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Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations between thermal, mechanical, and other forms. A thermodynamic system exchanges heat and work with its surroundings and may be open or closed. The internal energy of a system is the sum of all microscopic energies of its particles. A system's state is defined by its properties like temperature and pressure, and it is in equilibrium when these properties do not change. Thermodynamic processes involve a system changing between equilibrium states through heat and work interactions.

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Farhan Mukhtiar Yousafzai
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43 views

Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations between thermal, mechanical, and other forms. A thermodynamic system exchanges heat and work with its surroundings and may be open or closed. The internal energy of a system is the sum of all microscopic energies of its particles. A system's state is defined by its properties like temperature and pressure, and it is in equilibrium when these properties do not change. Thermodynamic processes involve a system changing between equilibrium states through heat and work interactions.

Uploaded by

Farhan Mukhtiar Yousafzai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

CHAPTER

Basic
Concepts of
Thermodynamics
What is thermodynamics?
• The study of thermodynamics is concerned with ways energy is
stored within a body and how energy transformations, which
involve heat and work, may take place.

• Approaches to studying thermodynamics


 Macroscopic (Classical thermodynamics)
 study large number of particles (molecules) that make up
the substance in question
 does not require knowledge of the behavior of individual
molecules
 Microscopic (Statistical thermodynamics)
 concerned within behavior of individual particles
(molecules)
 study average behavior of large groups of individual
particles
1-1

Applications of
Thermodynamics

The human body


Air-conditioning Airplanes
systems

Car radiators Power plants Refrigeration systems


Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic System
 quantity of matter or a region
of space chosen for study
Boundary

 real or imaginary layer that


separates the system from its
surroundings
Surroundings

 physical space outside the


system boundary
 Types of Systems
 Closed
 Open
1-2

Closed Systems (fixed masses)


Energy, not mass, crosses closed-system boundaries

 (Fig. 1-13)
1-3

Closed System with Moving


Boundry
1-4

Open Systems (Control Volumes)


Mass and Energy Cross Control Volume Boundaries
Isolated System
• Closed system where no heat or work (energy) may cross the system boundary
 typically a collection of the a main system (or several systems)
and its surroundings is considered an isolated system

Isolated system boundary

work system
mass
Surr 1 heat

Surr 2 Surr 3
Total Energy of a System
• Sum of all forms of energy (i.e., thermal, mechanical, kinetic,
potential, electrical, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear) that can exist
in a system
• For systems we typically deal with in this course, sum of internal,
kinetic, and potential energies

 E = U + KE + PE

 E = Total energy of system


 U = internal energy
 KE = kinetic energy = mV2/2
 PE = potential energy = mgz
1-5

System’s Internal Energy


System’s Internal Energy = Sum of Microscopic Energies

 (Fig. 1-19)
Properties
• Any characteristic of a system in equilibrium is called a
property.
• Types of properties
 Extensive properties - vary directly with the size
of the system
Examples: volume, mass, total energy
 Intensive properties - are independent of the
size of the system
Examples: temperature, pressure, color
• Extensive properties per unit mass are intensive properties.
specific volume v = Volume/Mass = V/m
density  = Mass/Volume = m/V
State & Equilibrium
• State of a system
 system that is not undergoing any change
 all properties of system are known & are not
changing
 if one property changes then the state of the
system changes
• Thermodynamic equilibrium
 “equilibrium” - state of balance
 A system is in equilibrium if it maintains thermal
(uniform temperature), mechanical (uniform
pressure), phase (mass of two phases), and
chemical equilibrium
Processes & Paths
• Process
 when a system changes from one equilibrium state to
another one
 some special processes:
 isobaric process - constant pressure process
 isothermal process - constant temperature
process
 isochoric process - constant volume process
 isentropic process - constant entropy (Chap. 6)
process
• Path
 series of states which a system passes through during a
process
1-7

Compression Process
1-6

Quasi-Equilibrium Processes

• System remains practically in


equilibrium at all times
• Easier to analyze (equations of state
can apply)
• Work-producing devices deliver the
most work
• Work-consuming devices consume
the least amount of work
State Postulate & Cycles
• State Postulate
 The thermodynamic state of a simple compressible
substance is completely specified by two independent
intensive properties.

• Cycles
 A process (or a series
2 of connected processes) with identical
end states
P Process
B

1
Process
A

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