Presence of Endangered Red-Crowned Parrots (Amazona viridigenalis) Depends on Urban Landscapes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- What is the current geographical range of Red-crowned Parrots in the USA, and what is the potential for range expansion?
- (2)
- Does a combined model that includes all populations predict presence similarly to individual population models?
- (3)
- What are the important climatic and environmental (anthropogenic) drivers for Red-crowned Parrot presence in the USA?
- (4)
- Are all populations of Red-crowned Parrots in the contiguous USA responding to climate and environmental (anthropogenic) variables similarly?
2. Methods
2.1. Occurrence Data
2.2. Environmental Data
2.2.1. Climatic Variables
2.2.2. Anthropogenic Variables
2.3. Species Distribution Modeling
2.3.1. Model Settings
2.3.2. Model Evaluation
2.3.3. Distribution
3. Results
3.1. Current Red-Crowned Parrot Distribution
3.2. Predicted Habitat Distribution
3.3. Variable Importance
Response Curves
4. Discussion
4.1. Current Geographical Range and Potential for Expansion
4.2. Variation among Models
4.3. Important Climatic and Environmental Drivers of Presence
4.4. Temperature
4.5. Precipitation
4.6. Urbanization and Population Density
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Predicted High Quality (km2) | % of State | Predicted Medium Quality (km2) | % of State | Predicted Unsuitable (km2) | % of State | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
California | 8250 | 2% | 17,489 | 4.30% | 383,661 | 94% |
Texas | 1523 | 0.20% | 5623 | 0.80% | 677,208 | 99% |
Florida | 1690 | 1.20% | 4854 | 3.30% | 139,117 | 96% |
Total | 11,463 | 27,966 | 1,199,986 |
Predicted High Quality (km2) | % of State | Predicted Medium Quality (km2) | % of State | Predicted Unsuitable (km2) | % of State | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
California | 7999 | 2% | 14,577 | 3.60% | 386,824 | 94% |
Texas | 1486 | 0.20% | 4546 | 0.70% | 678,322 | 99% |
Florida | 1986 | 1.40% | 1722 | 1.20% | 141,953 | 97% |
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Kiacz, S.; Wang, H.-H.; Brightsmith, D.J. Presence of Endangered Red-Crowned Parrots (Amazona viridigenalis) Depends on Urban Landscapes. Diversity 2023, 15, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15070878
Kiacz S, Wang H-H, Brightsmith DJ. Presence of Endangered Red-Crowned Parrots (Amazona viridigenalis) Depends on Urban Landscapes. Diversity. 2023; 15(7):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15070878
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiacz, Simon, Hsiao-Hsuan Wang, and Donald J. Brightsmith. 2023. "Presence of Endangered Red-Crowned Parrots (Amazona viridigenalis) Depends on Urban Landscapes" Diversity 15, no. 7: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15070878