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Springs: ME 512 - Vibration Engineering

The document discusses different types of springs and how to calculate their equivalent spring constants when combined in series or parallel. It provides formulas to calculate the spring constant for helical springs based on material properties and spring geometry, as well as springs for beams, rods, shafts, and other structural elements. Equivalent spring constants can be determined by summing individual spring constants for springs in parallel or taking the inverse sum for springs in series.

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155 views

Springs: ME 512 - Vibration Engineering

The document discusses different types of springs and how to calculate their equivalent spring constants when combined in series or parallel. It provides formulas to calculate the spring constant for helical springs based on material properties and spring geometry, as well as springs for beams, rods, shafts, and other structural elements. Equivalent spring constants can be determined by summing individual spring constants for springs in parallel or taking the inverse sum for springs in series.

Uploaded by

RamlordDominicGuerrero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Springs

ME 512 –Vibration Engineering


Spring Elements
• A spring is a mechanical link,
which in most applications is
assumed to have a negligible
mass and damping.
• A spring is defined as an elastic
body, whose function is to
distort when loaded and to
recover its original shape when
the load is removed.
Spring Elements
• The most common type of
spring is the helical-coil spring
used in retractable pens and
pencils, staplers, and
suspensions of freight trucks
and other vehicles.
Spring Elements
• Several other types of
springs can be
identified in
engineering
applications.
• Conical and Volute
Springs
Spring Elements
• Several other types of
springs can be
identified in
engineering
applications.
• Torsion Springs
Spring Elements
• Several other types of
springs can be
identified in
engineering
applications.
• Laminated or Leaf
Springs
Spring Elements
• In fact, any elastic or
deformable body or
member, can be
considered as a spring.
Deformation of a spring
Spring Element
• A spring is said to be linear if the elongation or reduction in length x
is related to the applied force F as:
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
• Where:
• F-Force
• k-spring constant (force per unit length, lb/ft, N/m)
• x-elongation/reduction in length
Deformation of a spring
Work done in deforming a spring
• The work done (U) in deforming a spring is stored as strain or
potential energy in the spring, and it is given by:
1 2
𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥
2
Where:
𝑈 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑘𝐽, 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡)
𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑁
𝑘 − 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ,
𝑓𝑡 𝑚
Combination of Springs
• Case 1: Springs in Parallel.

𝒌𝒆𝒒 = 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + ⋯ 𝒌𝒏
Combination of Springs
• Case 2: Springs in Series.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +⋯
𝒌 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
Equivalent Spring Constants (𝑘𝑒𝑞 )
• Rod under axial load
𝐸𝐴
𝑘𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿
Where:
𝐸 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴 − 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐿 − 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑑

L
Equivalent Spring Constants (𝑘𝑒𝑞 )
• Tapered Rod under Axial Load
𝜋𝐸𝐷𝑑
𝑘𝑒𝑞 =
4𝐿
Where:
𝐸 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐷, 𝑑 − 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐿 − 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑑
Equivalent Spring Constants (𝑘𝑒𝑞 )
• Helical Spring Under Axial Load
𝐺𝑑4
𝑘𝑒𝑞 =
8𝑛𝐷3
Where:
𝐺 − 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝐷 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑛 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠
𝑑 − 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Helical Spring
• Deflection of Round-wire Helical Springs:
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐽𝐺
4
𝐹𝐷𝑚 𝜋𝐷𝑤
𝑇= ; 𝐿 = 𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑁𝑐 ; 𝐽=
2 32

3𝑁
𝜃𝐷𝑚 8𝐹𝐷𝑚 8𝐹𝐶 3𝑁
𝑐 𝑐
𝛿= = 4
=
2 𝐺𝐷𝑤 𝐺𝐷𝑤
Helical Springs:
• End Connections for Compression Helical Springs:
Helical Springs Table AT 16 – pg 589
Equivalent Spring Constants (𝑘𝑒𝑞 )
• Fixed-Fixed Beam with load at the middle
192𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿3
• Cantilever beam with end load
3𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 3
𝐿
• Simply supported beam with load at the middle
48𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 3
𝐿
Where:
𝐸 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐼 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
𝐿 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Table AT 1 – Properties of Sections @ pg 563
T-Beam: Determine Area Moment of Inertia
(I)
• Determine the location of NA
(Neutral Axis) based on the
bottom of the I beam:
𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2
𝑦=
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
• Determine the Moment of
Inertia:
2
𝐼= 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦

𝑏𝑖 ℎ𝑖3
𝐼𝑖 =
12
Equivalent Spring Constants (𝑘𝑒𝑞 )
• Hollow shaft under torsion
𝜋𝐺
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = (𝐷4 − 𝑑4 )
32𝐿
Where:
𝐺 − 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝐷 − 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑑 − 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟/𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐿 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
Example 1:
• The figure below shows the suspension system of a freight truck with a
parallel-spring arrangement. Find the equivalent spring constant of the
suspension if each of the three helical springs is made of steel with a
shear modulus 𝑮 = 𝟖𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵/𝒎𝟐 and has five effective turns, mean
coil diameter 𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎, and wire diameter 𝒅 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒎.

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