Department of Mechanical Engineering

CECOS University of IT & Emerging sciences Phase VI, Hayat Abad Peshawar.

Criterion 3: laboratories and computing facilities

Laboratory title: Mechanics of machines

Location and Area: Mechanical Engineering department ground floor. 50×31(feet) (area shared with Applied Physics lab)

Objectives:

 Mechanics of Machines deals with the Statics and Dynamics of Mechanisms and Machines. In
this lab the experiments are performed in order to identify the number and types of links and
joint, and determination of the degrees of freedom of various mechanisms and machines.

 In-depth understanding of specialist bodies of knowledge within the engineering discipline.

 Application of established engineering methods to complex engineering problem solving.

 Application of systematic engineering synthesis and design processes.

 Upon successful completion of this course the students should be able to:

 Predict the effects of force, motion and their interaction in the design and operational cycles of
machines

 Solve, analyze and synthesize a wide variety of practical engineering problems in a logical and
effective manner.

Adequacy for instruction:

 Physical needs.
The following listed items are available in adequate condition for instruction
 White board with related accessories
 Sitting stools
 Lab manuals and books
 Notice board
 Related apparatus and equipments
In case multimedia projector is required the computer lab is used.
 Personnel needs
Lab Engineer:
Lab Supervisor:
Courses taught/Experiment performed:

The following listed experiments are performed in the subject laboratory.

Serial No Experiment title

1 Study of slider crank mechanism
2 Study of cam and follower mechanism
3 Study of Whitworth quick return mechanism
4 Study of epicyclical gear train mechanism
5 Study of Hook’s universal joint
6 Study of four bar linkage mechanism
7 Study of slotted link mechanism
8 Study of Scotch yoke mechanism
9 Study of Coefficient of friction apparatus
10 Study of clutch friction apparatus
11 Study of Worm and Wheel mechanism
12 Study of static and dynamic apparatus
13 Study of comprehensive gear system
14 Study of Gyroscope

Software available if applicable:

No software applicable

Major apparatus:
Listed below are the major apparatus available in the subject lab

 Slider crank apparatus

 Cam and follower apparatus
 Whitworth quick return apparatus
 Epicyclical gear train apparatus
 Hook’s universal joint apparatus
 Four bar linkage apparatus
 Slotted link apparatus
 Scotch yoke apparatus
 Coefficient of friction apparatus
 Clutch friction apparatus
 Worm and Wheel apparatus

Major equipment:
Major equipment available are listed in the proceeding lines
 Comprehensive gear system equipment
 Gyroscope
 Static and dynamic balancing equipment
Safety regulations:

 Eating, drinking and smoking are prohibited in the laboratories at all times.

 Extreme care must be exercised operating lab equipment.

 Examine equipment before use, and ask demonstrators for assistance when
necessary.

 Use the lab handouts as a guide for start up and shut down procedures.
Mechanics of Machines laboratory layout Entrance

1 15

Mechanics of Machines laboratory layout

13 2
Number Description
3
1 Comprehensive gear system

2 Gyro Scope
14
4 3 Co-efficient of friction apparatus

4 Static and Dynamic Balancing apparatus

5 11 12
5 Four Bar linkage mechanism

6 Universal Joint mechanism 18

7 Slider and Crank mechanism
6
8 Cam and follower mechanism
7
9 Epicyclical grain train

10 Wit Worth quick return mechanism

8 11 Slotted link mechanism

12 Scotch Yoke mechanism

9 16
13 Clutch friction apparatus
10 9
14 Worm and Wheel apparatus

10 15 Notice Board 17
16 Students sitting area

17 White board

18 Applied physics area

Part-A

Fundamental Knowledge

In order to simplify the study of mechanisms, it is necessary to understand some definitions and
the basic knowledge as follows:

Mechanism is defined as combinations of rigid bodies formed and connected to each other and
transmit relative motion to each other such as crankshaft connecting rod and piston of an
engine.

Machine is defined as a combination of a mechanism or more to transmit force and motion

from the source of power to another resisting element, for example: an operation of an internal
combustion engine.

The motion of a mechanism, which each point of the element moves in parallel planes is called
“Plane Motion”.

If each point moves in straight line and parallel to each other, the motion is known as
“Translation”.

If each point moves with a constant distance from its axis, this motion is known as “Rotation”.

The movement of a point of a mechanism may also be in translation, rotation or both.

However, there are some other types of movements which the position of moving points may
not be in the same plane for example: Thread Motion, Helical Motion etc.

When an element of a mechanism moves through all the possible positions and returns to its
original position, it is said to have completed a cycle of motion and the amount of time required
for this completed a cycle is called “Period”.

The movement of each element of a mechanism may be “Continuous” or the element may
move for a period and then stop and repeat the same step again. This is called “Intermittent” or
moves to and fro which is called “Reciprocating”

When two elements of a mechanism connected or joined to each other, each element is called
“Pairing Element” and the two connected elements, is called “Pairs”.

When an element has two or more pairing elements, it is called “Link”. When a number of links
are connected in pairs into a system, it is called “Kinematic Chain”.

Mechanisms which have the same type of elements but with interchanged function of
elements, is called “Inversion”.
Exp: 01 Slider Crank

General description

This mechanism demonstrates relative motion between a crank rotation in degree and a slider
translation in millimeter.

This mechanism consists of 4 links.

 LINK 1 is a fixed link which supports a shaft of link 2 and also supports LINK 4.

 LINK 2 is a crank, which is rotated around its shaft with length of 7 centimeters
(adjustable), and has an angular scale.

 LINK 3 is a connecting rod which swings and translates length of 22 centimeters

(adjustable).

 LINK 4 is a sliding piston on link 1 which has a linear scale.

We need to know the relative motion between the crank rotation (LINK2) and the slider
translation (LINK4). When the crank (LINK2) rotates at a constant speed, the slider (LINK4)
moves in reciprocating motion and completes its cycle at the same time as the crank.
Experiment procedure

 Record the angular position of the crank (LINK2) and piston (LINK4) linear position
starting with the crank (LINK2) and the connecting rod (LINK3) are in the same straight
line.

 Rotate the crank (LINK2) for a complete cycle and record the positions of the crank
(LINK2) and the sliding piston (LINK4) for every 30° of the crank (LINK2) rotation.

 Plot graph of all data to show the relative motion for displacement, velocity and
acceleration.

Data table:

Crack Slider Slider Slider Slider

Time
Sr.No position position disp Velocity acceleration
(sec)
(deg) (deg) (mm) (mm/s) (mm/s2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Exp: 02 Four Bar Linkage

General description

This mechanism demonstrates relative motion between a crank rotation in degree and another
link oscillation (swinging) also in degree.

This mechanism consists of 4 links

 LINK 1 is fixed as shaft supports for link 2 and 4.

 LINK 2 (crank/driver) whose length is 7 cm (adjustable) and has an angular scale.

 LINK 3 is a connecting rod with the length of 16 cm (adjustable).

 LINK 4 oscillates around its axis with a length of 16 cm (adjustable) and has an angular
scale.

We need to know the relative motion between the crank (LINK2) rotation and the follower
(LINK4). When the crank (LINK2) rotates at constant speed, the follower (LINK4) will oscillate
(swing) with both slow and fast motion until both links complete a cycle at the same time.
Experiment procedure

 Record the angular position of the crank (LINK2) and the follower (LINK4) in degree
starting with the crank (LINK2) and the connecting rod (LINK3) are in the same straight
line.

 Turn crank (LINK2) to a complete cycle (360°) and record the positions of the crank
(LINK2) and the follower (LINK4) for every 30° of the crank (LINK2) rotation.

 Plot graph of relative motion for displacement, velocity and acceleration, between LINK
2 and LINK 4.
Exp: 03 Slotted link mechanism:

General description

This mechanism demonstrates relative motion between a crank rotation in degree and a slider
translation in millimeter through another oscillating link resulting in quick return for slider
motions.

This mechanism consists of 6 links.

 LINK 1 supports shafts for link 2 and 4 and supports link 6.

 LINK 2 has an angular scale. The crank is 4 cm long and rotates about its shaft.

 LINK 3 is a slider within LINK 4.

 LINK 4 is slotted to accommodate LINK 3. It is 12.5 cm long and oscillates about its shaft.

 LINK 5 connects LINK 3 to LINK 6 and is 22 cm long.

 LINK 6 is a slider on LINK 1 which has a linear scale.

We need to know the relative motion between LINK 2 (crank) and LINK 6 (slider) which slides
slowly in one direction and quickly is the opposite direction.
Experiment procedure

 Record position of link 2 (degree) and LINK6 (mm) starting with LINK6 in the extreme left
position.

 Rotate LINK 2 for are complete cycle and record positions of link 2 and 6 for every 30° of
LINK 2 rotation.

 Plot graph of relative motion for displacement, velocity and acceleration between LINK 2
and LINK 6.
Exp: 04 Whitworth Quick Return

General description

This mechanism demonstrates relative motion between a crank rotation in degree and a slider
translation in millimeter through another offset rotating member resulting in quick return for
slider motion.

This mechanism consists of 6 links

 LINK 1 support shafts for LINK 2 and 4 and support LINK 6.

 LINK 2 is a 7 cm crank which rotates on its shaft and has any angular scale.

 LINK 3 is a slider in the slotted link 4.

 LINK 4 is slotted at one end and has a 7 cm long crank on the other end. LINK 4 rotates
about its shaft with slow and fast motion.

 LINK 5 connects LINK 4 to LINK 6 and is 22 cm long.

 LINK 6 is a slider on LINK 1 which has a linear scale.

We want to know the relative motion between LINK 2 (crank) and LINK 6 (slider) which has a
fast and slow motion but completes the cycle the same time as LINK 2.
Experiment procedure

 Record the position of LINK2 and LINK6 starting when LINK 2 and LINK 4 are in the same
straight line.

 Turn crank LINK 2 for a complete cycle and record of LINK 2 and LINK 6 positions for
every 30 degrees of LINK 2 rotation.

 Plot graph of the relative motion for displacement, velocity and acceleration between
LINK 2 and LINK 6.
Exp: 05 Scotch Yoke Mechanism

General description

This mechanism demonstrates relative motion between a crank rotation in degree and a yoke
translation in millimeter. This mechanism consists of 4 links.

 LINK 1 supports shaft for LINK 2 and supports for LINK 4.

 LINK 2 is a rotating shaft with an angular scale.

 LINK 3 is a slider within the slotted LINK 4.

 LINK 4 is a slider on link 1 which has a linear scale.

We need to know the relationship between rotation of LINK 2 and sliding of LINK 4.
Experiment procedure

 Record LINK 2 and LINK 4 positions starting with LINK 2 in horizontal and in line with
LINK 4 slider.

 Rotate LINK 2 for a complete cycle and record LINK 2 and LINK 4 positions for every 30
degrees of LINK 2 rotation.

 Plot graph to show the relative motion for displacement, velocity and acceleration
between LINK 2 and LINK 4.
Exp: 06 Hooke’s Universal Joint

General description

This mechanism demonstrates relative angular motion in degree between two intersecting
shafts through a cross-member such as found in steering column of modern vehicles. The angle
between input and output shafts is adjustable and indicated on an angular scale.

This mechanism consists of 4 links

 LINK 1 acts as bearings to support LINK 2 and LINK 4 shafts.

 LINK 2 is a rotating shaft with an angular scale.

 LINK 3 is a cross with pins at two orthogonal axes to rotate LINK 2 and LINK 4.

 LINK 4 is a rotating shaft intersecting with LINK 2 and has an angular scale.

We want to know the relationship between LINK 2 and LINK 4 rotations which complete a cycle
at the same time but at varying speed.
Experiment procedures

 Start with LINK 2 and 4 at 0 degrees.

 Rotate LINK 2 and record LINK 2 and LINK 4 positions for every 30 degree of LINK 2
rotation.

 Plot graph of the relative motion for displacement, velocity and acceleration between
LINK 2 and LINK 4.

Since LINK 2 and LINK 4 complete a cycle at the same time but at different speed. If two sets of
universal joints are joined as below with the shaft making an equal but opposite angle. The
speeds of the first shaft LINK 2 and last shaft LINK 4 are equal at all time such as found in
automobile drive axle.
Data table:

Shafts aligned Shafts at 20o

Position Position
Drive Driven Angular Drive Driven Angular
Sr.No
shaft shaft disp shaft shaft disp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Shafts 40o Shafts at 60o

Position Position
Drive Driven Angular Drive Driven Angular
Sr.No
shaft shaft disp shaft shaft disp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Plots:

universal joint analysis

400

350

300
driven shaft angular displacment

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
drive shaft angular displacement
Exp: 07 Cam and Follower

General description

The mechanism demonstrates relative motion between a rotating eccentric member (cam) in
degree and a sliding member (follower) translation in millimeter such as found in internal
combustion engine. The mechanism may have two types of followers, flat face and roller.

The flat face type has 3 links.

 LINK 1 acts as bearing for LINK 2 shaft and supports for LINK 3 sliding shaft.

 LINK 2 is a rotating cam with an angular scale.

 LINK 3 is a flat face follower in contact with LINK 2. It slides on LINK 1 which has a linear
scale.

The mechanism with roller follower is very similar. LINK 3 follower may have a roller contact
(link 4) with link 2 (cam).

LINK 1 and LINK 2 are principally the same as those of the flat face follower.

LINK 3 is sliding shaft on LINK 1 but also act as bearing for LINK 4 (Roller) shaft.

LINK 4 is a roller in contact with LINK 2 cam.

Both LINK 2 and LINK 3 complete a cycle at the sometime. We want to know the relative motion
for displacement, velocity and acceleration between LINK 2 and LINK 3.

Experiment procedures

 Record initial position of LINK 2 and 3 starting with LINK 2 at 0 degree.

 Rotate LINK 2 for a complete cycle and record positions of LINK 2 and 3 for every 30
degrees of LINK 2 rotation.

 Replace follower with another type and repeat above two steps.

 Plot graphs of relative motion for displacement, velocity and acceleration for both types
of follower.
Exp: 08 Epicyclic Gear Train

General description

This mechanism demonstrates relative angular motion in degree between two shafts with
common axis using sun and planetary gears to produce a forward speed.

Technical data

Number of gear teeth: a = 60, c = 30, d = 120 (internal gear)

Transmission

Input shaft: connection to Gear a. If not, tighten the screw.

Output shaft: connection to Arm b. If not, tighten the screw.

Gear d is fixed (locked to the column) and is free from input shaft. If not, loosen the
screw.

Theory

Planetary gear is a 5 link mechanism.

 LINK 1 is a bearing supporting both input and output shafts.

 LINK 2 Gear a is attached to the input shaft and is a driving gear which rotates about its
shaft. Gear a is called SUN GEAR.

 LINK 3 Gear c is forced to rotate about its shaft as well as around Gear a. Gear c is called
PLANET GEAR.

 LINK 4 is a rotating Arm b and has a shaft for Gear c. Arm b is locked to the output shaft.
  LINK 5 Gear d is an internal gear meshing with Gear c but its axis is in the same line as
Gear a and Arm b. Gear d is called RING GEAR.

The displacement of a point on Gear c around Gear a is that of an Epicycle. The gear system is
often referred to as on Epicyclic Gear Train.

General Theory

Gear a is a driving gear and rotates on its own axis. Arm b is an output shaft and Gear d is
stationary. Analysis of the gear motion is made in steps as follows:

All gears are locked together and Gear a rotates one revolution forward, each gear will also
rotate forward one revolution.

Arm b is fixed and Gear a rotates forward, Gear d will rotate backward proportional to the gear
teeth ratio.

Gear d is fixed and Gear a rotates forward, Arm b will rotate forward proportional to the gear
teeth ratio.

Conclusion

From the above, when Gear d is fixed, and input shaft (Gear a) turns 3 revolutions forward,
output shaft (Arm b) turns only 1 revolution forward.

Experiment procedures

 Recheck and record the number of teeth on Gears a, c and d.

 Set Shaft a angle as “0” and note that output shaft (Arm b) is 0 or 120, or 240 degree as
set at the factory.

 Fix Gear d by turning in the thumb bolt to lock Gear d.

 Record input shaft (Gear a) and output shaft (Arm b) readings.

 Turn Gears a at 30° increment and record both input shaft (Gear a) and corresponding
output shaft (Arm b) readings.

 Plot a curve of input shaft vs. output shaft rotation and determine the slope or gear
ratio.
Exp: 09 Comprehensive Gear Train

Gear drives are used in feed systems of machine tools to provide sufficient speeds in a geometric
progression. Figure 2.1 shows a schematic of the drive.

The gear ratio (GR) in a gear train as shown in Figure is defined as:

Gear Ratio = Output Gear Velocity/ Input Gear Velocity

The gear ratio between any two successive engaged gears, is inversely proportional to the teeth
numbers,
GR = Teeth on Input Gear/ Output Gear Teeth