10/5/2020 communication and system (lab)

Lab no 1:

Familiarization with lab equipment’s

Objective:

To familiarize with different lab equipment’s and their uses

Equipment’s:

Oscilloscope

Am transmitter system

Am receiver system

Theory:

Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of
electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the instantaneous signal voltage as a function of
time.
A typical oscilloscope can display alternating current (AC) or pulsating direct current (DC) waveforms
having a frequency as low as approximately 1 hertz (Hz) or as high as several megahertz (MHz).
High-end oscilloscopes can display signals having frequencies up to several hundred gigahertz ( GHz).
The display is broken up into so-called horizontal divisions (hor div) and vertical divisions (vert div). Time
is displayed from left to right on the horizontal scale. Instantaneous voltage appears on the vertical
scale, with positive values going upward and negative values going downward.
In any oscilloscope, the horizontal sweep is measured in seconds per division (s/div), milliseconds per
division (ms/div), microseconds per division (s/div), or nanoseconds per division (ns/div). The vertical
deflection is measured in volts per division (V/div), millivolts per division (mV/div), or microvolts per
division (?V/div). Virtually all oscilloscopes have adjustable horizontal sweep and vertical deflection
settings.
Modulation:
The modulation is simply a method of combining two different signals and is used in the transmitter
section of a communication system. The two signals that are used are the information signal and the
carrier signal. The information signal is the signal that is to be transmitted and received and is
sometimes referred to as the intelligence .The carrier signal allows the information signal to be
transmitted efficiently through the transmission media. The carrier signal is normally generated by an
oscillator and has a constant frequency and amplitude. The information signal that is fed into the
transmitter modifies the carrier signal.
Amplitude Modulation:
It is the simplest form of signal processing in which the carrier amplitude is simply changed according to
the amplitude of the information signal hence the name amplitude modulation. When the information

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signals amplitude is increased the carrier signals amplitude is increased and when the information
signals amplitude is decreased the carrier signals amplitude is decreased .In other words the ENVELOPE
of the carrier signals amplitude contains the information signal.
Am transmitter system:
In an amplitude modulation (AM) transmitter, the information is added to the radio signal by
varying its amplitude.
AM transmitter takes the audio signal as an input and delivers amplitude modulated wave to the
antenna as an output to be transmitted. The block diagram of AM transmitter is shown in the
following figure.

The working of AM transmitter can be explained as follows.

 The audio signal from the output of the microphone is sent to the pre-amplifier, which
boosts the level of the modulating signal.
 The RF oscillator generates the carrier signal.
 Both the modulating and the carrier signal are sent to AM modulator.
 Power amplifier is used to increase the power levels of AM wave. This wave is finally
passed to the antenna to be transmitted.

Am receiver system:

AM Receiver

AM Receiver Block Diagram

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An AM receiver is made up of the major elements shown in the block diagram above. The links are used
to provide a more in depth definition of the terms used in the discussion. The system is set up to receive
and detect an Amplitude Modulated Signal. An Amplitude Modulation system varies the amplitude of
the carrier in step to the amplitude changes of a modulating signal. The variation in the amplitude of the
signal is the intelligence, while the carrier is used to transmit the information.

The Antenna of course receives the AM signal over the air waves. The received AM signal is then feed to
a low noise RF amplifier, which amplifies the signal. An RF amplifier is a wide-band amplifier operating
in the RF frequency range.

A Local Oscillator is used within the AM receiver to generate a fixed frequency which is feed to an RF
mixer along with the amplified RF signal. The Mixer combines the two signals and outputs an amplitude
modulated signal at the frequency of the IF carrier.

The IF carrier frequency is the difference frequency between the RF carrier frequency and the local
oscillator frequency [shown as Oscillator Wave]. The lower frequency IF signal is used to reduce the
complexity of the follow-on circuitry. The IF amplifier is again used to amplify the signal, now at a lower
frequency, which is then sent to the Detector.

The detector [or AM detector] is used to decode the signal envelope or amplitude modulation from the
incoming IF. Other names used for the detector include envelope detector and diode detector. In the
simplest form of an envelope detector only three components are required; a diode, resistor and a
capacitor. The diode only allows the positive portion of the signal through, rectifying the signal. The
capacitor filters signal removing the IF component or carrier. The result is the amplitude modulated
portion of the signal or the audio signal.

The audio signal this then input to an AF amplifier, or audio frequency amplifier. The Audio
Amplifier amplifies the signal to a point that will drive a speaker. Like any system, the Speaker will vary
depending on the needs of the device.

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