Introduction to Object Oriented

Programming (Java)
Maiwand University
Faculty of Computer Science
Chapter 1

Lecturer: Ajmal Sahak

May 2025
Contents

• What is Programming
• History of Programming
• Programming Approaches
• Object Oriented Programming
• Importance of OOP
• Class and Object
• Properties and Methods in Objects
• Object Relationships in OOP
• Core Principles of OOP
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
What is Programming

• Programming is the process of giving instructions to a computer to

perform specific tasks.
• It allows humans to communicate with computers using programming
languages.
• Programming languages follow specific rules (syntax) to write clear and
logical instructions.
• Programs are used to solve problems, automate tasks, and build
software, websites, games, and more.
• Learning programming helps develop problem-solving, logical thinking,
and creativity.
• Popular programming languages include C, C++, Java, Python etc.
History of Programming
• Programming began in the early 19th century with Ada Lovelace,
considered the first programmer.
• The first computers used machine code and punch cards.
• Programming evolved from assembly language to high-level languages.
• Key milestones: FORTRAN (1957), COBOL (1959), C (1972), C++ (1983),
Python (1991), Java (1995) and more.
• Java was developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems
in 1995.
• It was designed to be platform-independent, allowing programs to run on
any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• Originally called Oak, it was later renamed Java.
• In 2009, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems and now
maintains Java. Today, it's widely used for web, mobile, and enterprise
applications.
Programming Approaches
• Software is developed to solve real-world problems using device
capabilities. With evolving hardware (not just computers), software
development methods also changed.
• This change led to different approaches in programming.

• Key approaches in programming are as follows:

 Procedural Programming: Based on step-by-step procedures or routines

(functions). Focuses on how a task is performed. Common in early languages
like C, Pascal, Fortran.
 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Models software as interacting objects
based on real-world entities. Uses concepts like classes, inheritance, and
encapsulation. Common in Java, Python, C++.
 Structured Programming: Emphasizes clear control flow (sequence, selection,
loops). Subset of procedural programming with better structure like C, Ada.
 Component-Based Development, Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) etc.
Object Oriented Programming
• OOP emerged in the late 1960s to manage increasing complexity and
maintenance costs.

• It models software using real-world entities through Classes, Objects,

Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism.

• OOP uses real-world objects and their relationships to build models. The
approach mimics human thinking and specialization, making it highly
productive.

• In OOP: Class = factory / Object = product

• These are the core concepts of the object-oriented programming
approach.

• Benefits: Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability.

Importance of OOP

• Maintenance (Easy to Update): Code is organized into classes, so changes are

isolated. Updates or bug fixes can be made without affecting the entire system.
• Extensibility (Easy to Expand): New features can be added by extending existing
classes.
• Reusability (Use Again, Save Time): Well-designed classes can be stored in shared
libraries. Developers can reuse existing components instead of rewriting code.
• Improved Collaboration: Teams can work on different classes/modules
independently. Encourages specialization and cleaner code organization.
• Closer to Real-World Modeling: Objects and classes mimic real-life entities and
relationships. Makes system design more intuitive and easier to understand.
Understanding Classes and Objects
• A class is a blueprint or template that defines the common features
(properties) and behaviors (methods) of a group of similar items.

• An object is a specific instance of a class with real values assigned to its

properties.

• Example:
 Class: Car (defines engine, wheels, accelerate, brake)
 Object: A specific car with plate number “26 AA 001”
 Objects are created based on the class and share the class-defined
behaviors.
Properties and Methods in Objects
• Objects have properties (data like speed, color) and methods (actions like
drive, stop).
• Methods change the state of an object by updating its properties.

• Example (Car object):

 Properties: speed = 50 km/h, gear = 3, fuel = 60%
 Methods: accelerate(), brake(), stop()

• Methods make the object act like a real-life item, enabling interaction and
behavior changes.
Object Relationships in OOP
• Objects can relate to each other through different relationships:
• Association (has-a): One object contains or uses another.
 e.g., A Pencil Case has Pencil objects.
• Dependency (uses-a): e.g., A Car depends on Wheels to function.
• One object needs another to work.

• These relationships reflect how real-world entities interact, making

systems more intuitive and modular.
Core Principles of OOP
• Encapsulation: Hides internal details and exposes only what’s necessary.

• Inheritance: Allows new classes to inherit features from existing ones.

• Polymorphism: Enables different objects to respond to the same message

in different ways.
Encapsulation
• Encapsulation means hiding internal details of a class and exposing only
what’s necessary.
• Ensures that each object maintains a valid and consistent state.
• Initial values and setup are handled through constructors.
• Keeps internal features private to protect data and ensure system
integrity.
• Exposes only the necessary methods and properties to external classes.
Prevents unintended access and changes by limiting visibility.
• How It’s Done:
• Uses access modifiers like public, private, protected to control access:
• Real-Life Analogy:
• Like a TV: common buttons (volume, channel) are visible and usable by
anyone (public).Advanced settings (color, contrast) are hidden behind a
cover—only accessible to users who know how (private/protected).
Inheritance
• Inheritance allows a class to acquire properties and methods from another
class.
• Enables code reuse, reduces redundancy, and supports easier extension of
functionality.
• Key Concepts:
 Base Class (Superclass): The class being inherited from.
 Derived Class (Subclass): The class that inherits features from the base
class.
• Real-Life Analogy: Animal class → common traits (e.g., breathing, eating).
 Mammals, Reptiles, Birds → inherit from Animal and add their own
specific traits.
• Multiple Inheritance:
 A class can inherit from more than one class (e.g., a Truck inheriting
from both Vehicle and TowingMachine).
 Supported in C++, but not directly in Java. In Java, multiple inheritance
is achieved using interfaces and abstract classes.
Polymorphism
• Polymorphism allows objects to perform the same operation in different ways,
depending on their class.
• The same method can act differently based on the object calling it.
• Different Behaviors, Same Interface: Classes may have methods with the same
name but different implementations. Objects of subclasses can be treated as
objects of the parent class.
• Real-Life Example: Printer Example: A Printer class with a print() method. Color
Printer: Prints in color. Black & White Printer: Prints in black and white. Both use
the same print() method but produce different results.
• Why is it Useful?
 Simplifies Code: You don't need to know the specific class of an object, just call the
same method.
 Flexibility: Allows new classes to be added without altering existing code.
Thank You