LEACHING per kg of inert solid.

The extract quantity obtained in kg

1. During the obtainment of soluble coffee, the soluble was therefore
solids are extracted with water in a solid liquid extraction. 6. In a determination of the solution retention data, the
This extraction is performed in a multistage system that mass fraction of the solute in the extract was determined
operates counter currently, where 3000 kg/h of roasted to be 0.6. The corresponding underflow analysis showed
and ground coffee contains 24% in weight of soluble solids, retention of 0.6 kg solvent per kg of inert solid. The mass
while the moisture content is negligible. Five percent of fraction of solute in the underflow is most likely
the soluble solids contained in the food appear in the final 7. Barium carbonate is to be made by reacting sodium
underflow stream, while the overflow stream contains carbonate and barium sulfide. The quantities fed to the
35% in weight of such solids. From the previous laboratory reaction agitators per 24 hours are 20 Mg of barium sulfide
experiments, it was obtained that the amount of solution dissolved in 60 Mg of water, together with the
retained by inert solids is 1.6 kg solution per kg inert solids. theoretically necessary amount of sodium carbonate.
Calculate the number of stages needed if the global Three thickeners in series are run on a countercurrent
efficiency of the system is 75%. decantation system. Overflow from the second thickener
2. Cod liver oil is obtained from crushed livers by extraction goes to the agitators, and overflow from the first thickener
with an organic solvent. A sample that contains 0.335 kg of is to contain 10% sodium sulfide. Sludge from all
oil per each kg of exhausted liver is fed into a multistage thickeners contains two parts water to one-part barium
extractor that operates under countercurrent, where pure carbonate by mass. How much sodium sulfide will remain
organic solvent is employed. It is desired to recover 90% of dried barium carbonate precipitate?
the oil in the final overflow, with a composition 60% in 8. Aluminum sulfate, Al 2 (SO4)3, is to be produced by the
weight of oil. If retention of the solution is 2 kg per each action of sulfuric acid, H2 SO4, ob bauxite in a series of
3.2 kg of insoluble solids, calculate the number of ideal agitators, with a cascade of continuous thickeners to wash
stages required to carry out the desired extraction. the insoluble mud free of aluminum sulfate.
Calculations are made assuming that 100 kg of food is
Al 2 O3 + 3H2SO4  Al 2(SO4) 3 + 3H2O
introduced into the extractor.
The reaction agitators are fed with 25 tons bauxite/day,
3. It is desired to recover precipitated chalk from the
containing 50% Al 2O3 and the rest insoluble; the
causticizing of soda ash. After decanting the liquor from
theoretical quantity of aqueous acid containing 60%
the precipitators the sludge has the composition 5 per cent
H2SO4 ; and the overflow from the second thickener.
CaCO3, 0.1 percent NaOH and the balance water. 1000
Assume the reaction is complete. The strong product
Mg/day of this sludge is fed to two thickeners where it is
solution is to contain 22% Al 2(SO4) 3, and no more than 2%
washed with 200 Mg/day of neutral water. The pulp
of the Al 2 (SO4) 3 produced is to be lost in the washed mud.
removed from the bottom of the thickeners contains 4 kg
The last thickener is to be fed with pure wash water. The
of water/kg of chalk. The pulp from the last thickener is
underflow from each thickener will contain 4 kg liquid / kg
taken to a rotary filter and concentrated to 50 per cent
insoluble solid, and the concentration of soluble in the
solids and the filtrate is returned to the system as wash
liquid of the underflow from each thickener may be
water. Calculate the net percentage of CaCO 3 in the
assumed to be the same as that in the overflow. Calculate
product after drying.
the number of thickeners required and the amount of
4. Powdered limestone (CaCO 3) containing 10000 ppm
wash water required per day.
NaOH is to be washed in a two-step continuous counter
9. One hundred kg of a solid containing 40% solute A and
current washing system to remove most of the NaOH. Two
60% inert B is treated with solvent C in a single stage single
cells and 100000 L of water per 10 MT/day of limestone
contact extraction. The extracted solids are then screw
feed are used. The slurry discharged and removed from
pressed. The pressed solids contain 1.2 kg solution per kg
the underflow contains 0.091 MT of water per MT CaCO 3.
of inert. Entrainment of solids in the extract may be
Assuming complete mixing and washing, calculate the
neglected.
NaOH content of the washed and dried limestone in ppm.
(a) The mass fraction of the solute in the extract if 90% of
5. Ten kg of a solid containing 45% of soluble material were
the solute in the feed is to be recovered in a single stage
treated with 15 kg of a solvent containing the same solute
contact is
at 2% concentration in a vessel under constant agitation.
After a long time, the solution and the solid were
separated by pressing. The solid analyzed 0.8 kg of solvent
(b) The percent recovery of the solute if the extraction is 3. The ratio of the solubility of stearic acid per unit volume
carried out in two crosscurrent stages if 50% of the solvent of n-heptane to that in 97.5% acetic acid is 4.95. How many
amount in problem no. 2 is used in each stage is extractions of a 10 ml solution of stearic acid in 97.5%
10. How many stages and how much water is needed for acetic acid with successive 10 ml portions of n-heptane are
the countercurrent extraction of NaOH from a feed needed to reduce the residual stearic acid content of the
consisting 80 lb of NaOH, 400 lb water and 100 lb CaCO 3. acetic acid layer to less than 0.5% of its original value?
The final extract solution will contain 10% NaOH with the 4. To plan a liquid–liquid extraction we need to know the
recovery of 95% NaOH. We shall set the underflow at a solute’s distribution ratio between the two phases. One
constant 3 lb solution per lb CaCO 3? approach is to carry out the extraction on a solution
11. A multiple contact extraction is to treat 1.25 tons per containing a known amount of solute. After extracting the
hour of dry black ash containing 40% Na 2CO3 and 60% solution, we isolate the organic phase and allow it to
insoluble matter with 30 gpm of water. If 5% of the Na 2 CO3 evaporate, leaving behind the solute. In one such
remains unextracted, calculate the number of ideal stages experiment, 1.235 g of a solute with a molar mass of 117.3
by absorption factor method. The mass ratio of insoluble g/mol is dissolved in 10.00 mL of water. After extracting
matter to solvent in the underflow from the stage is 1:2. with 5.00 mL of toluene, 0.889 g of the solute is recovered
12. A mineral containing 20% elemental sulfur is to be in the organic phase. How many extractions will we need
leached with hot gas oil in which sulfur is soluble to the to recover 99.9% of the solute?
extent of 10 parts in 100 parts of oil by weight. The oil is 5. The distribution equilibrium for A between an extract
recycled over the over the batch of ground mineral until solvent S and a raffinate solvent B is given Y=2X where
no farther dissolution of sulfur takes place. On drainage, Y=mass of A per unit mass of S, X=mass of A per unit mass
the solid minerals retain the solution to the extent of one- of B. The extract and raffinate solvents are immiscible with
tenth the weight of not dissolved solid (sulfur and gangue). each other at all concentrations of A. From these data,
No preferential absorption takes place. Calculate the calculate the amount of extract solvent needed per 100 kg
equilibrium compositions and quantities of the solid and solution containing 30% A in B in 95% of A is to be removed
liquid phases if 50 kg of oil is used for leaching 100 kg of for each of the following arrangements:
fresh mineral. (a) Single stage contact
(b) Three-stage batch contact, one third of the solvent will
be used in each contact
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION (c) Three-stage countercurrent operation
1. Carbon disulfide is used to extract iodine from its
6. (a) The solubility of iodine per unit volume is 200 times
saturated aqueous solution. The distribution of iodine
greater in ether than in water at a particular temperature.
between carbon disulfide and water at equilibrium may be
If an aqueous solution of iodine, 30 ml in volume and
expresses as
containing 2 mg of iodine is shaken with 30 ml of ether and
K = Y*/X = 588.2
the ether is allowed to separate, what quantity of iodine
where: Y* = g iodine / L of carbon disulfide
remains in the water layer? (b) What quantity of iodine
X = g iodine /L of water
remains in the water layer if only 3 ml of ether is used? (c)
Calculate the concentration of iodine in the aqueous phase
How much iodine is left in the water layer if the extraction
when 1 L of a saturated solution at 200C containing 0.3 g of
in (b) is followed by a second extraction, again using 3 ml
iodine per 1 L of water is stirred with 50 ml of carbon
of ether? (d) Which method is more efficient, a single large
disulfide. Repeat for two ideal extractions using 25 ml of
washing or repeated small washing?
solvent each time.
2. A solution that contains a valuable material M in water 7. In order to extract acetic acid from dilute aqueous
is recovered from the solution using solvent S. If 9 kg is solution with isopropyl ether, the two immiscible phases
used per kg of solution and the distribution equilibrium is are passed counter currently through a packed column 3
X/Z = 3, where X = kg M per kg water and Z = kg M per kg m in length and 75 mm in diameter.
S. Calculate the % M that will remain in the solution after It is found that, if 0.5 kg/m2 s of the pure ether is used to
solvent extraction using extract 0.25 kg/m2s of 4.0 percent acid by mass, then the
(a) single batch equilibrium stage ether phase leaves the column with a concentration of 1.0
(b) two successive batch equilibrium stage using fresh percent acid by mass.
solvent for each step The equilibrium relationship is given by:
 (kg acid/kg isopropyl ether) = 0.3 (kg acid/kg water).
Calculate:
(a) The log mean driving force
(b) The number of overall transfer units based on the
raffinate phase
(c) The overall extraction coefficient based on the raffinate
phase
8. 30 kg benzoic acid in 100 L of water is extracted with 35
liters of toluene. If a 3-stage counter current extraction Calculate the product flow rate ES and the composition
system is used, calculate the weight of solute that will YOUT.
remain in the raffinate. The distribution coefficient, K is 4. 12. An aqueous solution containing 1.5 kmol X / m 3 is fed
9. A liquid mixture of acetaldehyde and toluene contains 8 at 36 ml/s to the top of the column of height 1.60 m and
lb of acetaldehyde and 90 lb of toluene. Part of the cross sectional area of 0.0045 m 2 and it leaves at the
acetaldehyde in this solution is to be extracted using pure bottom with 1.4 kmol / m3. An organic solvent containing
water as the extracting agent. The extraction is to be 0.006 kmol X / m3 flows counter to the aqueous phase at 9
performed in two stages, using 25 lb of fresh water for ml/s. The equilibrium relationship is given by: C X organic =
each stage. The raffinate layer from the first stage is 0.3 CX aqueous. Calculate:
treated by fresh water in the second stage. The extraction (a) The log mean concentration difference for the transfer.
takes place at 170C and the equilibrium equation Y=2.2X (b) the overall volumetric transfer coefficient based on the
may be employed. Assuming toluene and water is organic phase.
immiscible, what would be the weight percent of (c) the height of transfer unit.
acetaldehyde in a mixture of the extracts from both stage
if each of the extraction were theoretically perfect? DISTILLATION
10. To plan a liquid–liquid extraction we need to know the 1. Determine the mass percentage of carbon tetrachloride
solute’s distribution ratio between the two phases. One (P0 = 114.5 torr) in the vapor phase at equilibrium in a 1:1
approach is to carry out the extraction on a solution mole ideal solution with trichloromethane (P 0 = 199.1 torr)
containing a known amount of solute. After extracting the at 25 0C.
solution, we isolate the organic phase and allow it to 2. A 537 kg solution of 50% wt heptane and 50% wt octane
evaporate, leaving behind the solute. In one such is batch-distilled until only 4.74 lbmols remain in the still.
experiment, 1.235 g of a solute with a molar mass of 117.3 Assuming α=2.0, what will be the octane concentration of
g/mol is dissolved in 10.00 mL of water. After extracting the residue by weight?
with 5.00 mL of toluene, 0.889 g of the solute is recovered 3. Determine the relative volatility of n-butane/n-pentane
in the organic phase. How many extractions will we need mixture at 300C and 1 atm abs .
to recover 99.9% of the solute? 4. One hundred mols of 15% by mole n-butane/n-pentane
11. A feed (F) containing a solute is contacted with a mixture is distilled until the residual liquid contains 45.5
solvent (S) in an ideal stage shown in the diagram below. mols. Using the value of the relative volatility obtained in
Only the soluble transfers into the solvent. The flow rates problem no. 3, find the average concentration of the
of all the streams are shown on a solute free basis and distillate in mol% butane.
indicated by the subscript S. The compositions of the 5. A mixture of 60 mole % A and 40 mol % B is subject to
streams are expressed on a mole ratio basis. The extract flash distillation at a separator pressure of 1 atm. The
leaving the contactor is divided into two equal parts, one relative volatility of A with respect to B is constant 3. What
part is collected as the product and the other stream is fraction of the feed must be vaporized to have the
recycled to join the solvent. The equilibrium relationship is composition of the vapor leaving the separator be 75 mol
Y*=2X. % A?
6. A liquid mixture containing 55% benzene and 45%
toluene by weight is fed to a fractionating column at a rate
of 1000 kg/h. The concentration of benzene in the distillate
and the bottoms are 92% and 6% by weight, respectively.
(a) If the reflux ratio is 2, determine the amount of vapor
in the top section of the column.
(b) What percentage of toluene from the feed goes to the
bottoms product?
(c) If the relative volatility between benzene and toluene
is assumed to be constant at α = 3, what is the minimum
number of stages required to achieve the desired
separation?
7. It is desired to produce an overhead product containing
80 mol% benzene from a feed mixture of 68 mol% benzene
and 32 mol% toluene. If the mixture is subjected to
equilibrium distillation at 1 atm, what is the fraction of the
liquid that is vaporized?
8. Calculate the composition of the vapor in equilibrium
with a liquid mixture of benzene, toluene, and water at
83.2 0C and absolute pressure of 1 atm. Assume that
Dalton’s law applies to the benzene and toluene and that
these compounds are insoluble in water.
9. A vessel contains a liquid mixture of 50% benzene and
50% toluene by weight at 1000 C. Calculate the average
molecular weight of the vapor in contact with the solution.
10. A mixture containing 60 mol% benzene and 40 mol%
toluene is fed to a distillation column at its dew point in
order to be separated into a liquid distillate and a liquid
bottoms product of 95 mol% and 5 mol% benzene,
respectively. The distillation is operated at a pressure P
where the relative volatility can be assumed at a value of
2.48. If the McCabe-Thiele assumptions can be applied for
the system, determine the reflux ratio for the infinite
number of stages.