INTRODUCTION TO OOP

(Object Oriented Programming):

OOP is a programming paradigm centered

around the concept of objects and classes,
where:
•Objects represent real-world entities with
attributes (data) and behaviors (methods).
•Classes act as blueprints that define the
structure and behavior of objects.
 Why OOP…?

Facilitates
Improves Promotes Ensures Simplifies Team
Enhances Supports
Code Flexibility and Data Complex Collaboration
Maintainability Abstraction
Reusability Scalability Security Problems
 Classes and Objects

Class Object

• A blueprint for • An instance of a class,

creating objects. It representing a
defines the structure specific element with
(attributes) and its own set of
behaviors (methods) attributes.
that the objects will
have.
 Procedural Programming V/S OOP
Aspect OOP Procedural Programming
Follows an object-oriented paradigm, Follows a procedural paradigm, focusing
Programming
focusing on objects that represent real-world on step-by-step instructions or procedures.
Paradigm
entities.
Organized around objects and classes. Organized around functions and
Structure
procedures.
Uses encapsulation to hide data within Data and functions are separate, and data
Data Management objects, allowing access only through is often exposed and accessible globally.
methods.
Achieves high reusability through inheritance Code reusability is limited; relies on
Code Reusability
and polymorphism. functions and libraries.
Offers greater flexibility and scalability, as Less flexible and harder to scale, as
Flexibility and
new objects can be created and extended changes to code often require
Scalability
without affecting existing code. modifications across multiple functions.
Provides better data security through Less secure since data is often exposed
Security encapsulation, restricting direct access to and can be modified directly by any
data. function.
Effectively models real-world entities, making Focuses more on actions and procedures,
Real-world
it easier to represent complex systems. making it less intuitive for modeling real-
Modelling
world scenarios.
Key Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) – Overview
• Bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) into a

Encapsulation single unit, called an object.

• Protects the internal state of an object from external
modification by controlling access through public interfaces.
• Mechanism where one class (child/subclass) derives
proper ties and behavior from another class
Inheritance (parent/superclass).
• Promotes code reuse and establishes a relationship between
classes.

Polymorphis • Allows objects of different classes to be treated as instances

of the same class through method overriding or overloading.

m • Enables a single function or method to work in different ways

depending on the object it is acting upon.

• Hides complex implementation details and exposes only the

Abstraction essential features of an object.

• Helps simplify interactions and reduce complexity by focusing
on high-level operations.
 Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the concept of bundling the data (variables) and methods (functions)
that operate on that data into a single unit, typically a class. It restricts direct access to
some of the object's components and provides controlled access through public
methods.
Data Protection: By restricting direct access to an object’s
internal data, encapsulation prevents accidental or
unauthorized modifications.

Modularity: Encapsulation allows you to group related data and

functions together, making code easier to maintain and
understand.

Code Flexibility: Internal data can be modified without affecting

other parts of the program if proper access methods are used.

Improved Security: Sensitive data can be kept private and only

accessed via specific methods, enhancing security.
 Inheritance
Inheritance is the mechanism by which one class (child class or subclass) inherits
properties and behaviors (methods) from another class (parent class or superclass). This
promotes code reuse and establishes a natural hierarchy between classes.
Code Reusability: Inheritance allows classes to reuse code
from parent classes, avoiding duplication.

Extensibility: Child classes can extend or modify the

functionality of parent classes without altering the original
code.
Maintainability: Common functionality is centralized in the
base class, making it easier to update or fix bugs across all
derived classes.

Modularity: Inheritance helps organize code into modular,

related classes, improving structure and readability.

Method Overriding: Child classes can override parent class

methods to provide specific implementations, enhancing
customization.
 Polymorphism
Polymorphism means "many shapes" and allows objects of different classes to be
treated as objects of a common superclass. It also allows methods to be used in
different ways depending on the object (method overloading and method overriding).
Flexibility: Polymorphism allows objects of different types to be
treated as objects of a common superclass, enabling more
dynamic and flexible code.
Code Reusability: It allows a single method to work with different
object types, reducing the need to write multiple versions of the
same function.
Maintainability: Changes made to a parent class method are
automatically ref le cted in child classes, improving ease of
maintenance.

Extensibility: New classes can implement or override existing

methods, fitting into the existing codebase without modification.

Dynamic Method Invocation: Polymorphism supports dynamic

method invocation at runtime, enabling context-specif ic behavior
based on object type.
 Abstraction
Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex details and showing only the essential
features of an object. It allows the programmer to focus on what an object does instead
of how it does it.
Simplification: Abstraction hides complex implementation details,
showing only essential features, making it easier to understand
and use objects.

Improved Focus: It allows developers to focus on what an object

does rather than how it does it, improving problem-solving
efficiency.

Maintainability: By decoupling implementation from interface,

changes to internal logic do not affect other parts of the code,
making maintenance easier.

Security: Abstraction helps in protecting sensitive data by

exposing only necessary elements, reducing the chance of
accidental misuse.

Modularity: It encourages separation of concerns by def in ing

clear boundaries between different components of the system.
 Benefits of OOP
Code Reusability: OOP allows for the reuse of existing code through inheritance,
enabling you to build upon pre-existing classes without rewriting them, which saves
time and effort.
Scalability and Maintainability: By organizing code into objects and classes, OOP
makes it easier to maintain and update. Changes made to a parent class are
auto mati cal l y i nheri ted by s ubcl as s es , s i mpl i fyi ng bug f ix es and feature
enhancements.
Flexibility through Polymorphism: Polymorphism enables objects of different
classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. This allows for f lexible
and dynamic code, making it easier to add new functionality.

Data Encapsulation: Encapsulation protects data by restricting direct access to it,

ensuring that objects can only interact with data through def ined methods. This
improves data security and integrity.

Modularity: OOP breaks down complex problems into smaller, manageable objects
or modules, making code easier to organize, understand, and debug.

Abstraction: Abstraction hides complex implementation details and exposes only

the essential features, simplifying interactions with objects and reducing complexity.

Real-World Modeling: OOP is effective at modeling real-world entities, making it

intuitive to represent complex systems and processes, which enhances the overall
design of the software.
 Daily uses of OOP

1. Smartphones and Mobile Apps

Most mobile apps, whether for messaging, social media,
gaming, or productivity, are built using OOP principles. Each
app is designed with classes representing different features
or components.
2. Online Shopping (E-commerce)
E-commerce platforms like Amazon and eBay are
developed using OOP. Classes represent products, users,
orders, shopping carts, and payment methods.
3. Smart Home Devices
Smart home ecosystems (e.g., Google Home, Amazon
Alexa) are managed using OOP principles. Devices like
smart lights, thermostats, and security cameras are
represented as objects.
 Daily uses of OOP

4.Smart Wearables (Smartwatches, Fitness Trackers)

Smartwatches and fitness trackers use OOP to manage different
functionalities like tracking steps, monitoring heart rate, and
sending notifications.
5.Web Browsers
Web browsers like Chrome and Firefox are developed using OOP.
Different components such as tabs, bookmarks, and history are
treated as objects.
6. Video Games
Video games make extensive use of OOP to manage characters,
weapons, environments, and game logic.