CBSE Class 12 Engineering Machine Drawing PDF
CBSE Class 12 Engineering Machine Drawing PDF
CBSE Class 12 Engineering Machine Drawing PDF
com
CHAPTER
2 MACHINE DRAWING
A. DRAWING OF MACHINE PARTS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In our day to day life, we come across many objects where bolts and nuts are used to join two
pieces together. For example we use wooden furnitures like desks, stools, tables etc. in school,
showing bolts, nuts and screws. Such machine parts which are used to connect two pieces
together are called as fasteners. There are two types of fasteners, viz, temporary fasteners and
permanent fasteners. Threaded fasteners like bolt and nut are temporary fasteners. The process
of joining different machine parts of machine or engineering products is called as fastening.
Permanent fastening such as welding, riveting etc. join two parts together permanently and they
cannot be separated without breaking the fastening, but in the case of temporary fastening, the
parts are joined together temporarily and can be separated easily without breaking the
fastening.
Recall that we have studied helix in class XI. A continuous helical groove cut along the outer
circumference of a cylindrical surface is called a screw thread. A screw thread is an operating
element of temporary fastening. Screw thread occurs on practically all engineering products.
FIG.2.1 shows a screw thread/helical groove on a cylindrical rod.
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SCREW THREAD
Fig 2.1 b :
Screw threads are widely used for temporary fastening as well as for transmission of power from
one machine parts to another
Pitch Angle
Nominal Dia.
Axis
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It is a continuous helical groove or ridge cut along the external surface of the
cylinder, e.g. threads on bolts studs, screws etc. FIG 2.2(a) shows an external
thread.
It is a thread on the internal surface of a hollow cylinder. FIG 2.2(b) shows the
internal threads, e.g. threads of a nut.
The bolt and nut together called as screw pair. One or more such pairs are used to
join two parts.
A thread formed on the surface of a cone called as taper thread. Refer FIG 2.3(b)
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Consider any nut and bolt. Hold the bolt firmly in left hand and rotate the nut
clockwise by the right hand, the nut will screw on the bolt of the threads are right
handed. It is abbreviated as RH thread. A left hand screws thread when assembled
with a stationary mating bolt, screws off the bolt for clockwise rotation. It is
abbreviated as LH thread.
Observe that mostly the bolts and nuts that we use in daily life have RH thread.
Also we can observe that all the jewellery mating pieces have LH thread.
(vi) PITCH, P
(vii) LEAD,L
It is "the distance moved by a nut or bolt in the axial direction in one complete
rotation".
When only one helix, forming the thread runs on a cylinder, it is called as single
start thread. If more then one helices run on a cylinder, it is called as multi start
threads.
(ix) CREST
It is the edge of the thread surface farthest from the axis, in case of external
thread and nearest to the axis, in case of internal thread
(x) ROOT
It is the edge of the thread surface nearest to the axis in case of external thread
and farthest from the axis, in case of internal thread.
(xi) FLANK
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It is the diameter of the cylinder from which external threads are cut out. The
screw/bolt is specified by this diameter.
P P
SECTION
The section of a thread cut by a plane containing the axis is known as the form of
the screw thread. It is also called the profile of the thread. Refer FIG 2.4
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Solution
P 0.5 P
D
6
D = 0.96 P
d = 0.64 P
55°
D
6
P D d D/6
40 38.4 25.6 6.5
Steps Involved
(i) Draw vertical centre lines separated by the distance of P/2, (P/2=20 mm).
(ii) Draw two horizontal lines separated by a distance of major diameter D=0.96P.
(iii) One sixth of 'D' is cut off parallel to the axis of the screw at top and bottom, to draw
the horizontals for minor diameter, d= 0.64P.
(iv) Draw the basic or fundamental triangles within the D lines, such that the angle
between the flanks is 55°.
(v) Draw arcs at crest and roots, to make it round by any suitable method. The method
is shown clearly in FIG 2.5, or radius of the arc can be taken as r= 0.137P.
(vi) Complete the profile and hatching is done as shown in FIG 2.5, to represent the
external thread.
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MACHINE DRAWING
The Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) has recommended the adoption of ISO (INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION) profile with the metric screw thread system. In metric
thread, the external and internal thread vary in shape. It can also be called as unified thread. In
general, this ISO-metric thread will be specified using the basic designation. The basic
designation consist of the letter M followed by the nominal size (major diameter in mm) and
followed by the pitch in mm.
For example
M20 x 1.5 means the major diameter of the metric thread is 20mm and the pitch is 1.5mm. Let us
now draw the standard profiles of metric screw thread
Example 2: Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of metric screw thread (external) taking
enlarged pitch as 50mm. Give standard dimensions.
P 0.5 P
D
8
D = 0.866 P
6 d = 0.61 P
60º
D
EXTERNAL THREAD
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Solution:
(i) Draw vertical centre lines P/2 apart i.e. 50/2=25mm apart.
(iii) Cut off one eighth of D at the top and one sixth of D at the bottom or draw
horizontals to indicate d=0.61P with the 'D'.
(iv) Draw the slanting lines representing the sides of the thread. Here the angle
between the flanks is 60°.
(v) Make the crest flat and roots round. Roots are made round by any suitable method.
(vi) Hatching is done as shown in fig.2.6. This lower hatched profile shows the basic
form of the bolt.
Example 3 : Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of metric screw thread (internal) taking
enlarged pitch as 50mm. Give standard dimensions.
60º
D
4
P 0.5 P
INTERNAL THREAD
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Steps involved are similar to the previous example. Here the upper hatched profile shows the
basic form of nut.
Mechanisms of machine tools, valves, spindles, vice screws etc. are generally provided with
square threads. A "square thread (SQ) is specified by nominal diameter and pitch". For example a
square thread of nominal diameter = 40 mm and pitch = 4mm is designated as SQ 40x4
Let us now learn to draw the standard profile of a square thread, taking enlarged pitch as 60mm.
Steps Involved
(i) Draw two horizontals, P/2 apart i.e. 60/2= 30mm apart.
P 0.5P
0.5P
90º
P 0.5P ANGLE
60 30 90°
Knuckle thread is a modified form of square thread. Knuckle thread is a special purpose thread. It
is used in railway carriage coupling screws and on the neck of glass bottles.
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Example 5 : Draw to scale, 1:1, the standard profile of a Knuckle thread, taking enlarged pitch
as 40mm
P 0.5P
R=0.25P
0.5P
P 0.5P 0.25P
40 20 10
Steps Involved
(i) Draw a thin centre line.
(ii) On either side of the centre line draw a row of tangential semi circles as shown
clearly in fig 2.10 Care should be taken in free flowing of semi circles into one
another.
(iii) Hatching and dimensioning is done as shown in fig 2.10
Exercises
1. Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of BSW thread, taking enlarged pitch as
30mm. Give standard dimensions.
2. Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of metric thread (external) taking enlarged
pitch as 60mm. Give standard dimensions.
3. Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of metric thread (internal) taking enlarged
pitch as 60mm. Give standard dimensions.
4. Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of square thread, taking enlarged pitch as
60mm. Give standard dimensions.
5. Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of knuckle thread, taking enlarged pitch as
40mm. Give standard dimensions.
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2.5 BOLTS
In day to day life, we can observe many machine parts joined by bolt and nut. Now, let us study
about the bolts.
A bolt consists of a cylindrical body with one end threaded and the other end converted into a
head. It is passed through clearance holes (diameter slightly more than nominal diameter of bolt)
in two or more aligned parts. A nut is screwed on the threaded end of the bolt to tighten the parts
together. Different types of bolts are used for different purposes. The shape of the head also
depends upon the purpose for which the bolt is used. The length of a bolt is its total length,
"excluding the height or thickness of bolt head". Bolt has external thread. An external thread is
represented by "discontinuous, minor diameter circle".
THREADED LENGTH
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EXAMPLE 6: Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and side view of a hexagonal headed bolt of
diameter 30mm, keeping the axis parallel to H.P and V.P. The length of the bolt is
120mm.
d
R=
Ø 30
60°
60°
0.8d
30° FRONT VIEW
LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW
d 0.8d 1.5d+3 2d+6
30 24 48 66
HEXAGONAL BOLT
Fig 2.12a
Steps Involved
(i) "Start with the view where circles are seen". Here the side view shows the circles
representing the shank. So, start with the side view.
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(vii) The end of the bolt is rounded and is done with the radius equal to the diameter of
the bolt. (R = d = 30mm)
(viii) Indicate the threaded portion (by projecting the 0.8d = 24mm circle with "thin
continuous lines") at the end of the shank for the length of 2d+6 mm =66mm
(ix) Draw the head of the bolt in the front view, by projecting the hexagon from the
side view. Size A/C (across corners) will be projected to get the width of the head.
Height of the head is taken as 0.8d= 24mm.
(x) The three faces of the hexagonal head with chamfering arcs is drawn by any of the
appropriate method.
(xi) The centers of chamfering arcs for the three faces may be located as shown in the
Fig 2.12a
Keep in your mind that, on elevation showing "three faces" of the hexagonal head,
show the upper corners of the head chamfered. On elevations showing "two faces"
of the hexagonal head, show the upper corners square.
Example 7 : Draw to scale 1:1 the Front view and Plan of a square head bolt when it axis is
perpendicular to H.P. Take the diameter of the bolt as 24mm, and length as 110
mm.
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Steps Involved Ød
d
R=
circle of diameter, d= 24 mm.
SHANK LENGTH
2d+6
(ii) Within the'd' circle, draw an another
0.8d
discontinuous/broken circle of
diameter = 0.8d say 19.2 mm to the
bolt.
2d
diameter =1.5d+3 mm, say 39 mm.
R=
(iv) Circumscribe square around the
chamfering circle.
0.8d
(v) Project the Front view from the top
view. Construct a rectangle of size
Ød x length of the bolt, 24x110mm. FRONT VIEW
The end of the bolt is rounded and is
done with the radius equal to the
1.5d+3
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2.5.3 T-BOLT
Fig 2.15
The head of this bolt is just like the English alphabet 'T' Fig 2.15(i). It is "used in machine
tool tables". Corresponding T-slots are cut into the table [see Fig 2.15 (ii)] to
accommodate the T-head of the bolt. A square neck is usually provided with the head.
Example 8 : Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and side view of a T-Headed bolt of diameter
20mm. Keep the axis parallel to V.P and H.P.
Ød
R =
d
T-HEADED BOLT
Fig. 2.16
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Steps Involved
(i) Start with the side view where circles are seen. Draw outer and inner circle of
diameter, d= 25 mm and 0.8d= 20 mm respectively, with inner circle discontinuous
or broken.
(ii) Then the front view is drawn with the shank and bolt head as shown clearly in the
Fig. 2.16
Observe that the square cross section is shown by drawing thin cross lines
0.8d
d
R =0.9d
Fig 2.17(b) shows the pictorial view of a hook bolt. It is segment of a circular plate form of
the bolt of which the head projects only in the side of the shank. The shank of the bolt
passes through a hole in one part only. The other part to be joined comes under the head of
the bolt. A hook bolt is usually provided with a square neck to prevent its rotation while
tightening.
Example 9 : Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and plan of hook bolt with diameter 20 mm,
keeping the axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
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Steps Involved Ød
(i) Start with the view having
circles. Here start with the
R=d
top view. Draw centre lines
and draw outer and inner
circle of diameter d= 20mm
2d+6
and 0.8d= 16mm respectively.
To indicate the external
thread of the bolt, 0.8d circle d 20
is drawn broken.
0.7d 14
(ii) Complete the shank portion of
0.8d 16
0.7d
the front view as shown
clearly in the Fig. 2.18 0.9d 18
(iii) Head portion of the front view
is complete and the square
Radius = 0.9d
cross section is shown as thin
FRONT VIEW
cross lines.
(iv) Complete the hook portion of
the top view by projecting the
front view.
(v) Dimensioning is done as
TOP VIEW
shown in the Fig 2.18
Exercises HOOK BOLT / J-BOLT
Fig 2.18
NOTE: Assume missing dimensions proportionately
1. Draw to scale 1:1, the Front view, Top view and side view of a hexagonal head bolt of
diameter 24mm, keeping the axis parallel to H.P and V.P. The two opposite sides of the
hexagonal head is parallel to V.P. The length of the bolt is 120 mm.
2 Draw to scale 1:1, the Front elevation and Side view of a hexagonal headed bolt of
diameter 20mm, keeping the axis parallel to V.P and H.P. Give standard dimensions.
3 Draw to scale 1:1, the Front elevation and Plan of a hexagonal head bolt of M3O size,
keeping the axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
4 Draw to scale 1:1, the Front view and Side view of a hexagonal headed bolt of diameter
24mm, keeping the axis parallel to V.P and H.P. Two opposite sides of the hexagonal head is
perpendicular to V.P. Take the following dimensions.
Length of the bolt = 120mm
Threaded length of the bolt = 80mm
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5 Draw to scale full size, the Front view, Top view and Side view of a square head bolt of
diameter 24mm, keeping its axis horizontal.
6 Draw to scale 1:1, the Elevation and Plan of a square head bolt of diameter 30mm, when
its axis is perpendicular to H.P. Give standard dimensions.
7 Draw to scale 1:1, the Front view and Side view of a T-head bolt of diameter 20mm. keep
the axis of the bolt parallel to V.P and H.P.
8 Draw to scale 1:1, the Front elevation and Plan of a tee head bolt of diameter 24mm,
keeping the axis perpendicular to H.P.
9 Draw to scale full size, the Elevation and Plan of a hook bolt with diameter = 20mm,
keeping the axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
10 Draw to scale 1:1, the Front view, Side view of a hook bolt with diameter 25mm, when its
axis parallel to V.P and H.P. Give standard dimensions.
2.6 NUTS
A nut is a machine element having a threaded hole that engages with the threaded end of the bolt.
There are different types of nuts in use. In our syllabus, we are going to study about hexagonal nut
and square nut.
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Example 10 : Draw to scale 1:1, the front view, top view and side view of a hexagonal nut of size
M30, keeping the axis perpendicular to H.P. Give standard dimensions.
30°
60° d 30
d
R=
d
0.8d 24
1.5d+3 48
60°
FRONT VIEW LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
HEXAGONAL NUT
Fig 2.20
Steps Involved
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(v) Project the top view to get front view. Front view has three faces if nut is placed
across corner (A/C) and front view has two faces if the nut is placed across flats
(A/F). This is the common position for the nut.
(vi) Chamfering arcs in the front view may be done by any suitable method. One of the
methods is clearly shown in figure 2.20.
• On the front view, describe arc ABC [fig.2.22] of radius 1.2d = 3mm. It cuts
the verticals in A and C. Here d = 25mm.
• On the bisectors we shall expect to find the center of the arcs which flow
through DKA and CE.
• Join DK and bisect at right angles, thus locating the center of arc DKA.
(vii) Side view is projected from front view and top view. Side view and front view have
same height but different width.
K 30°
D A B C E
.2d
d
ØR=1
d
d 25
1.2d 30
1.5d+3 40.5
HEXAGONAL NUT
Fig 2.22
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SQUARE NUTS
Fig 2.23
A square nut is also one of the main forms of nuts. It is a square prism provided with a
threaded hole. The upper corners of a square nut are chamfered in the same way as of
hexagonal nut. Now, let us learn to draw the view of a square nut.
Example 11: Draw to scale 1:1, the Front elevation and Plan of a square nut of diameter 25mm,
keeping its axis vertical and two of the opposite edges of the square face parallel
to V.P.
Steps Involved
(i) Start with the top view. With same point as center, draw three circles of diameter d
= 25 mm, 0.8d = 20 mm, 1.5d =37.5 mm respectively.
(ii) Circumscribe square around the chamfering circle of diameter 1.5d (37.5 mm)
(iii) Project the top view to get the front view. Front view is a rectangle of size
(1.5dxd) 37.5x25 mm.
(v) Chamfering arc in the front view is drawn with the radius R = 2d = 50 mm.
NOTE: that if one face the square nut is seen in the front view, make the corners squared.
(at 90° degree)
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MACHINE DRAWING
d
R=2
FRONT VIEW
Ød d
0.8
1.5 d
d 25
0.8d 20
1.5d 37.5
Example 12 : Draw to scale full size the Front View and Top View of a square nut of diameter
25mm, keeping its axis vertical with the diagonal on the square face parallel to V.P.
30°
60°
60°
d
FRONT VIEW
0.8d
Ød
d 0.8d 1.5d
1.
5
d
25 20 37.5
TOP VIEW
SQUARE NUT ACROSS CORNER
Fig 2.25
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Steps Involved :
(i) Start with the top view. Describe three circles of diameter d = 25mm, 0.8d =
20mm, 1.5d = 37.5mm respectively. (Ød circle is broken to represent the internal
thread of the nut.)
(ii) Circumscribe square around the chamfering circle as shown in Fig 2.25
NOTE: that when two faces of square nut are seen in front view, the corners are
chamfered.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The hexagonal nut takes preference over the other nuts. A spanner is used to turn
the nut on or off the bolt. The jaws of the spanner come across the opposite flats of
the nut. The angle through which the spanner will have to be turned to get another
hold is only 60 in case of a hexagonal nut but 90° for a square nut. Though the angle
is 45 in case of the octagonal nut, it is rarely used due to its complicated process of
construction. So, it is more convenient to screw on a hexagonal nut than a square
nut in a limited space for turning the spanner.
Exercises :
1. Draw to scale 1:1, the front elevation and plan of a hexagonal nut keeping axis
vertical, when two of the opposite sides of the hexagon are parallel to V.P. Give
standard dimensions.
2. Draw to scale 1:1, the Plan and Front View of a hexagonal nut, taking nominal
diameter of the bolt = 30mm, keeping the axis perpendicular to H.P and two
opposite sides of the hexagon perpendicular to V.P. Give standard dimensions.
3. Draw to scale 1:1, the Front View and Plan of square nut, taking nominal diameter
= 30mm, keeping the axis perpendicular to H.P and two opposite sides of the
square parallel to V.P. Give standard dimensions.
4. Draw to scale 1:1, the Front View and Top View of a square nut, taking nominal
diameter =30mm, keeping the axis perpendicular to H.P and two opposite sides of
the square perpendicular to V.P. Give standard dimensions.
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5. Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and plan of a square nut, taking d = 30mm,
keeping the axis perpendicular to H.P and the diagonal of the square face parallel
to V.P. Give standard dimensions.
2.7 WASHER
You must have seen the circular plate called washer fitted in your mini drafter. Even, in jewellery
item like ear tops/studs, washer may be used to tighten the screw. There are two main kinds of
washer used in machinery, namely
We are going to study only about the plain washer in our syllabus.
Example 13: Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and top view of a washer, taking the nominal
diameter of the bolt on which the washer is used = 25mm. Keep the circular face of
the washer parallel to V.P
1
D+
D 2D+3 D/8
25 53 3
D
8
2D+3mm
PLAIN WASHER
Fig 2.27
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Steps Involved
(i) Start with the Front View, which comprises two circles with diameter D+1 = 26mm,
2D+3 = 53mm.
(ii) Project the front view to get the Top View which is a rectangle of size,[(2D+3) x
D/8], 53x3 mm. Complete the Top View as shown in the Fig 2.27
Bolt
Nut
Washer
In the earlier topics, we learnt how to draw the views of bolt, nut and washer separately. Here,
we expect to understand the views of the assembly of bolt, nut and washer.
Example 14: Draw to scale 1:1, the Front View, Top View and side view of a hexagonal headed
bolt of diameter 25mm with hexagonal nut and washer, keeping the axis parallel to
V.P and H.P
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Ø2d+3
d
R=
Ød
0.8d d
W
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
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Example 15: Draw to scale 1:1, the Front View and Side View of an assembly of hexagonal bolt of
diameter 24mm bolt length = 90mm and a hexagonal nut, keeping the axis parallel
to H.P and V.P
Ø0.8d
Ød
1.2 d
L
RIGHT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW
Example 16: Draw to scale 1:1, the Front View and Side View of an assembly of a square bolt of
diameter 25 mm and a square nut, keeping the axis parallel to V.P and H.P. Take
length of the bolt as 100 mm.
R=
2d
Ød
0.8 d
25 20 37.5 50 56 90
MACHINE DRAWING
Exercises:
1. Draw to scale 1:1, the front view, top view and side view of an assembly of
hexagonal headed bolt of 30mm diameter with hexagonal nut and washer, keeping
the axis parallel to V.P and H.P. Give standard dimensions.
2. Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and side view of an assembly of a hexagonal bolt
of diameter 30mm and a hexagonal nut, keeping the axis parallel to V.P and H.P.
3. Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and side view of a square headed bolt of size M24,
fitted with a square nut, keeping their common axis parallel to V.P and H.P.
4. Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and side view of the assembly of square headed
bolt with a hexagonal nut and a washer, with the diameter of bolt as 30mm,
keeping their axis parallel to V.P and H.P and two of the opposite sides of the
square head of the bolt and of the hexagonal nut, parallel to V.P.
Rivets are one of the permanent fasteners and is used widely in steel structures. Rivets are used in
bridges, boilers and other engineering works. A rivet is a simple round rod having head at its one
end (see fig 2.32)
(i) (ii)
RIVETS
Fig 2.32
and the other end is made in the form of head when it is assembled to fasten the parts.
Rivet heads are of many shapes. The most common and easiest form of rivet is "snap head rivet"
(see Fig 2.32 (i)). It is also known as "cup head" or "spherical-head" rivet.
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Lap joints may be single, double and multiple riveted. In class XII, we are going to study the views
of "single" riveted lap joint.
In single riveted lap joint, the plates to be joined together overlap each other and "a single
row of rivets" passes through both the plates.
PITCH
Let us now learn how to draw the views of single riveted lap joint.
Example 17: Draw to scale 1:1, the top view and sectional front view of single riveted lap joint,
when the thickness of the plates to be joined = 16mm.
100
t
d t 25
t
m=1.5d 36
P=3d 72
P=3d
A A
MACHINE DRAWING
Steps Involved:
Before starting the view, the standard dimensions are to be calculated as follows.
The empirical formula for calculating the diameter'd' of the rivet to be used is given as
d = 6√t mm
So, d = √16
= 6x4 mm
The margin 'm' is "the distance from the centre of the rivet to the nearest edge of the
plate", and is taken as m = 1.5d
= 1.5x24
= 36 mm
The pitch 'p' is the distance between the centres of the adjacent rivets, and is taken as
P = 3d
= 3x24
= 72mm
The angle 10 degree is made by the fullering tool (a special punch or chisel) to make the
joint leak proof. (The process of fullering is beyond the scope of this book.)
Then the top view and the sectional front view are to be done as shown clearly in fig 2.34.
The edges of the plates in the top view are shown in wavy lines to represent that "a part of
plates" are shown.
Exercises
NOTE: Assume the missing dimensions proportionately
1. Draw to scale full size, the full sectional front view of a single riveted lap joint,
taking thickness of the plates as 09mm. Give standard dimensions.
2. Draw to scale 1:1, the front view in section and plan of a single riveted lap joint,
taking the thickness of the plates as 25mm. Give standard dimensions.
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MACHINE DRAWING
2.10 INTRODUCTION
FREE HAND SKETCHES OF MACHINE PARTS
In freehand sketches of machine parts, the students must do the drawing without the use
of scale, instrument etc., Appropriate measurement is taken and correspondingly a table
for each figure must be made showing calculated values. The figure must show the
dimensions in terms of diameter 'd'.
(i) Draw a rectangle (see fig 2.36) representing a cylinder with diameter equal to the
nominal diameter of the bolt.
(iii) Make a point B' such that BB' = 0.5xpitch. BB is called as slope = 0.5P for a single
start thread. B' is located on the lower line for a right hand thread (RH thread)
A P
B B'
SLOPE = 0.5 P
RIGHT HAND V-THREAD
Fig 2.36
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MACHINE DRAWING
(iv) Fig 2.36 is the representation of RH thread. In the case of RH thread, for a
clockwise rotation, the thread is screwed on.
(v) Draw two thin lines parallel to the axis representing the roots of the thread.
(vi) On the thick line, mark the divisions equal to pitch. On the thin line, mark the
divisions = (p/2) such that they form the shape of 'V'
(vii) Join root to root points with thick lines and crest to crest points with thin lines
(viii) The side view has two circles representing the crest and root of the thread. Crest
circle is thick and continuous, whereas root circle is drawn thin and incomplete to
represent the external thread.
Similarly the LH-external V-thread can be represented as follows. Note that the
slope point is located on the top line and inclination of the line is opposite of
RH thread. see fig 2.37
Slope = 0.5P
B B'
A
LEFT HAND V-THREAD
Fig 2.37
Fig 2.38 shows the representation of internal V-threads. It shows the sectional view of a
threaded hole in the front view. Thick line indicates the crest and thin line indicates the
root. Section (hatching) lines are extended up to thick lines. The side view shows a thick
circle representing the crest and roots by thin incomplete circle
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MACHINE DRAWING
Fig 2.39(i) shows the conventional representation of external RH square threads. The
figure is self explanatory. Fig 2.39(ii) shows the LH square threads.
P
Slope = 0.5 P
RIGHT HAND SQUARE THREAD
Fig 2.39(i)
P
Fig 2.40(i) shows the representation of RH internal square threads and fig 2.40(ii) shown
LH internal square thread.
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MACHINE DRAWING
Exercises
Note: Take p = 5mm and other dimensions suitably
1. Sketch freehand the conventional representation of internal and external 'V'
threads.
2. Sketch freehand the single start conventional LH external square threads.
3. Sketch freehand the single start conventional RH external square threads.
4. Sketch freehand the conventional representation of internal and external square
threads.
2.12 STUDS
A stud is a cylindrical piece of metal having
threads at both ends and is plain cylinder or
square cross section/ square neck or plain
cylinder or with collar in the central portion. STUD
Fig 2.41
For connecting two parts, one end (metal end) of
the stud is screwed into a threaded hole in one part and the other end (nut end) is passed through
a clearance hole in the other part, so that the plain portion of the stud remains within this hole. A
nut is screwed on the open end of the stud. The portion of the stud where nut is screwed on is
called nut end and the other end of the stud is called metal end or stud end.
Stud is a headless bolt and is used where sufficient space for bolt head is not available. The
following fig 2.42 shows the view of a plain stud, stud with square neck and stud with collar.
NUT END
2d+6
2d+6
2d+6
Ød
Ød
d
0.4 d
1.5 d
d to 1.5d
d to 1.5d
Ød METAL END
MACHINE DRAWING
2d+6
Solution: Fefer Fig 2.43
Steps Involved:
ANY
Ød
(ii) Draw free hand two circles of 1.5d 30
diameters d =20mm and 0.85d = 17
2d+6 46
mm as top view.
END SIDE
d to 1.5 d
METAL
(iii) Draw a rectangle for the front view
with approximate measurements.
TOP VIEW
PLAIN STUD
Fig 2.43
Example 19: Sketch free hand the Front view and Side view of a collar stud with diameter 20
mm, when its axis is parallel to V.P and H.P. Give standard dimensions.
Solution
0.4d
2d+6
R=
Ø 1.5 d
d
Ød
COLLAR STUD
Fig 2.44
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MACHINE DRAWING
Exercises:
NOTE: Assume missing dimensions proportionately
1. Sketch freehand the Front view and Top view of a Plain stud of diameter = 25mm,
keeping its axis perpendicular to H.P. Give standard dimensions.
2. Sketch freehand the Front elevation and Side view of a Plain stud of diameter d =
25mm, with its axis parallel to V.P and H.P.Give standard dimensions.
3. Sketch freehand the Front view and Top view of a stud with a square neck, keeping
the axis perpendicular to H.P. Give standard dimensions.
4. Sketch freehand the Front elevation and Side view of a stud with a square neck,
keeping the axis parallel to V.P.Give standard dimensions.
5. Sketch freehand, the Front view and Plan of a stud with collar, keeping the axis
vertical. Give standard dimensions.
0.25d 0.13d
0.2d
0.8d
R=d
0.8d
0.25d
45°
0.12d
0.85d
0.85d 0.85d 0.85d
L
45°
Ød 0.6d
Ød Ød Ød
TOP VIEW
Ød = 10
TOP VIEW
ROUND CUP HEAD CHEESE HEAD COUNTERSUNK HEAD GRUB SCREW
MACHINE SCREWS Fig 2.46
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MACHINE DRAWING
d L
0.5d
0.85d
Ø 1.5 d
0.8d
Ød
0.12d
FRONT VIEW LEFT SIDE VIEW
SOCKET HEAD SCREW
Fig 2.46
Example 20: Sketch freehand the front view and top view of a cheese head screw of size M2O,
keeping its axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
0.85d
d 20
0.85d 17
Ød
FRONT VIEW 0.2d 04
0.25d 05
0.8d 16
1.5d 30
TOP VIEW
Fig 2.47
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MACHINE DRAWING
Example 21: Sketch freehand the front view and top view of a 90° flat counter sunk machine
screw of size M2O, keeping its axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
0.25d
°
45
d 20
0.85d
0.2d 4
0.25d 5
Ød
FRONT VIEW d/8 2.5
0.85d 17
1.8d 36
TOP VIEW
90° FLAT CSK SCREW
Fig 2.48
Example 22: Sketch freehand the front view and top view of a socket head machine screw of
size M10, keeping its axis perpendicular to H.P. Give standard dimensions.
0.12d
0.85d
d 10
0.5d
0.8d 8
0.85d 8.5
1.5d 15
0.85d
0.12d 1.2
0.5d 5
0.8d
Ød
FRONT VIEW
SOCKET HEAD
MACHINE SCREW
Fig 2.49
TOP VIEW
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MACHINE DRAWING
Exercises
1. Sketch freehand the Front view and Side view of a round head screw of size M10,
keeping its axis horizontal. Give standard dimensions.
2. Sketch freehand the Front view and Top view of cheese head machine screw of size
M10, keeping its axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
3. Sketch freehand the Front view and Top view of a 90 degree flat counter sunk
machine screw of size M10, keeping its axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
4. Sketch freehand the Front view and Side view of a hexagonal socket head machine
screw of size M2O, keeping its axis parallel to V.P and H.P. Give standard
dimensions.
5. Sketch freehand the Front view and Top view of a grub screw of size M10, keeping
its axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
6. Sketch freehand the Front view and Top view of a grub screw of size M2O, keeping
its axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
TYPES OF RIVETS
Fig 2.50
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MACHINE DRAWING
Fig 2.51 shows views of some of the types of rivets given in our syllabus.
Ø1.6d
0.25d
R=0.8d Ød
Ø1.5d Ø2d
0.7d
0.7d
0.5
d
60°
Ød Ød Ød Ød
FRONT VIEW
FRONT VIEW FRONT VIEW FRONT VIEW
Example 23: Sketch freehand the Front view and Top view of a snap head rivet of diameter
20mm, keeping its axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
R=0.8d
0.7d
d 20
0.7d 14
Ød 0.8d 16
FRONT VIEW 1.6d 32
Ø1.6d
MACHINE DRAWING
Example 24: Sketch freehand the front view and top view of a pan head rivet of diameter
20mm, keeping its axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.
0.7d
d 20
0.7d 14
Ød
FRONT VIEW
1.6d 32
TOP VIEW
2.15 KEYS B
HU
Key is piece of metal which is used to fasten two parts together,
specially to join two circular parts together. For example, Y
KE
pulleys, flywheels etc. are joined to the shaft by means of a key.
AT
See fig 2.54. Key is also used to prevent the relative movement Y SE
E AY
between the shaft and the parts mounted on it. Whenever K E YW
K
required, it can be removed easily. So key is one of the T
A F
temporary fasteners. The groove cut on the shaft to SH
accommodate a key is called key seat and the corresponding KEY IN POSITION
groove in the matting piece is called key way. Fig 2.54
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MACHINE DRAWING
T
Sunk keys means, half of the thickness (0.5T)
(measured at the side not on centre line) k within the W
key seat and the other half thickness (0.5T) is within L
the keyway (see fig 2.57). There are different types
of sunk keys viz.
RECTANGULAR
(i) rectangular taper key SUNK KEY
Fig 2.55
(ii) woodruff key
Let us now learn how to draw the views of these sunk keys.
Rectangular sunk taper key is of rectangular cross section, with the thickness not uniform
throughout the length of the key. See fig 2.56
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
T
L
W L
TAPER 1 IN 100 TOP VIEW
W
Let 'D' be the diameter of the shaft, then width of the key, W=D/4
The taper key prevent relative rotational as well as axial movement between the two
mating piece. Generally, the upper surface of the key is tapered and hence the keyway is
also correspondingly tapered. The tapered end is hammered to remove the key from the
joint.
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MACHINE DRAWING
Example 24: Sketch free hand a rectangular taper key, in position, on a shaft of diameter
40mm, keeping the axis of the shaft parallel to V.P and H.P, showing upper half
sectional front elevation. Give standard dimensions.
1.5D
TAPER 1 IN 100
0.5T
W
0.5T
L
ØD
2D
PARALLEL
TO AXIS
D D D 2D
W= T= 1.5D
4 6
40 10 6.7 60 80
Woodruff key is a special sunk key. It looks like a segment of a circular disc. The key seat is
semi circular in shape but the keyway is rectangular. The keyway is smaller in size than the
key seat. The advantage of woodruff key is that it can be easily adjusted in the recess. It is
largely used in machine tools and automobile work.
WOODRUFF KEY
MACHINE DRAWING
Example 26: Sketch freehand the Front view, Top view and Side view of a woodruff key, suitable
for a shaft of diameter 40mm. Give standard dimensions.
0.25t
t 5t t
0.2
R=2t
R=2t SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW
WOODRUFF KEY
TOP VIEW
D
D t= R = 2t 0.25t
6
40 6.7 13.4 10
WOODRUFF KEY
Fig 2.59
Example 27: Sketch freehand a woodruff-key in position, on a shaft of diameter 60mm, keeping
the axis of the shaft parallel to V.P and H.P. Give standard dimensions.
R=2t d 60
0.5t
t 10
0.25t 2.5
0.5t 5
Ød
2t 20
FRONT VIEW SECTIONAL SIDE VIEW
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MACHINE DRAWING
Example 28: Sketch freehand the front view, side view and plan of a double-head gib key for a
shaft of diameter 60mm. Give standard dimensions.
1.5
t
45°
L d 60
FEATHER KEY
1.75t
t
W 15
t 10
45°
1.5t
1.5t 15
1.75t
t
1.75t 17.5
L
TOP VIEW
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MACHINE DRAWING
Example 29: Sketch freehand a double head gib key, in position on a shaft of diameter 60mm,
keeping the axis of the shaft parallel to V.P and H.P. Give standard dimensions.
1.5t HUB d 60
w 15
0.75t
45° W
KEY t 10
1.75t
0.5t 05
1.5t 15
Ød 1.75t 17.5
SHAFT
Exercises:
1. Sketch freehand the Front view, Side view and Plan of a rectangular taper key for a
shaft of diameter 40mm. Give standard dimensions.
2. Sketch freehand the Front view, Side view and Plan of a woodruff key for a shaft of
60mm. diameter. Give standard dimensions.
3. Sketch freehand the Front view, Top view and Side view of a double head gib key
for a shaft of 40 mm. diameter. Give standard dimensions.
6. Sketch freehand a double head gib key in position, for a shaft of 40 mm diameter,
keeping the axis of the shaft parallel to V.P and H.P. Give standard dimensions.
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