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Windows Programs Assignment

The document outlines fundamental concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Windows programming, including objects, classes, and four key principles: abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. It explains how abstraction simplifies complex systems, encapsulation protects data integrity, polymorphism allows for method flexibility, and inheritance promotes code reusability. Each principle is detailed with key aspects that highlight their importance in creating modular and maintainable code.

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15 views8 pages

Windows Programs Assignment

The document outlines fundamental concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Windows programming, including objects, classes, and four key principles: abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. It explains how abstraction simplifies complex systems, encapsulation protects data integrity, polymorphism allows for method flexibility, and inheritance promotes code reusability. Each principle is detailed with key aspects that highlight their importance in creating modular and maintainable code.

Uploaded by

fansam1298
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Windows

programming
assignment
Object
• an object in Windows programming is a
fundamental concept that represents a specific
instance of a class with its own state and behavior,
allowing developers to create modular and
reusable code.
• In Windows programming, particularly in the
context of object-oriented programming (OOP), an
"object" refers to an instance of a class.
Class
• A class is a blueprint or template that defines the
properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods or
functions) that the objects created from it will
have..
• There are 4 key concepts in OOP:
1.Abstraction
2.Encapsulation
3.Polymorphism
4.Inheritance
Abstraction
Abstraction is a fundamental principle of object-oriented programming (OOP) that focuses on simplifying complex systems by modeling classes based on the
essential properties and behaviors an object should have, while hiding the unnecessary details. It allows programmers to define interfaces and abstract classes
that represent general concepts, which can then be implemented in more specific ways by concrete classes.

▎Key Aspects of Abstraction

1. Simplification:

• Abstraction helps in reducing complexity by allowing developers to focus on high-level functionalities rather than low-level implementation details.

2. Abstract Classes and Interfaces:

• Abstract Class: A class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is meant to be subclassed. It can contain both abstract methods (without implementation)
and concrete methods (with implementation).
• Interface: A contract that defines a set of methods that implementing classes must provide. Interfaces do not contain any implementation; they only specify
the method signatures.

3. Encapsulation vs. Abstraction:

• While encapsulation is about hiding the internal state of an object and protecting it from unauthorized access, abstraction is about hiding the complexity of the
system by providing a simplified interface.

4. Real-World Modeling:

• • Abstraction helps in modeling real-world entities by defining their essential characteristics while ignoring irrelevant details. This makes it easier to design
systems that reflect real-world process
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is one of the fundamental principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) that refers to the bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data
into a single unit, typically a class. It restricts direct access to some of an object's components and can prevent the accidental modification of data. This is achieved by using access
modifiers to control the visibility of class members.

▎Key Aspects of Encapsulation

1. Data Hiding:

• Encapsulation allows for hiding the internal state of an object from the outside world. By restricting access to certain components, you can protect the integrity of the object's data.

2. Access Modifiers:

• Access modifiers define the accessibility of classes, methods, and variables. Common access modifiers include:

• Public: Members are accessible from any other code.

• Private: Members are accessible only within the same class.

• Protected: Members are accessible within the same class and by derived classes.

• Internal: Members are accessible only within the same assembly (in languages like C#).

• 3. Getters and Setters:


• • To provide controlled access to private data, encapsulation often uses getter and setter methods. These methods allow you to read and modify private variables while enforcing
rules or validation.
•
• 4. Improved Maintainability:
•
• Encapsulation leads to better organization of code, making it easier to maintain and modify since changes to encapsulated classes can be made independently
Polymorphism
Polymorphism is a core concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a
common super class. It enables a single interface to represent different underlying forms (data types). Polymorphism is primarily achieved
through method overriding and method overloading.

▎Key Aspects of Polymorphism

1. Types of Polymorphism:

• Compile-time Polymorphism (Static Binding): This is achieved through method overloading and operator overloading. The method to be
executed is determined at compile time.

• Run-time Polymorphism (Dynamic Binding): This is achieved through method overriding, where a method in a derived class has the same
name and signature as a method in its base class. The method that gets executed is determined at runtime based on the object's actual type.

2. Method Overriding:

• In run-time polymorphism, a derived class can provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its base class. This
allows for dynamic method resolution.

3. Interfaces and Abstract Classes:

• • Polymorphism often utilizes interfaces and abstract classes, which define methods that derived classes must implement. This ensures
that different classes can be treated uniformly, even though they may have different implementations.
Inheritance
Inheritance is another fundamental principle of object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a
new class to inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from an existing class. This mechanism
promotes code reusability and establishes a hierarchical relationship between classes.

▎Key Aspects of Inheritance

1. Base Class (Parent Class) and Derived Class (Child Class)


2. Code Reusability:
• Inheritance allows developers to create new classes based on existing ones, promoting code
reuse. Instead of writing duplicate code, you can extend existing classes.
3. Method Overriding:
• A derived class can provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its
base class. This feature is known as method overriding and allows for polymorphic behavior.
4. Single and Multiple Inheritance:
• Single Inheritance: A derived class inherits from one base class.
• • Multiple Inheritance: A derived class can inherit from multiple base classes.

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