BASIC

MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Mr. Asisha Ranjan Pradhan
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Parala Maharaja Engineering College (P.M.E.C), Berhampur
 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MODULE – I (11 Classes)
Thermodynamics: Systems, Properties, Process, State, Cycle, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Zeroth Law, First law and Second
Law of Thermodynamics, Basic Concept Entropy, Properties of ideal gas, Properties of pure substances, Enthalpy, Specific
volume, Internal energy and dryness fraction of steam, use of Steam tables. Related numerical.
MODULE – II (8 Classes)
Application of Thermodynamics: Single stage air compressor, Steam Power Plant, I.C. Engines (Brief Description on
working principles with Schematic diagrams only)
Elements of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
Properties used in Fluid Mechanics, Fluid Statics, Kinematics and Dynamics (Concepts only), Heat transfer and
Classifications (Concepts only)
MODULE – III (7 Classes)
Introduction to Manufacturing: Classification of engineering materials, Material Properties, Manufacturing processes:
Welding, Casting, Forming (Basics only)
MODULE-4 (4 Classes)
Basic Power transmission devices: Belt, Gear drives, clutch, brakes. (Working principle only)
Introduction to Robotics: Robot anatomy, Joints and links and common robot configurations. 2
 TEXT BOOKS
• Basic Mechanical Engineering by Pravin Kumar, Pearson
• Basic Mechanical Engineering by A R Israni, P K Shah, BS Publications
• Text book of Elements of Mechanical Engineering, S T Murthy, Universities press
• Basic and applied Thermodynamics by P. K. Nag, Tata McGraw Hill

REFERENCE BOOKS:

• Basic Mechanical Engineering by.D. Mishra, P. KParida, S.S.Sahoo, India

Tech Publishing company

• Elements of Mechanical Engineering by J K Kittur and G D Gokak,Willey

• Basic Mechanical Engineering by BasantAgrawal, C M Agrawal,Willey

• Engineering Thermodynamics by P. Chattopadhaya, Oxford University Press

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Learning Outcomes
o Comprehending the Law of Thermodynamics
o Being aware of how crucial thermodynamics is to IC engines, power plants, refrigerators,
and Heat Pump
o Being aware of fluid mechanics and heat transfer concepts
o Recognizing the functions of Engineering materials
o Have a fundamental understanding of welding, Casting, Forming and other manufacturing
techniques.
o Recognizing fundamental power transfer mechanisms and aware of the fundamental
robotics system.

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BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 1:
Concept of Thermodynamics &
Properties of Gases

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Learning Objectives

❑ To describe the basic concepts of thermodynamics

❑ To state the gas laws and solve related problems

❑ To state the laws of thermodynamics

❑ To apply the laws of thermodynamics for different engineering applications

 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics

Thermo Dynamics
(Heat) (Movements)

• Thermodynamics is the science which deals with energy transfer and its effect on physical properties of
substances.
• Thermodynamics is a branch of science and engineering that deals with interaction of energy mainly in
the forms of heat and work.
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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

Classical Statistical

Macroscopic Microscopic

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Macroscopic (Classical Thermodynamics)
➢ In this approach, a certain quantity or volume of the matter is considered,
without taking into account the events occurring at the molecular level.

➢ This approach to the study of thermodynamic properties does not require

knowledge of the behavior of individual particles.

➢ It is only concerned with the effects of the action of many combined molecules,
and these effects can be perceived by human senses.

➢ The macroscopic observations are completely independent of the assumptions

regarding the nature of matter.
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Microscopic (Statistical Thermodynamics)
➢ From the microscopic viewpoint, it is assumed that matter is composed of a
large number of small molecules and atoms.

➢ This approach to the study of thermodynamics requires knowledge of the

behavior of individual particles.

➢ It is concerned with the effects of the action of many molecules, and these
effects cannot be perceived by human senses.

➢ The microscopic observations are completely dependent on the assumptions

regarding the nature of matter.
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System, Surrounding and Boundary
A system is a region containing energy and/or matter that is separated from its
surroundings by arbitrarily imposed walls or boundaries. In a thermodynamic
analysis, the system is the subject of the investigation.
Surroundings
A boundary is a closed surface surrounding a
system through which energy and mass may
enter or leave the system.
Everything external to the
system is the surroundings. Boundary

System

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System
In the study of thermodynamics, systems are classified based on their
interactions with the surroundings. The three main types of thermodynamic
systems are:

System

Closed Open Isolated

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Open System
A system that can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.
Both mass and energy can flow across the system boundaries.

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Closed System
A system that can exchange energy with its surroundings, but not mass. The
total mass of a closed system remains constant, but energy can be transferred
across its boundaries.

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Isolated System
A system that does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings.
The total energy and mass within an isolated system remain constant.

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Properties of a System
Any characteristic of a system by which its physical condition is defined called as
property.
Example: Pressure, temperature, volume, mass, viscosity, thermal conductivity etc.

Intensive
Properties
Extensive
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Intensive Property
• The properties which doesn’t change with respect to change in mass and
size of the system is called intensive properties.

• Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system.

Example: Pressure, Temperature, density, viscosity, etc.

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Extensive Property
• The properties which changes with respect to change in mass and size of
the system is called extensive properties.

• Extensive properties are those that are dependent of the mass of a system.

Example: Mass, volume, kinetic energy, internal energy, etc.

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Specific Property
• It is defined as the ratio of extensive property per unit mass.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Example: = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

• The ratio of extensive property to extensive property is intensive property.

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Example: = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

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State
• At any instant of time, the condition of a system is called a state.

• The state at a given instant of time is defined by the properties of the

system such as pressure, volume, temperature, etc.

• A property is any quantity whose numerical value depends on the state but
not on the history of the system.

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Equilibrium
• Thermodynamic equilibrium is a state in which a thermodynamic system
has settled into a stable configuration with respect to its properties, and
there is no net change in those properties over time.

• It is a state of balance where the system's variables, such as temperature,

pressure, and chemical potential, remain constant.

Thermal equilibrium: Temperature should be same throughout the system.

Mechanical equilibrium: Unbalanced forces should be absent, e.g., change in pressure.
Chemical equilibrium: No chemical reaction and mass transfer occur.

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Process
A system is said to undergo a Process, When any property of a system changes
its value and there is a change in the state.

Path
The path represents the collection of all the intermediate states that a thermodynamic
system passes through as it undergoes a process from its initial state to its final state.
The path is the loci of series of state changes from initial state to final state during a
process.

Cycle
When a system from a given initial state goes into a sequence of processes and
finally returns to its initial state, it is said to have undergone a cycle.

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Boyle’s law
Boyle’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given
mass, kept at a constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume
occupied by it.

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Charles law
Charles law states that the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature at constant pressure.

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Avogadro’s law
Avogadro’s law is a gas law which states that the total number of atoms/molecules
of a gas is directly proportional to the volume occupied by the gas at constant
temperature and pressure.

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Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a
given mass and kept at a constant volume) varies directly with the absolute
temperature of the gas.

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Ideal gas law
The ideal gas law states that the product of the pressure and the volume of one
gram molecule of an ideal gas is equal to the product of the absolute temperature
of the gas and the universal gas constant.
It is the combination of Charles’s law, Boyle’s Law, Avogadro’s law, and Gay-
Lussac’s law.

PV = nRT

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Thermodynamic Process
1. Constant volume (Isochoric/Isometric) PV = nRT
2. Constant pressure (Isobaric/isopiestic)
3. Constant temperature (Isothermal)
4. Adiabatic process
5. Polytropic process

For monoatomic gas, γ = 1.66

For diatomic gas, γ = 1.40
For triatomic gas, γ = 1.33

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Slope of Thermodynamic Process

1<n<γ

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