as wind pipe. It is a straight tube extending upto the mid-thoracic cavity, commonly
called chest cavity. This tube finally divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra.
It is lined by cartilaginous rings that prevent it from collapsing.
34. From where alveoli arise? Explain the features of alveoli which make them the respiratory surface.
Sol. Alveoli arise from bronchioles. Bronchioles give rise to a number of alveoli. There are about 300 millions alveoli
in two lungs.
The features of alveoli which make them the respiratory surface are
(i) Thin membrane : They have very thin membrane and lined by thin squamous epithelium.
(ii) They have irregular walls which increase the surface area for diffusion of gases.
(iii) Richly supplied with blood : These are balloon-like structures having a network of blood capillaries. Due
to very close contact of blood capillaries with alveoli, the exchange of gases takes place easily.
Because of these features, they act as respiratory surface where exchange of gases O2 and CO2 occurs.
35. Explain the internal structure of lungs. What is the function of outer membranes of lungs that surround them?
Sol. Internally lungs are made up of
(i) Branching network of bronchi : It includes the branching of bronchi which are primary, secondary and
tertiary bronchi.
(ii) Bronchioles : These are the terminal endings of tertiary bronchi which give rise to a large number of
balloon-like structures known as alveoli.
(iii) Alveoli : These are balloon-like structures having very thin, irregular membrane and highly vascular, well-
supplied with blood capillaries. This is the site where exchange of gases takes place.
Function of membranes : Membranes that surround the lungs are pleural membranes.
(i) These provide protection to the lungs.
(ii) Release a fluid known as pleural fluid in the pleural cavity which lubricates the pleural membranes, so
that they may slide over each other without friction during breathing.
36. First step of respiration is breathing. Write down the further steps involved in respiration.
Sol. Further steps involved in respiration are
1. Diffusion of gases between alveoli and blood : Diffusion of gases O2 and CO2 takes place across
the alveolar membrane to the blood capillaries surrounding it. The membrane is very thin and richly supplied
with blood capillaries.
2. Transport of gases : Blood is the medium for transport of gases O2 and CO2, which transports O2 to
the body cells from alveoli and CO2 from the body cells to alveoli.
3. Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues : O2 is diffused from blood to tissues and CO2 is diffused
from tissues to blood.
4. Utilisation of O2 : O2 is used by the body cells for the release of energy. Breakdown of glucose occurs
in presence of O2 which produces CO2, water and energy.
37. How diaphragm and abdominal muscles cause inhalation of air?

Sol. Diaphragm : The contraction of muscle fibres of diaphragm causes it to become flat, so the volume of thoracic
cavity increases in antero-posterior axis in rabbit and lengthwise in man.
Abdominal muscles : These muscles relax and allow compression of abdominal organs by the diaphragm.
Due to which the volume of thoracic cavity increases.
As a result,
Volume of thoracic cavity increases which

Leads to
Similar increase in the volume of pulmonary cavity

Causes
Decrease in the pressure of pulmonary cavity, lesser

than the atmospheric air
Causes
Inhalation of air from atmospheric air to the lungs
38. Explain the role of external intercostal muscles in creating low pressure within the pulmonary cavity.
Sol. External intercostal muscles : These muscles are present between the ribs. The contraction of these muscles
lifts up the ribs and sternum causing an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity in the dorso-ventral axis,
i.e., backward-forward direction.
Leads to
Increase in the volume of thoracic cavity Similar increase in the volume of
pulmonary cavity
Causes
Decrease in pressure within the

pulmonary cavity which is less than
the atmospheric pressure.
Causes
Atmospheric air to enter into the

lungs (inhalation)
39. Explain the terms :
(i) FRC
(ii) TLC
Sol. (i) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) : It is defined as the volume of air that will remain in the lungs
after a normal expiration. This includes expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. It is about
2500 ml to 3000 ml.
(ii) Total Lung Capacity : It is defined as the total volume of air present in the lungs and the respiratory
passage after a maximum inspiration. It includes residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume
and inspiratory reserve volume. In other words, it is the combination of vital capacity and residual volume.
It is about 5000 ml to 6000 ml.
40. How are gases exchanged between alveoli and blood?

Sol. Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in mm Hg.
Respiratory Atmospheric Alveoli Blood

Gas Air (Deoxygenated)
O2 159 104 40
CO2 0.3 40 45
The pO2 in the atmospheric air is higher, i.e., 159 mm Hg than that in the alveoli, i.e., 104 mm Hg and pO2
in alveoli is higher than that in the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries of the pulmonary arteries (40 mm
Hg). As we know, gases diffuse from their higher partial pressure to their lower partial pressure. Therefore, O2
moves from atmospheric air to alveoli and then finally to blood. In relation to CO2, movement is in opposite
direction. The pCO2 is higher in deoxygenated blood (45 mm Hg) than that in alveoli (40 mm Hg) and it is
further low in atmospheric air, i.e., 0.3 mm Hg. Therefore, CO2 moves from deoxygenated blood to alveoli and
finally to atmospheric air.
41. Define diffusion. Explain with the help of diagram, the structure of alveolar-capillary membrane.
Sol. Diffusion is defined as the movement of molecules (ions, gases) from their higher concentration/pressure to
their lower concentration/pressure region.
Alveolar-capillary membrane is made up of three layers which are as follows :
(i) Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli that lines it.
(ii) Endothelial lining of alveolar capillaries that surround it.
(iii) Basement substance : In between thin squamous epithelium of alveoli and endothelium of alveolar
capillaries, basement substance is present.
Air
Basement
Alveolar wall substance
(one-celled thick)
Alveolar cavity
Blood
capillary
Red blood
cell
42. Why is O2 associated with Hb in lungs whereas dissociated in tissues?
Sol. Conditions which are favourable for the association of O2 and Hb in lungs are
(i) High pO2
(ii) Low pCO2

(iii) Less H+ ion concentration and high pH
(iv) Low temperature

All these factors shift the O2-dissociation curve towards left. This shift indicates the association of O2 and Hb
which occurs in alveoli (lungs).
Conditions which are favourable for the dissociation of O2 from oxyhaemoglobin are
(i) Low pO2
(ii) High pCO2
(iii) High H+ ion concentration and decrease in pH
(iv) High temperature
All these factors shift the O2-dissociation curve towards right. This shift indicates the dissociation of O2 from
oxyhaemoglobin which occurs in the body tissues.
43. Explain the role of medulla and pons in the regulation of respiration.
Sol. In medulla and pons, respiratory centres are present which regulate the rate of respiration. These centres are
respiratory rhythm centre present in medulla region of brain and pneumotaxic centre is present in pons region
of brain.
(i) Respiratory rhythm centre : It can either cause expiration or inspiration according to the neurons which
are activated and thereby, regulate the respiratory rhythm according to the need of the body.
(ii) Pneumotaxic centre : It moderates the function of respiratory rhythm centre. The neural signal from this
centre can reduce the duration of inspiration and thereby alter the respiratory rate.
44. How is rate of respiration regulated by chemosensitive area and receptors present in carotid artery?
Sol. Chemosensitive area : This area gets activated when the level of CO2 and H+ ions increases which inturn
activates the respiratory rhythm centre for altering the rate of respiration. This area is located adjacent to the
respiratory rhythm centre.
Receptors associated with carotid artery also affect the rate of respiration. The receptors present in carotid
artery are chemoreceptors sensitive to chemicals or substances such as CO2 and H+ ions. These receptors
work according to the level of CO2 and H+ ions in blood. Increased concentration of CO2 in blood lowers its
pH because of which the rate of respiration increases to eliminate the excess of CO2 from the body.
45. Give the meaning of ‘Emphysema’. What are the causes and symptoms of this respiratory disease?
Sol. The word ‘Emphysema’ means ‘full of air’ or ‘inflation’.
Causes : The major cause is excessive cigarette smoking. Others may include inhalation of smoke or toxic
substances over a period of time.
Symptoms : The walls of alveoli are damaged due to excessive smoking, loss of elasticity of walls of
bronchioles and alveoli. Due to this, the surface area for exchange of gases is reduced. Alveolar sacs remain
filled with air even after expiration. The lungs remain inflated as exhalation becomes difficult.
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. Name two lower invertebrates using gills as respiratory organ.

Sol. Prawn and Unio
2. Which part of human respiratory system gives rise a number of alveoli?

Sol. Bronchiole
3. Why is trachea not collapsed during inspiration?

Sol. Because, it is supported by cartilaginous rings which prevent its collapsing during inspiration.
4. What is the source of pleural fluid present in pleural cavity?

Sol. Pleural membranes, i.e., visceral pleura.
5. To which axis, the volume of thoracic cavity increases due to contraction of diaphragm?
Sol. In anterio-posterior axis in rabbit and lengthwise in man.
6. Give the values of pO2 and pCO2 in tissues.

Sol. pO2 and pCO2 in tissues are 40 mm Hg and 45 mm Hg respectively.
7. What happens to the rate of respiration when pH of blood decreases?

Sol. Rate of respiration increases
8. A person is working in a stone-breaking factory from long time. From which type of respiratory disease he can
suffer?
Sol. Occupational respiratory disease, i.e., silicosis.
9. Why is difference in the respiratory organs of tadpole larva of frog and an adult frog?
Sol. Frog is an amphibian, it has dual mode of life. During larval form, it lives in water so uses gills for respiration,
whereas adult form lives on land thereby using moist skin and lungs as respiratory organs.
10. What happens to the larynx during swallowing of food?

Sol. The upper part of larynx, i.e., glottis is covered by a leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure known as epiglottis.
So, during swallowing, epiglottis covers the opening of larynx and prevents entry of food in it.
11. Which conditions affect the binding of CO2 with Hb in tissues and alveoli?
Sol. Conditions are
Tissues Alveoli
High pCO2 Low pCO2
Low pO2 High pO2
These are responsible for binding more These are responsible for dissociation of
CO2 with Hb. CO2 from carbaminohaemoglobin.
Hb + CO2   HbCO2 HbCO2   Hb + CO2
12. What will happen to pleural membranes if pleural fluid is absent between them?
Sol. The membranes will be damaged due to absence of pleural fluid between them as it lubricates the pleural
membranes, so that they may slide over each other without friction during breathing.
13. What do you mean by cellular respiration?
Sol. It is the chemical reactions from which an organism derives energy, takes place within the cells. It is
accompanied by the utilisation of O2 for the chemical reaction, i.e., oxidation of glucose.
Reaction is
C6H12O6 + 6O2 
 6CO 2
+ 6H2O + Energy
Glucose Eliminated out
of the body
14. How is the pressure of intrapulmonary cavity decreases due to relaxation of abdominal muscles?
Sol. After relaxation, these muscles cause the compression of abdominal organs by the diaphragm due to which
volume of thoracic cavity increases which leads to similar increase in the volume of pulmonary cavity. Due to
which pressure of intrapulmonary cavity decreases.
15. To which portion of haemoglobin, O2 and CO2 binds?
Sol. Hb has two portions :
(i) Haem : Iron part
(ii) Globin : Protein part
O2 binds with the iron atom of haem portion of haemoglobin.
Each polypeptide chain carries a haem group and each haem group carries an iron atom to which O2 binds.
CO2 binds with the amino group of globin which is a protein portion of Hb.
16. Which structure make the internal structures of lungs?
Sol. The internal structure of lungs is made up of
(i) Branching network of bronchi : It includes primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi.
(ii) Bronchioles : These are the terminal branching of tertiary bronchi, gives rise to a number of alveoli.
(iii) Alveoli : These are balloon-like structures for the exchange of gases arise from bronchioles.
17. Define P50. Which factors favour the dissociation of O2 from Hb occurs in tissues?
Sol. The partial pressure of O2 at which the haemoglobin saturation is 50% is called P50.
The factors that favours the dissociation of O2 from Hb in tissues are
(i) Low pO2
(ii) High pCO2
(iii) High H+ ion concentration, decrease in pH and increase in acidity.
(iv) High temperature
18. We know that about 7% of CO2 is transported as dissolved form, about 70% is transported as bicarbonate
ions. How the remaining percentage of O2 is transported which is about 20–25%?
Sol. Remaining percentage, i.e., about 20–25% of CO2 is transported as carbaminohaemoglobin. CO2 that enters
the RBC, forms a reversible compound, i.e., carbaminohaemoglobin (HbCO2) by binding with globin part of
haemoglobin.
Hb + CO2

HbCO 2
Carbaminohaemoglobin
Finally, it reaches the alveoli from where it is eliminated out.
19. Explain how the CO2 and H+ ions affect the rate of respiration?
Sol. Increase in CO2 and H+ ions activate the chemosensitive area which in turn can signal the respiratory rhythm
centre to increase the rate of respiration, so that these substances are eliminated out.
Receptors present in aortic arch and carotid artery also recognise the changes in CO2 and H+ ions
concentration and send signals to respiratory rhythm centre to alter the rate of respiration.
20. Explain a chronic disorder which occurs due to excessive cigarette smoking.
Sol. Emphysema is the chronic disorder occurs due to excessive cigarette smoking.
In this disease, the walls of alveoli are damaged due to which surface area for exchange of gases is reduced.
Alveolar sacs remain filled with air even after expiration. The lungs remain inflated as exhalation becomes
difficult. This disease can be prevented by avoiding cigarette smoking.
21. Define tidal volume and total lung capacity.

Sol. (i) Tidal volume (TV) : It is defined as the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration. It is
approximately 500 ml.
(ii) Total lung capacity (TLC) : It is defined as the total volume of air present in the lungs and the
respiratory passage after a maximum inspiration. It is about 5000–6000 ml.
Long Answer Type Questions :
22. How is O2 transported by blood in our body?

Sol. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the heart and from there it reaches to various body cells.
Oxygen is transported in the following manner :
(i) In dissolved form : About 3% O2 is carried in dissolved state through plasma.
(ii) As oxyhaemoglobin : About 97% O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood. Haemoglobin (Hb) is made
up of two parts – haem and globin. Haem is iron part and globin is protein part.
Hb Haem + Globin
Haemoglobin (Iron part) (Protein part)
It is red coloured iron containing pigment present in RBCs. It binds with O2 in a reversible manner to form
oxyhaemoglobin (OxyHb) and transports it.
In lungs
Hb + O2 HbO2
Haemoglobin Oxygen Tissues Oxyhaemoglobin
(OxyHb)
O2 binds with Hb at the lungs surface and gets dissociated at the tissues. Under the high partial pressure,
i.e., 95 mm Hg oxygen easily binds with Hb in the pulmonary blood capillaries. When this oxygenated
blood reaches to different tissues, the pO2 decreases and the bonds holding oxygen to Hb become
unstable. As a result, oxygen is released from blood capillaries to tissues where it is utilised for oxidation
of glucose.
23. Draw a well-labelled diagram of respiratory organ of humans and explain the respiratory surface, i.e., alveoli.
Sol. Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus Primary bronchus

Secondary bronchus
Tertiary bronchus
Cut end of rib Pleural membranes
Alveoli
Lung Pleural fluid
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Bronchioles give rise to a number of alveoli. There are about 300 millions of alveoli in two lungs. The membrane
of alveoli is very thin, irregular and richly supplied with blood vessels. Due to very close contact of blood vessels
with alveoli, the exchange of gases takes place easily.
Bronchioles 
 Alveolar ducts 
 Atria 
 Alveolar sacs
Lead to Lead to Lead to

Chapter 5
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Solutions
SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions
1. The process of oxidation of glucose during which CO2, H2O and energy are produced is known as
(1) Breathing (2) Inspiration (3) Respiration (4) Expiration
Sol. Answer (3)
Breathing = Inspiration (Inhalation of air) + Expiration (Exhalation of air)
Respiration is the process of oxidation of food in which CO2, H2O and energy is/are produced.
2. The respiratory organs vary in different animals due to their

(1) Nutrition (2) Habitat and level of organisation
(3) Excretion (4) Reproduction
Sol. Answer (2)
Because of different habitat (place where an animal live) and level of organisation, the breathing mechanism
varies, hence the respiratory organ also get vary in different animals.
3. Which of the following are the respiratory organs of insects?

(1) Trachea (2) Gills (3) Cuticle (4) Lungs
Sol. Answer (1)
Insect(e.g. Cockroach)  Tracheal system
Gills  Aquatic animal (fish, amphibian)
Cuticle  Earthworm
Lungs  Birds, reptiles, mammals
4. Which animal among the following respires via buccal cavity, moist skin and lungs?
(1) Hydra (2) Frog (3) Sycon (4) Earthworm
Sol. Answer (2)
Frogs can respire by their moist skin, buccal cavity and lungs as they live on land and its larval form i.e.
tadpole which lives in water respire through gills.
Hydra, Sycon : No well-developed respiratory system, exchange of gases by simple diffusion.
Earthworm : Moist cuticle.
5. Respiratory organs in aquatic arthropods like cray fish, prawn and molluscs like Unio are
(1) Body wall (2) Lungs (3) Trachea (4) Gills
Sol. Answer (4)
Aquatic arthropods (Crustacean) respire through gills.
6. Which of the following has most well-developed respiratory system?

(1) Mammals (2) Invertebrates (3) Amphibians (4) Hemichordates
Sol. Answer (1)
The respiratory system is well developed in the vertebrates as they have more complex body.
In between amphibians and mammals, the mammals have more well-developed respiratory organ i.e., lungs.
7. Which structure in human respiratory system is involved in conditioning of air?

(1) Internal nares (2) Nasal chamber (3) Larynx (4) Trachea
Sol. Answer (2)
(1) Mucus from goblet cells and glands make the surface sticky for trapping dust particles present in inspired
air.
(2) Moisture from the epithilium also makes the air humid.
(3) It brings the temperature of the incoming air, upto the body temperature.
8. Which of the following volume is not included in vital capacity

(1) ERV (2) TV (3) IRV (4) RV
Sol. Answer (4)
Because VC = ERV + TV + IRV
or VC = ERV + IC
Here, RV = Residual volume IRV = Inspiratory reserve volume
VC = Vital capacity IC = Inspiratory capacity
ERV = Expiratory reserve volume TV = Tidal volume
9. A thin-elastic cartilaginous flap which prevents the entry of food into the larynx is known as
(1) Glottis (2) Wind pipe (3) Epiglottis (4) Bronchiole
Sol. Answer (3)
Epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing of food.
10. At which level of thoracic vertebra, trachea divides

(1) 2nd thoracic vertebra (2) 5th thoracic vertebra (3) 3rd thoracic vertebra (4) 4th thoracic vertebra
Sol. Answer (2)
The trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra.
11. Trachea divides into right and left

(1) Secondary bronchi (2) Tertiary bronchi (3) Bronchioles (4) Primary bronchi
Sol. Answer (4)
The trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra.
12. Which membrane covers the lungs and provide protection?

(1) Pericardium (2) Renal capsule (3) Pleura (4) Epineurium
Sol. Answer (3)
Pericardium : Covers heart
Renal capsule : Covers kidney
Pleura : Lungs
Epineurium : Covers nerve trunk
13. Where are lungs situated in human body?

(1) Abdominal cavity (2) Thoracic cavity (3) Coelomic cavity (4) Pleural cavity
Sol. Answer (2)
A pair of lungs are present in humans, lie in an air-tight chamber known as thoracic cavity or chest cavity.
14. What is the last step involved in respiration?

(1) Diffusion of gases
(2) Breathing
(3) Utilisation of O2 by body cells and resultant release of CO2
(4) Transport of gases
Sol. Answer (3)
Steps involve in respiration :
(1) Breathing (2) Diffusion of gases between alveoli and blood
(3) Transport of gases (4) Diffusion of gases between blood and tissue
(5) Utilisation of O2 by body cell
15. Inspiration occurs when intra-pulmonary pressure is

(1) Higher than atmospheric pressure (2) Lower than atmospheric pressure
(3) Equal to atmospheric pressure (4) Zero compared to atmospheric pressure
Sol. Answer (2)
Air can flow to lungs, when the pressure within the lungs is less than the atomospheric pressure.
16. Which muscles help us to increase the strength of inspiration and expiration?
(1) Cardiac muscles (2) Abdominal muscles
(3) Internal intercostal muscles (4) Both (2) & (3)
Sol. Answer (4)
Cardiac muscle i.e., muscle of heart, it do not have any role in inspiration and expiration.
Rest two muscles i.e., abdominal and internal intercostal muscle undergo contraction and increase the strength
of expiration.
17. The breathing rate of a normal healthy man is

(1) 8–18 times/min (2) 6–12 times/min (3) 16–24 times/min (4) 12–16 times/min
Sol. Answer (4)
Breathing rate of a normal healthy man is about 12–16 times/min.
18. What is the value of tidal volume in a normal healthy man?

(1) Approximately 6000–8000 ml/min (2) 1000–1100 ml/min
(3) 2500–3000 ml/min (4) Approximately 8000–12000 ml/min
Sol. Answer (1)
Minute volume = TV × Breathing rate
500 ml × 12–16 /min  6000 – 8000 ml
Minute volume is also known as pulmonary ventilation.
19. The volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful expiration is
(1) Tidal volume (2) Residual volume
(3) Inspiratory reserve volume (4) Expiratory reserve volume
Sol. Answer (2)
(1) Tidal volume (500 ml) : It is the volume of air a person can inspired or expired during normal breathing.
(3) Inspiratory reserve volume (2500 – 3000 ml) : The additional or extra volume of air, a person can expire
by forceful expiration.
(4) Expiratory reserve volume (1000 – 1100 ml) : The additional or extra volume of air, a person can expire
by forceful expiration.
20. What is the main site of human respiratory system where exchange of gases occurs?
(1) Alveoli (2) Bronchiole
(3) Primary and secondary bronchi (4) Trachea
Sol. Answer (1)
The membrane of alveoli is very thin, irregular and richly supplied with blood vessels. Due to very close contact
of blood vessels with alveoli, the exchange of gases takes place easily.
21. Partial pressure for oxygen and CO2 is represented as
(1) pO and pCO (2) pO and pCO (3) pO2 and pCO2 (4) O2p and CO2p
2
Sol. Answer (3)

Gaseous exchange depends on partial pressure of gases.
22. What will be the pO2 and pCO2 in atmospheric air as compared to alveoli?
(1) High pO2 and low pCO2 (2) High pCO2 and low pO2
(3) Both are equal (pCO2 = pO2) (4) Low pO2 and low pCO2
Sol. Answer (1)
In atmospheric air : pO2 = 159 mmHg
pCO2 = 0.3 mmHg
In alveoli : pO2 = 104 mmHg
pCO2 = 40 mmHg
23. What is the value of pCO2 in atmospheric air, alveoli and tissues respectively?
(1) 0.3 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg and 95 mm Hg
(2) 95 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg and 159 mm Hg
(3) 45 mm Hg, 0.3 mm Hg and 40 mm Hg
(4) 0.3 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg and 45 mm Hg
Sol. Answer (4)
Respiratory gas Atmospheric air Alveoli Blood Blood Tissue

(oxygenated) (Deoxygenated)
O2 159 104 40 95 40
CO2 0.3 40 45 40 45
24. O2 binds with haemoglobin of RBC to form

(1) Carboxyhaemoglobin (2) Oxyhaemoglobin
(3) Carbaminohaemoglobin (4) Aminohaemoglobin
Sol. Answer (2)
In lungs
Hb  O2

HbO2
In tissue
(Haemoglobin) (Oxygen) (Oxyhaemoglobin)
Hb  CO2

HbCO2

(Carbon dioxide) (Carbamino-haemoglobin)
Hb  CO

HbCO

(Carbon monoxide) (Carboxy haemoglobin)
25. With which part of Hb, O2 molecules bind?

(1) Haem (2) Globin
(3) Both haem and globin (4) Amino group of globin
Sol. Answer (1)
Because haem group contains Fe2+, which has affinity for oxygen.
(1)
26.
Hb + O2 HbO2
(2)
Select (1) and (2) from the given options

(1) (1) is tissues and (2) is lungs (2) (1) is lungs and (2) is blood
(3) (1) is blood and (2) is lungs (4) (1) is lungs and (2) is tissues
Sol. Answer (4)
Lungs

Hb + O2
HbO2
Tissue
27. A graph is plotted between pO2 and percentage saturation of Hb with O2 is known as
(1) O2 association curve (2) CO2-O2 dissociation curve
(3) O2 dissociation curve (4) CO2-O2 association curve
Sol. Answer (3)
A graphical representation of relationship between pO2 and percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O2
is known as oxygen dissociation curve or oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve. It is sigmoid or S-shaped
curve.
28. Which factors affect the dissociation of O2 from Hb?

(1) pH, pO2, pCO2 and temperature (2) Only pH
(3) Salinity, temperature and pCO2 (4) HCO3– ions concentration, pH and salinity
Sol. Answer (1)
Factors responsible for the dissociation of oxygen from Hb which occurs in the body tissues :
(a) Low partial pressure of oxygen (c) High partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(c) Low pH (d) High temperature
29. High percentage of CO2 is transported in dissolved form as compared to O2. This is because
(1) O2 has high solubility in plasma (2) CO2 has high solubility in plasma
(3) pCO2 is high in blood than pO2 (4) CO2 has low solubility in plasma
Sol. Answer (2)
Ratio of CO2 and O2 solubility in plasma is 25 : 1 (CO2 : O2).
30. Which factor in tissues favours the formation of HCO3– and H+ ions in the blood?
(1) Low pCO2 (2) High pO2 (3) High pCO2 (4) High alkalinity
Sol. Answer (3)
H HCO3
Carbonic anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase

CO2  H2 O H2CO3


2
Zn (Carbonic acid) (Hydrogen ion) (Bicarbonate ion)
31. How much CO2 is delivered to the alveoli by every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood?
(1) 6 ml (2) 4 ml (3) 5 ml (4) 3 ml
Sol. Answer (2)
About 4 ml CO2 is delivered to the alveoli by every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood.
32. Which enzyme is present in RBCs and plasma to catalyse the given reaction?


CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
H + HCO3
+
Carbonic acid
(1) Carbonic anhydrase (2) Catalase (3) Aldolase (4) Carboxylase

Sol. Answer (1)
Because carbonic anhydrase is present in very high concentration in RBC and in small quantity in plasma.
33. A specialised centre known as respiratory rhythm centre regulates respiration. It is located in
(1) Pons (2) Medulla oblongata (3) Cerebrum (4) Cerebellum
Sol. Answer (2)
Respiratory rhythm centre are present in medulla which regulates the normal rhythm of respiration.
34. Which substances when present in high level can activate the chemosensitive area present adjacent to rhythm
centre?
(1) CO2 and O2 (2) HCO3– ions and O2 (3) CO2 and H+ ions (4) H+ and HCO3– ions
Sol. Answer (3)
Chemosensitive area i.e. sensitive for chemicals and is located adjacent to the rhythm centre which contains
chemoreceptors which are sensitive for CO2 and H+ ions. The respiratory centre is stimulated by concentration
or partial pressure of CO2 and H+ ions in blood and body fluids.
35. Which of the following is an occupational respiratory disease?
(1) Diphtheria (2) Pneumonia (3) Tuberculosis (4) Asbestosis
Sol. Answer (4)
Occupational respiratory disorders occur due to the continuous exposure to harmful substances, gases, fumes
and dust in the environment, where a person works.
Asbestosis caused due to continuonus exposure to asbestos dust at place of work.
Pneumonia : Caused due to the bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae.
Tuberculosis : Caused due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Diphtheria : Caused due to Cornynebacterium diphtheriae.
SECTION - B
Objective Type Questions
1. Which group of animals respire through lungs?

(1) Earthworm and insects (2) Sponges, coelenterates and flatworms
(3) Fishes and aquatic arthropods (4) Reptiles, birds and mammals
Sol. Answer (4)
(i) Earthworm  Respires through moist cuticle
(ii) Insects (Cockroach)  Tracheal system
(iii) Sponges No well-developed respiratory organ
(iv) Coelenterates is present. Exchange of gases occurs
(v) Flatworms by simple diffusion.
(vi) Fish
Gills
(vii) Aquatic arthropod
(viii) Reptiles
(ix) Birds Lungs
(x) Mammals
2. A pair of external nostrils present in humans opens out

(1) Below the upper lips (2) Above the upper lips
(3) Between upper and lower lips (4) Above the larynx
Sol. Answer (2)
3. Solubility of CO2 is ______ times higher than that of O2

(1) 40 - 45 (2) 20 - 25 (3) 100 - 200 (4) 200 - 300
Sol. Answer (2)
CO2 : O2 (Solubility of CO2 : O2)
25 : 1
4. What are the characteristics of alveoli?

(1) Very thin, irregular walled and highly vascularised (2) Thick and smooth membrane
(3) Network of blood capillaries and thick-walled (4) Thick, regular walled and lack of blood vessels
Sol. Answer (1)
Alveoli membrane is very thin, irregular, richly supplied with blood vessels because of which exchange of gases
easily occurs here.
5. What is the function of respiratory part of human respiratory system?

(1) It clears the incoming air from foreign particles
(2) It brings the temperature of air upto the body temperature
(3) It transports the atmospheric air
(4) It exchanges O2 and CO2 between blood and atmospheric air
Sol. Answer (4)
Respiratory part of human respiratory system includes alveoli and their ducts.
It is the main site of human respiratory system where diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) occurs.
6. Ventrally and laterally, the thoracic chamber is formed by

(1) Diaphragm and sternum respectively (2) Ribs and sternum respectively
(3) Sternum and ribs respectively (4) Vertebral column and diaphragm respectively
Sol. Answer (3)
Thoracic cavity is formed :
Dorsally – By the vertebral column
Ventrally – By the sterum
Laterally – By the ribs
7. During inspiration, the volume of thoracic cavity increases because of

(1) Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
(2) Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
(3) Contraction of diaphragm and relaxation of external intercostal muscles
(4) Relaxation of diaphragm and contraction of external intercostal muscles
Sol. Answer (1)
During inspiration, the contraction of diaphragm muscle causes it to become flat and lowered down, thereby
increasing the volume of thoracic cavity in antero-posterior axis.
The contraction of external intercostal muscle, lift ribs and sternum up and outward causing an increase in
volume of thoracic cavity in the dorso-ventral axis i.e., backward-forward direction.
8. Volume of thoracic chamber increases in antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axis in rabbit by

(1) Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles respectively
(2) Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles respectively
(3) Relaxation of diaphragm and abdominal muscles respectively
(4) Contraction of abdominal muscles and relaxation of external intercostal muscles respectively
Sol. Answer (1)
During inspiration, the contraction of diaphragm muscle causes it to become flat and lowered down, thereby
increasing the volume of thoracic cavity in antero-posterior axis.
The contraction of external intercostal muscle, lift ribs and sternum up and outward causing an increases in
volume of thoracic cavity in the dorso-ventral axis i.e., backward-forward direction.
9. Which instrument helps in clinical assessment of pulmonary functions?
(1) Sphygmomanometer (2) Stethoscope (3) Spirometer (4) Electrocardiograph
Sol. Answer (3)
Sphygomomanometer  Use to measure the blood pressure.
Stethoscope  To check the normal rhythm of heart (i.e., to listen normal and abnormal heart sound)
Spirometer  To assess pulmonary function
Electrocardiograph  Instrument use for taking ECG(electrocardiagram)
10. Expiration occurs due to

(1) Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal muscle
(2) Contraction of internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm
(3) Relaxation of abdominal and internal intercostal muscles
(4) Contraction of diaphragm and relaxation of abdominal muscles
Sol. Answer (1)
Expiration : It is the moving of air out of lungs if the pressure within the lungs is more than the atmospheric
pressure.
Relaxation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscle returns the diaphragm and sternum to their
normal thoracic volume and thereby pulmonary volume.
11. What happens to the volume of pulmonary cavity when there is an increase in the volume of thoracic chamber?
(1) It decreases (2) It increases
(3) It remains same (4) First decreases and then increases
Sol. Answer (2)
Increase in the volume of thoracic cavity
Leads to
Similar increase in the volume of pulmonary cavity

Causes
Decrease in pressure within the pulmonary cavity

Causes
Air enters from atmosphere to the lungs as it moves from higher pressure to lower pressure
12. Diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscular structure which separates

(1) Coelomic cavity from pelvic cavity (2) Pleural cavity from thoracic cavity
(3) Thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity (4) Pelvic cavity from abdominal cavity
Sol. Answer (3)
Thoracic is closed below by the diaphragm which is a dome-shaped structure made up of muscles and
separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity (containing most of the digestive organs).
13. What happens when pressure within the pulmonary cavity is higher than the atmospheric pressure?
(1) Inhalation of air (2) Expulsion of air
(3) No inhalation and expulsion of air occurs (4) Lungs inflate and rupture
Sol. Answer (2)
High pressure in pulmonary cavity compared to atmosphere results in explusion of air. Air moves high pressure
to low pressure.
14. An additional volume of air, a person can inspire by a forceful inspiration is known as
(1) Inspiratory capacity (2) Expiratory capacity
(3) Expiratory reserve volume (4) Inspiratory reserve volume
Sol. Answer (4)
IRV is the additional volume of air a person can inspire by a forceful inspiration.
IRV = 2500 – 300 ml
IC = IRV + TV
3000 – 3500 ml
15. Volume of air remains in the lungs after normal expiration is

(1) ERV + RV (2) IRV + RV (3) RV + IRV + ERV (4) TV
Sol. Answer (1)
Volume of air remains in the lungs after normal expiration is known as functional residual capacity (FRC).
FRC = ERV + RV = 2500 ml
16. What is the value of pO2 in alveoli and tissues respectively?

(1) 104 mm Hg and 150 mm Hg
(2) 45 mm Hg and 0.3 mm Hg
Sol. Answer (3)
Respiratory gas Atmospheric air Alveoli Blood Blood Tissue

(oxygenated) (Deoxygenated)
O2 159 104 40 95 40
CO2 0.3 40 45 40 45
17. Which are the three main layers that form the diffusion membrane?
(1) Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, basement membrane of bronchioles and basement substance
(2) Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, endothelium of alveolar capillaries and the basement substance
(3) Basement substance, cuboidal epithelium of alveoli and stratified epithelium of bronchiole
(4) Ciliated epithelium of trachea, endothelium of capillaries and basement substance
Sol. Answer (2)
Diffusion of O2 and CO2 depends on the thickness of diffusion membrane.
18. What is the percentage of O2 transported in dissolved form through the plasma?
(1) About 7% (2) About 3% (3) About 20–25% (4) About 15%
Sol. Answer (2)
Oxygen transport by plasma = 3%
Oxygen transport by oxyhaemoglobin = 97%
19. How many O2 molecules can bind with single molecule of Hb?
(1) 8 (2) 6 (3) 4 (4) 4.5
Sol. Answer (3)
Haemoglobin consists of four polypeptide chain (2and 2) having heme as prosthetic group. Heme is iron
(Fe2+) containing prophyrin ring. One haemoglobin binds four oxygen molecules, one per heme and form
oxyhemoglobin.

Hb + 4O2
Hb(O2)4
20. To which part of Hb, CO2 binds?

(1) Haem (2) Amino group of globin
(3) Iron of haem group (4) Carboxy group of globin
Sol. Answer (2)
Haemoglobin = Heme + Globin
2+
Contain Fe with porphyrin ring Include four polypeptide chain (22)
CO2 bind to amino group of globin and form carbaminohaemoglobin.
Hb

 CO2
HbCO2
(Haemoglobin) (Carbamino haemoglobin)
(Amino group)
21. Which of the following condition is not responsible for shifting the curve towards left?
(1) High pO2 (2) Low pCO2
(3) Low temperature (4) High H+ ion concentration
Sol. Answer (4)
Following are the conditions responsible for shifting the curve towards left :
(a) High pO2
(b) Low pCO2
(c) Less H+ concentration and high pH
(d) Low temperature
All above four conditions are favourable for the association of oxygen with hemoglobin, at alveoli.
22. Which factors favour the binding of CO2 with Hb in tissues?

(1) High pCO2 and high pO2 (2) Low pCO2 and high pO2
(3) Low pCO2 and low pO2 (4) High pCO2 and low pO2
Sol. Answer (4)
Condition favourable for the binding of CO2 with Hb or we can say dissociation of O2 from Hb are :
(a) Low pO2 (b) High pCO2
(c) More H+ concentration and low pH (d) High temperature
In these conditions, oxygen dissociation curve will shift to right.
23. Pneumotaxic centre can moderate the functions of respiratory rhythm centre by
(1) Reducing the duration of inspiration
(2) Increasing the duration of inspiration only
(3) First increasing and then reducing the duration of expiration
(4) Increasing the duration of expiration only
Sol. Answer (1)
Pneuomotaxic centre is present in the pons region of hind brain.
It is also known as "switch off point of inspiration" i.e. it reduces the duration of inspiration and alter the
respiratory rate and depth of breathing.
24. A chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to excessive cigarette smoking is
(1) Asthma (2) Emphysema (3) Silicosis (4) Bronchitis
Sol. Answer (2)
Due to excessive cigarette smoking

Emphysema
Walls of alveoli get damaged and loss of elasticity of walls of bronchioles and alveoli
Due to which, surface area for exchange of gases is reduced
Asthma : Caused because of allergen and effects the respiratory tract.

Bronchitis : Inflammation of bronchi.
Silicosis : It is an occupational respiratory disorder caused due to continuous exposure of asbestos dust at
place of work.
25. Which of the following is not a symptom of asthma?
(1) Difficulty in breathing (2) Breathing noisily / wheezing
(3) Alveolar walls are damaged (4) Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
Sol. Answer (3)
Wall of allevoli gets damaged due to excessive smoking is a symptom of chronic disorder, emphysema.
26. In mature mammalian erythrocytes, the respiration is
(1) Aerobic (2) Anaerobic
(3) Sometimes aerobic and sometimes anaerobic (4) Absent
Sol. Answer (2)
Mature RBCs do not have cell organelle (like mitochondria) and nucleus, so in mature RBC anaerobic
respiration occurs.
27. Which of the following is not a character of respiratory surface?
(1) Thin, permeable to gases (2) Extensive
(3) Least vascular (4) Moist
Sol. Answer (3)
Respiratory surface should be highly vascular for the easy transport of gases or exchange of gases with the
blood.
28. Skin of man cannot act as respiratory organ because
(1) It is dry (2) It is not thin
(3) It is not permeable to O2 and CO2 (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Because human skin is dry (does not allow exchange of gases), it is not thin (gases can pass through thin
membrane) and it is impermeable to O2 and CO2).
29. Adam's apple is another name for
(1) Sound box in birds (2) Sound box in man (3) Epiglottis (4) Thyroid cartilage
Sol. Answer (4)
Its shape is like apple. It is hyaline cartilage and more prominent in male.
30. Ring like cartilage of larynx is known as
(1) Thyroid cartilage (2) Arytenoid cartilage (3) Cricoid cartilage (4) Cartilage of Santorini
Sol. Answer (3)
Cricoid cartilage has signet ring-like structure lie below the thyroid cartilage and it is made up of hyaline
cartilage.
31. Which of the following prevents collapsing of trachea?
(1) Muscles (2) Diaphragm (3) Ribs (4) Cartilaginous rings
Sol. Answer (4)
Trachea is lined by C-shaped cartilagenous ring, which prevents the collapsing of trachea.
32. Number of alveoli in the human lungs has been estimated to be approximately
(1) 100 million (2) 300 million (3) 125 million (4) 300 billion
Sol. Answer (2)
Factual data.
33. In human, oblique fissure is present in
(1) Right lung (2) Left lung (3) Both of these (4) None of these
Sol. Answer (3)
Both right and left lungs have oblique fissure whereas only right lung also has a horizontal fissure.
34. If a person exhales out forcefully by applying all his efforts. What will the pulmonary volume inhaled by him
immediately under normal condition without applying any extra effort?
(1) TV + IRV (2) TV only (3) TV + ERV (4) TV + IRV + ERV
Sol. Answer (3)
After a normal inspiration, the total volume of air a person can expire is known as expiratory capacity
(EC) = TV + ERV
Exhaled forcefully  TV goes out, ERV goes out
Normal inspiration  ERV + TV has to be filled
35. The amount of oxygen transported by one litre of blood under strenous condition is approximately
(1) 5 ml (2) 50 ml (3) 15 ml (4) 150 ml
Sol. Answer (4)
100 ml of blood contains about 20 ml of O2
In normal physiological condition In strenous/exercise condition

5 ml goes to tissue + 15 ml goes to tissue +
15 ml  returned via venous blood 5 ml  returned via venous blood
So, 100 ml of blood transport  15 ml of O2 (strenous condition)
1000 ml of blood transport  150 ml of O2
SECTION - C
Previous Years Questions
1. In man and other mammals, air passes from outside into the lungs through
(1) Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
(2) Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli
(3) Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli
(4) Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Sol. Answer (4)
External nostils
Respiratory passage :
Nasal chamber
Internal nares
Nasopharynx
Conducting part
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Respiratory/Exchange part
Alveoli
2. Lungs are enclosed in

(1) Peritoneum (2) Perichondrium (3) Pericardium (4) Pleural membranes
Sol. Answer (4)
Lungs are enclosed in pleural membranes. i.e. external pleura and internal pleura and in between pleural fluid
is present.
Pericardium  Membrane covers the heart
Perichondrium  Outer covering of cartilage
Peritoneum  Covering of visceral organ
3. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(1) The principle of countercurrent flow facilitates efficient respiration in gills of fishes
(2) The residual air in lungs slightly decreases the efficiency of respiration in mammals
(3) The presence of non-vascular air sacs, increases the efficiency of respiration in birds
(4) In insects, circulating body fluids serve to distribute oxygen to tissues
Sol. Answer (4)
In insects tracheal system serve to distribute oxygen to tissues. Openings of trachae are called spiracles
and present for entry and exist of gases.
4. When a person breathes air through a tube directly into the trachea (tracheotomy) it may lead to serious lung
crushing and infection due to
(1) Cooling effect (2) Drying effect (3) Non filtering effect (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Because upper respiratory tract helps in filtering the air, bringing air to body temperature and making it moist.
5. Pitch of the voice is lower in males than females as the vocal cords of man are
(1) Thicker and longer (2) Thinner and longer (3) Thicker and shorter (4) Thinner and shorter
Sol. Answer (1)
In males, vocal cord is thicker and longer than females and pitch is affected by this
Male  Low pitch and female  High pitch
6. Which of the following statement is not true for man?

(1) Forceful expiration is an active process
(2) Mammals have negative pressure breathing
(3) Internal intercostal and abdominal muscles are muscles of forceful inspiration
(4) Respiration excretes CO2, water etc.
Sol. Answer (3)
Internal intercostal muscle Muscles of
Abdominal muscle forceful expiration
7. Two friends are eating together on a dining table. One of them suddenly starts coughing while swallowing some
food. This coughing would have been due to improper closure of glottis by
(1) Tongue (2) Epiglottis (3) Diaphragm (4) Neck
Sol. Answer (2)
Because epiglottis is the covering or lid of glottis to prevent the entry of food into larynx during swallowing.
8. Which of the following is a possibility for most of us with regards to breathing, by making a conscious effort ?
(1) One can consciously breathe in and breathe out by moving the diaphragm alone, without moving the ribs
at all
(2) The lungs can be made fully empty by forcefully breathing out complete air from them
(3) One can breathe out air totally without oxygen
(4) One can breathe out air through eustachian tubes by closing both the nose and the mouth
Sol. Answer (1)

If we push voluntarily abdominal contents towards diaphragm, it will lead to expiration without involvement of
intercostal muscle.
9. The ventilation movements of the lungs in mammals are governed by
(1) Muscular walls of lung (2) Diaphragm
(3) Costal muscles (4) Both (2) & (3)

Sol. Answer (4)
Inspiration and expiration both governed by diaphragm and costal muscles.
10. In lungs, the air is separated from the venous blood through
(1) Transitional epithelium of alveoli + squamous epithelium of blood vessel
(2) Squamous epithelium of alveoli + endothelium of blood vessel
(3) Squamous epithelium of alveoli + cubical epithelium of blood vessel
(4) Cubical epithelium of alveoli + columnar epithelium of blood vessel
Sol. Answer (2)
Alveolar-capillary membrane or respiratory membrane or diffusion membrane, made up of
(1) Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli
(2) Basement membrane
(3) Endothelial lining of alveolar capillary/blood vessel
11. The figure given below shows a small part of human lung where exchange of gases takes place. In which of
the options given below, the parts labelled A, B, C or D are correctly identified along with its function?
C
A
B
Options
(1) B : Red blood cell - transport of CO2 mainly
(2) C : Arterial capillary - passes oxygen to tissues
(3) A : alveolar cavity - main site of exchange of respiratory gases
(4) D : Capillary wall - exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place here
Sol. Answer (3)
Option (1) is wrong because RBCs are involved in transport of CO2 and O2 both
Option (2) is wrong because C is blood capillary.
Option (4) is wrong because D is basement membrane - substance
12. Listed below are respiratory capacities and respiratory volumes of a normal human adult along with some values.
Respiratory Values
capacities & volumes
(a) Residual volume 2500 mL
(b) Vital capacity 3500 mL
(c) Inspiratory reserve volume 1200 mL
(d) Inspiratory capacity 4500 mL
Which one of the following is the correct matching of two capacities and volumes?
(1) (a) 4500 mL (b) 3500 mL
(2) (b) 2500 mL (c) 4500 mL
(3) (c) 1200 mL (d) 2500 mL
(4) (d) 3500 mL (a) 1200 mL
Sol. Answer (4)
Residual volume – 1200 ml
Vital capacity – 4500 ml
Inspiratory reserve volume – 2500 ml
Inspiratory capacity – 3500 ml
13. What is vital capacity of our lung?

(1) Total lungs capacity minus residual volume
(2) Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume
(3) Total lungs capacity minus expiratory reserve volume
(4) Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume
Sol. Answer (1)
Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forceful expiration.
Vital capacity (VC) = Total lung capacity – Residual volume
14. Which of the following volume or capacity of lungs can’t be measured directly by the spirometer?
(1) Residual volume (2) Functional residual capacity
(3) Total capacity (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Spirometer can measure the volume of air goes inside and outside the lungs. It does not measure the residual
volume of air that remains inside the lungs. So, residual volume, functional residual capacity and total capacity
cannot be measured by spirometer.
15. Amount of air left in the lung after normal expiration is

(1) Residual volume (2) Inspiratory reserve volume
(3) Expiratory reserve volume (4) Functional residual capacity
Sol. Answer (4)

It is the volume of air left in the lung after normal expiration.
FRC = ERV + RV
= 2500 ml
16. Minute Volume of Respiration (MVR) in a person can be defined as
(1) Tidal volume × Breathing rate
(2) (Tidal volume – Anatomic dead space) × Breathing rate
(3) Vital capacity ÷ Breathing rate
(4) Vital capacity ÷ Tidal volume
Sol. Answer (1)
Minute volume is the volume of air a person can inhale per minute.
Minute volume = Tidal volume × Breathing rate
500 ml × 12–16/min
= 6000 - 8000 ml/min
17. When CO2 concentration in blood increases, breathing becomes
(1) Shallower and slow (2) There is no effect on breathing
(3) Slow and deep (4) Faster and deeper
Sol. Answer (4)
Like exercise, when [CO2] increases in blood and [O2] decreases in blood, then breathing become faster and
deeper.
18. A large proportion of oxygen is left unused in the human blood even after its uptake by the body tissues. This O2
(1) Helps in releasing more O2 to the epithelium tissues
(2) Acts as a reserve during muscular exercise
(3) Raises the pCO2 of blood to 75 mm of Hg
(4) Is enough to keep oxyhaemoglobin saturation at 96%
Sol. Answer (2)
Because during exercise, contraction of muscle occurs and for that more energy is required and for energy
oxygen is required.
19. The CO2 content by volume, in the atmospheric air is about

(1) 3.34% (2) 4% (3) 0.0314% (4) 0.34%
Sol. Answer (3)
Air composition :
Nitrogen = 78%
Oxygen = 21%
CO2 = 0.03%
Argon = <1%
Other gases = <1%
20. Although much CO2 is carried in blood, yet blood does not become acidic, because
(1) CO2 is continuously diffused through the tissues and is not allowed to accumulate
(2) In CO2 transport, blood buffers play an important role
(3) CO2 is absorbed by the leucocytes
(4) CO2 combines with water to form H2CO3 which is neutralized by NaCO3
Sol. Answer (2)
Because blood acts as a buffer, which resists the change in pH of blood, because of bicarbonate ions.
21. The carbon dioxide is transported via blood to lungs
(1) In combination with haemoglobin only (2) Dissolved in blood plasma only
(3) In the form of carbonic acid only (4) As carbaminohaemoglobin and as bicarbonates
Sol. Answer (4)
CO2 transport via plasma = 7%; Bicarbonate = 70%; Haemoglobin = 20–25%
22. Bulk of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from body tissues into the blood is present as
(1) 70% carbamino-haemoglobin and 30% as bicarbonate
(2) Carbamino-haemoglobin in RBCs
(3) Bicarbonate in blood plasma and RBCs
(4) Free CO2 in blood plasma

Sol. Answer (3)
CO2 transport via plasma 7%
Bicarbonate = 70% (Major)
Haemoglobin = 20–25%
23. How does the transport of O2 and CO2 by blood occur?
(1) With the help of WBCs and blood serum (2) With the help of platelets and corpuscles
(3) With the help of RBCs and blood plasma (4) With the help of RBCs and WBCs
Sol. Answer (3)
Blood is the medium of transport for O2 and CO2.
24. Blood analysis of a patient reveals an unusually high quantity of carboxyhaemoglobin content. The patient has
been inhaling polluted air containing unusually high content of
(1) Carbon disulphide (2) Chloroform (3) Carbon dioxide (4) Carbon monoxide
Sol. Answer (4)
CO 2

 Hb
HbCO 2
(Carbon dioxide) (Carbaminohaemoglobin)
CO

 Hb
HbCO
(Carbon monoxide) (Carboxyhaemoglobin)
25. What is true about RBCs in humans?

(1) They do not carry CO2 at all
(2) They carry both CO2 and O2
(3) They transport 99.5 percent of O2
(4) They transport about 80 percent oxygen only and the rest 20 percent of it is transported in dissolved state
in blood plasma
Sol. Answer (2)
RBCs carry 20-25% of CO2 as carbaminohaemoglobin and 97% of O2 as oxyhaemoglobin.
26. How carbon monoxide, emitted by automobiles, prevents transport of oxygen to the body tissues?
(1) By forming a stable compound with haemoglobin
(2) By inhibiting exchange of O2 at alveoli
(3) By changing oxygen into carbon dioxide
(4) By destroying the haemoglobin

Sol. Answer (1)
Because carbon monoxide has more affinity to bind with haeme group of haemoglobin, than oxygen
250 : 1
CO : O2
27. The respiratory centre, which regulates respiration, is located in
(1) Cerebellum (2) Medulla oblongata (3) Cerebral peduncle (4) The vagus nerve
Sol. Answer (2)
Respiratory centre is located in medulla oblongata.
28. Mark the incorrect statement
(1) Hering Breuer’s reflex prevents the over expansion of lungs
(2) Oxygen dissociation curve for foetal haemoglobin is on the left side with respect to maternal haemoglobin
(3) When pneumotaxic centre transmits strong signals then inspiration time becomes shorter
(4) Amount of air left in the lung after normal expiration is termed as residual volume only
Sol. Answer (4)
Amount of air left in the lung after forceful expiration is termed as residual volume.
29. Which of the following reflex is involved to prevent excessive inflation of the lungs?
(1) Stretch reflex (2) Hering-Breuer’s reflex (3) Withdrawal reflex (4) Conditioned reflex
Sol. Answer (2)
Excessive inflation  Stretch receptors get activated  Cause expiration by sending signal through vagus
nerve to inhibit inspiratory area.
30. Chemoreceptors present in carotid and aortic arch are very much sensitive to
(1) Increase in pCO2 in arterial blood (2) Increase in pO2 in arterial blood
(3) Decrease in pO2 in venous blood (4) Both (2) & (3)
Sol. Answer (1)
Chemoreceptors present in carotid and aortic are sensitive to CO2 and H+.
31. A person remaining at high altitudes for years becomes more and more acclimatized to the low pO2 by the
following except
(1) Increased pulmonary ventilation (2) Increased in RBCs and haemoglobin concentration
(3) Polycythemia (4) Increased cardiac output permanently

Sol. Answer (4)
At high altitude (less pO2) then more RBC production which leads to increase RBC count (polycythemia) in
blood, due which viscosity of blood increases, hence cardiac output decreases.
32. If the blood does not deliver adequate O2 to the tissues, it is called
(1) Anaemia (2) Anorexia (3) Hypoxia (4) Hypopnea

Sol. Answer (3)
Anorexia – Loss of apetite
Hypoxia – Low oxygen condition in tissue
Hypopnea – Slow breathing
Anaemia – Low hemoglobin, immature RBC
33. Less oxygen due to high levels of carbon dioxide is called
(1) Carbon monoxide poisoning (2) Asphyxia
(3) Dyspnea (4) Apnoea

Sol. Answer (2)
Dyspnea – Painful breathing
Apnoea – No breathing
Asphyxia – Combination of Hypoxia (low O2) + Hypercapnia (more CO2)
34. People who have migrated from the planes to an area adjoining Rohtang Pass about six months back
(1) Suffer from altitude sickness with symptoms like nausea, fatigue, etc
(2) Have the usual RBC count but their haemoglobin has very high binding affinity to O2
(3) Have more RBCs and their haemoglobin has a lower affinity to O2
(4) Are not physically fit to play games like football

Sol. Answer (3)
High altitude (pO2 less) so more RBC production, which leads to polycythemia i.e., increased RBC count.
35. Which of the following is the correct statement for respiration in humans?
(1) Workers in grinding and stone-breaking industries may suffer from lung fibrosis
(2) About 90% of carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried by haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin
(3) Cigarette smoking may lead to inflammation of bronchi
(4) Neural signals from pneumotoxic centre in pons region of brain can increase the duration of inspiration
Sol. Answer (1)
Option (2) is wrong, because ~70% of CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin.
Option (3) is wrong, because cigarette smoking lead to damage of alveoli wall.
Option (4) is wrong, because pneumotaxic centre in pons region of brain decrease the duration of inspiration.
36. The ‘blue baby’ syndrome results from
(1) Excess of TDS (total dissolved solids) (2) Excess of chloride
(3) Methaemoglobin (4) Excess of dissolved oxygen

Sol. Answer (3)
Blue-baby syndrome or Methemoglobinemia is caused by decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen, resulting
in oxygen deficiency in different body parts. Intake of drinking water containing nitrate, vegetables rich in nitrate
and chemicals may cause methemoglobinemia in infants and adults. The toxicity of nitrate in humans is an
end result of the reduction of nitrate (NO3–) to nitrite (NO2–) in the intestine. Nitrate reacts with haemoglobin
to form methemoglobin (MHb), a substance that does not bind and transport oxygen to tissues, that gives bluish
tinge to skin hence known as blue-baby syndrome.
37. Which of the following is not pollution related disorder?
(1) Silicosis (2) Pneumoconiosis (3) Fluorosis (4) Leprosy

Sol. Answer (4)
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
38. Hiccups can be best described as

(1) Forceful sudden expiration (2) Jerky incomplete inspiration
(3) Vibration of the soft palate during breathing (4) Sign of indigestion
Sol. Answer (2)
Because hiccups occur due to spasm of phrenic muscle which leads to jerky inspiration.
39. Number of alveoli in the human lungs has been estimated to be approximately
(1) 100 million (2) 300 million (3) 125 million (4) 300 billion
Sol. Answer (2)
40. Which of the following can be termed as opposite of Bohr’s effect?

(1) Haldane’s effect (2) Hamburger's phenomenon
(3) Hering - breuer reflex (4) None of these
Sol. Answer (1)
Haldane's effect and Bohr effect complement each other. In the tissue, addition of CO2 to the blood facilitates
unloading of O2 by Bohr effect. In turn, O2 unloading favours uptake of CO2 by Haldane'e effect.
41. Approximately seventy percent of carbon-dioxide absorbed by the blood will be transported to the lungs
(1) As bicarbonate ions
(2) In the form of dissolved gas molecules
(3) By binding to R.B.C.
(4) As carbamino-haemoglobin
Sol. Answer (1)
Nearly 20 – 25 percent of CO2 is transported by RBCs, whereas, 70 percent of it is carried as bicarbonates.
About 7 percent of CO2 is carried as dissolved state in plasma.
SECTION - D
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
1. A : Pneumotaxic centre controls rate of respiration.
R : Primarily it controls switch off point of inspiration.
Sol. Answer (1)
Pneumotaxic centre are switch off centre of inspiration.
2. A : Asthmatic patients use bronchiodilator drugs as well as inhalers for symptomatic relief.
R : Asthma is characterized by the spasm of smooth muscles in the wall of bronchioles due to allergen.
Sol. Answer (1)
Asthma is an allergic reaction.
3. A : Major part of carbondioxide is transported in the form of sodium bicarbonate.

R : 0.3 ml of carbon dioxide is transported per 100 ml of blood in dissolved state in plasma of blood.
Sol. Answer (2)
Only 7% of CO2 is transported in dissolved state in plasma of blood.
4. A : In cockroach, inspiration is a passive process.

R : Expansion of abdominal cavity allows the space of expansion of tracheal trunk, as a result air enters
through spiracle.
Sol. Answer (1)
In cockroach, inspiration is a passive process.
5. A : Diffusion of carbondioxide is 20 times faster than oxygen.

R : It is due to difference in partial pressure as well as solubility of diffusing gases.
Sol. Answer (1)
Solubility of CO2 is 20 times faster than O2.
6. A : The passage starting with the external nostrils upto the terminal bronchiole constitute the respiratory part.
R : The respiratory part transport the air to the alveoli, clears it from the foreign material, humidified and brings
the air to body temperature.
Sol. Answer (4)
The passage starting with the external nostils upto the terminal bronchiole constitute the conducting part.
7. A : Normal expiration during quiet breathing, unlike inspiration, is a passive process because no muscular
contractions are involved.
R : Normal expiration results from the elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs.
Sol. Answer (1)
Normal expiration in human is due to relaxation of muscles.
8. A : Human blood always contains more amount of CO2 than blood oxygen.
R : Solubility coefficient of CO2 is more than O2.
Sol. Answer (1)
In 100 ml oxygenated blood, amount of O2 is about 20 ml while of CO2 is about 48 ml.
9. A : When a person starts doing exercise, rate and depth of breathing increase even before these are changes
in pO2, pCO2 or H+ concentration.
R : The main stimulus for these quick changes is due to input from the proprioreceptors, which monitor
movements of joints and muscles.
Sol. Answer (1)
10. A : Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease of lung, causing irreversible distension and loss of elasticity
of alveoli.
R : Emphysema is preventable if chronic exposure to smoke (cigarette and others) and pollutants is avoided.
Sol. Answer (2)
Emphysema is due to inflation of alveoli.


Akash Full Bio PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Akash Full Bio PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Akash Full Bio PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 5

Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

Sol. C6H12O6 + 6O2 

Aakash Institute | Aakash

Short Answer Type Questions :

11. Give three differences in breathing and respiration.

12. Explain how gases are exchanged in sponges.

13. Describe the nature of respiratory organ of earthworms.

15. Describe wind pipe, a part of human respiratory tract.

16. Explain the membranes which surround the lungs.

17. Write the sequence of structures included in human respiratory system.

18. Differentiate between inspiration and expiration.

Decrease in pressure within the pulmonary cavity

Atmospheric air enters into the lungs as it has

Sol. Movement of air during inspiration :

Movement of air during expiration :

Athletes and young ones possess higher vital capacity.

23. Define the terms inspiratory capacity and expiratory capacity.

27. “About 20–25% CO2 is transported as carbaminohaemoglobin”. Explain.

Binding of CO2 with Hb :

29. Explain the role of chemosensitive area in the regulation of respiration.

30. Explain causes and symptoms of respiratory disease Emphysema.

37. How diaphragm and abdominal muscles cause inhalation of air?

Volume of thoracic cavity increases which

Similar increase in the volume of pulmonary cavity

Decrease in the pressure of pulmonary cavity, lesser

Inhalation of air from atmospheric air to the lungs

Decrease in pressure within the

Atmospheric air to enter into the

40. How are gases exchanged between alveoli and blood?

Respiratory Atmospheric Alveoli Blood

Alveolar-capillary membrane is made up of three layers which are as follows :

(i) Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli that lines it.

(ii) Endothelial lining of alveolar capillaries that surround it.

42. Why is O2 associated with Hb in lungs whereas dissociated in tissues?

(ii) Low pCO2

(iv) Low temperature

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. Name two lower invertebrates using gills as respiratory organ.

2. Which part of human respiratory system gives rise a number of alveoli?

3. Why is trachea not collapsed during inspiration?

4. What is the source of pleural fluid present in pleural cavity?

6. Give the values of pO2 and pCO2 in tissues.

7. What happens to the rate of respiration when pH of blood decreases?

Short Answer Type Questions :

10. What happens to the larynx during swallowing of food?

13. What do you mean by cellular respiration?

15. To which portion of haemoglobin, O2 and CO2 binds?

Sol. Hb has two portions :

(i) Haem : Iron part

(ii) Globin : Protein part

O2 binds with the iron atom of haem portion of haemoglobin.

Short Answer Type Questions :

16. Which structure make the internal structures of lungs?

Sol. The internal structure of lungs is made up of

The factors that favours the dissociation of O2 from Hb in tissues are

(i) Low pO2

(ii) High pCO2