Fundamentals of Object-

Oriented Programming (OOP)

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 Why Learn OOP?
• Example: How managing student data at FPT
University efficiently ?

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 Why Learn OOP?
• Helps design modular, reusable, and
maintainable code.
• Widely used in industries like software
development, AI, and IoT.
• Enhances your ability to model real-world
problems programmatically.

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Key Principles of OOP

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 Key Principles of OOP
• Encapsulation: Protecting data by bundling it with
methods.
• Abstraction: Hiding unnecessary details from the user.
• Inheritance: Creating new classes from existing ones.
• Polymorphism: Allowing different classes to respond to
the same function call.

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 Real-World Analogy
• A class is a blueprint for creating objects.
• Example:

Class: Student
Objects: "Nam (AI19b02)"
"Mai (SE22b01)"

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 What is a Class?
• A class is a user-defined data type that acts as a
blueprint for creating objects.

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 What is an Object?
• An object is an instance of a class.

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 Practical Applications
• Example:

Managing student records at FPT University:

Student class for student details.

Course class for course information.
Grade class for student grades.

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What is the Object Lifecycle?
• The Object Lifecycle consists of three main stages:

Creation: When an object is instantiated using

the __init__ method.
Usage: When the object is used in a program
(accessing attributes, calling methods).
Destruction: When the object is deleted or goes
out of scope, triggering the __del__ method (if
defined).
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What is the Object Lifecycle?

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What is the Object Lifecycle?

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 What is Encapsulation?
• Encapsulation means bundling data and methods into
a single unit and restricting access to some of the
object's components.

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 Access Modifiers
• Public: Accessible everywhere.
• Private: Accessible only within the class.
• Protected: Accessible within the class and subclasses.

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 Access Modifiers
• Public: Accessible everywhere.

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 Access Modifiers
• Private: Accessible only within the class.

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 Access Modifiers
• Protected: Accessible within the class and subclasses.

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 Getters and Setters
• Modifying a student's grade securely.

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 Getters and Setters
• Modifying a student's grade securely.

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 What is Abstraction?
• Abstraction focuses on hiding implementation details
and exposing only the essential features to the user.

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 Examples of Abstraction
• Example:

A StudentManagement system that abstracts the

process of retrieving and managing student data.

→Users interact with a simplified interface (e.g.,

"Get Grades") without knowing how data is
fetched or processed internally.

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 Implementing Abstraction
• Use of abstract base classes (ABCs) with the abc
module.

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Using Abstraction

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Using Abstraction

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 What is Modular Design?
• Dividing a program into smaller modules to improve
reusability and maintainability.
• A student management system with modules for
attendance, grades, and courses.

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Benefits of Modular Design
• Code reuse across multiple projects.
• Easier debugging and testing.
• Simplifies collaboration among developers.
•Pie chart: Benefits distribution (50% reusability, 30%
maintainability, 20% debugging).

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Example: Modular Program
• Code reuse across multiple projects.
• Easier debugging and testing.
• Simplifies collaboration among developers.
•Pie chart: Benefits distribution (50% reusability, 30%
maintainability, 20% debugging).

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 Key Concepts Recap
• Classes and objects: Blueprints and instances.
• Encapsulation: Protecting data and methods.
• Abstraction: Hiding unnecessary details.
• Modular Design: Breaking down problems into
smaller, manageable parts.

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 Quiz: Basic Concepts
• Question:
"What is the main difference between a class and an
object?"
• Options:
A. A class is an instance of an object.
B. A class is a blueprint; an object is an instance.
C. Objects contain data, while classes are data
structures.

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 Discussion Prompt
• How can encapsulation improve the security of
student records at FPT University?

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 Recommended Reading
• Resources:

Python documentation: https://docs.python.org

PY4E by Dr. Chuck: https://www.py4e.com

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