MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER SEVEN
TRANSFORMATIONS OF STRESS AND
STRAIN

Prepared by : Dr. Mahmoud Rababah 1

 7.1 INTRODUCTION
❑ Failure can occur in any angle.
❑ It is irrelevant to the assumed coordinates.

General loading condition is:

2
A special case of stress is the plane stress where only
 x ,  y and  xy components are existed.

Examples of plane stress are:

3
Recall section 1.11

F
x =  xy = 0
A

F F
 x ' = cos 2  x' y' = − sin cos
A A
4
7.2 TRANSFORMATION OF PLANE STRESS

5
F x' = 0 :  x ' A −  x (A cos  ) cos  −  xy (A cos  ) sin 
−  y (A sin  ) sin  −  xy ( A sin  ) cos  = 0
 x ' =  x cos 2  +  y sin 2  + 2 xy sin  cos  (1)
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F y' = 0 :  x ' y ' A +  x (A cos  ) sin  −  xy ( A cos  ) cos 
−  y (A sin  ) cos  +  xy ( A sin  ) sin  = 0
 x ' y ' = −( x −  y ) sin  cos  +  xy (cos 2  − sin 2  ) (2)
in same manner,  y ' is obtained as
 y ' =  x sin 2  +  y cos 2  − 2 xy sin  cos  (3)

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TRANSFORMATION EQUATIONS SUMMARY

 x ' =  x cos 2  +  y sin 2  + 2 xy sin  cos  (1)

 y ' =  x sin 2  +  y cos 2  − 2 xy sin  cos  (2)
 x ' y ' = −( x −  y ) sin  cos  +  xy (cos 2  − sin 2  ) (3)
The equations can also be rewritten as:
x + y  x − y
 x' = + cos 2 +  xy sin 2 (1)
2 2
x + y  x − y
 y' = − cos 2 −  xy sin 2 (2)
2 2
 x − y
 x' y' = − sin 2 +  xy cos 2 (3)
2
8
 Example: Find the stress on a
surface making an angle 30o as
shown in the figure aside.

Solution :
To coincide  x with the required surface,
a rotation of 60o ccw is required, then :
 x ' = −80 cos 2 60 + 50sin 2 60 − 50sin 60 cos 60 = −4.15 MPa
 y ' = −80sin 2 60 + 50 cos 2 60 + 50sin 60 cos 60 = −25.8 MPa
 x ' y ' = (80 + 50) sin 60 cos 60 − 25(cos 2 60 − sin 2 60) = 68.79 MPa

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7.3 PRINCIPAL STRESSES
(MAXIMUM SHEARING STRESS)

❑ The maximum stresses can be

obtained by finding the angle where
the stress is maximum. i.e.

dx ' 2 xy
=0 → tan 2 P =
d x − y

x + y   x − y 
2

 min,max =  x ' | →  min,max =    +  xy

2

 = P 2  2 
 | =0 The stresses are called principal stresses and
 = P
denoted as  1 and  2 , where  1   2
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❑ When the stress is principal (maximum and
minimum), shear stresses does not exist

 | =0
 = P

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The maximum shear stresses can be obtained by finding the angle
where the shear stress is maximum. i.e.

d x 'y ' − ( x −  y )
=0 → tan 2S =
d 2 xy

note that tan 2 S is the negative reciprocal of tan2 P

i.e. 2 S and 2 P are 90o apart.
i.e. the maximum shear stress is located 45o from
the principal planes.

  x − y 
2

 max =  x ' y ' | →  max =   +  xy

2

 = S  2 
x + y
 | =  ave = When the shear stress is maximum,
 = S 2 normal stresses are still exist
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Example: Find the principal stresses
and the maximum shear stress and
their planes.

Solution :
2 xy
tan 2 P = →  P1,2 = 66.3o ,-23.7 o
 x − y

x + y   x − y 
2

 1,2 =    +  xy
2

2  2 
 1 = 116 MPa,  2 = −46.4 MPa
to know which angle correspoinds to  1
apply  x ' | .
 = P1

Conclude that  P1 corresponds  1

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the maximum shear stress is

  x − y 
2

 1,2 =   +  xy
2
= 81.4 MPa
 2 
− ( x −  y )
tan 2 S =
2 xy
 S = 21.3o ,  S = 111.3o
1 2

x + y
 ave = = 35 MPa
2
check at  x ' y ' | = +81.4 MPa
 = S 1

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FURTHER DISCUSSION

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Example:Find the principal
stresses and the maximum
shear stress for the rod
shown.
Solution :
Tc
apply  = , to get 
J
assume  = 50 MPa

 1,2 = 50 MPa

 P = 45o
1,2

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Example: Find the maximum
normal stress for the member
shown aside

M x  c 270  0.018
y = = = 58.9 MPa
I 
(0.036) 4
64
T  c 486  0.018
 xy = = = 53.1 MPa
J 
(0.036) 4 17
32
 x + y   x − y 
2

 1,2 =    +  xy
2

2  2 
 1 = 90.2 MPa,  2 = −32.3 MPa
2 xy
tan 2 P = →  P1,2 = −30.5o ,59.5o
 x − y

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 7.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS
x + y  x − y
 x' = + cos 2 +  xy sin 2
2 2
x + y  x − y
 x' − = cos 2 +  xy sin 2 (1)
2 2
 x − y
 x' y' = − sin 2 +  xy cos 2 (2)
2
square both equations and sum them, we will get
x + y    x − y 
2 2

 + ( xy )
2 2
 x ' −  +  x ' y '  = 
  (*)
 2   2 
let
x + y
 ave =
2
  x − y 
2

 + ( xy )
2
R= 
 2 
then, * will be rewritten as
( x ' −  ave ) + ( x ' y ' ) = R 2
2 2
(Equation of a circle) 19
 center = ( ave , 0)
points on the circle
( x , − xy )
( y , xy )

▪ At the stress orientation represented by the black line; if you rotate the
element ccw by P you will get the principal stresses.
▪ If you rotate cw by S you will get the maximum shear 20
Example: Draw the mohr’s
circle for the shown element.

Solution :
x + y
 ave = = −6 MPa
2
 x − y 
2

 + ( xy ) = 8.49 MPa
2
R= 
 2 

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  6 
2 P =tan 
−1

 12 − 6 
→  P = 22.5
→ S = 22.5
22
▪ if you rotate the element ccw by ▪ If you rotate cw by 22.5 deg.
22.5 deg. you will get the you will get the maximum
principal stresses. shear stress.
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Example: Draw the mohr’s
circle for the shown element.

Solution :
x + y
 ave = = 37.5 MPa
2
 x − y 
2

 + ( xy ) = 50.56 MPa
2
R= 
 2 

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  50 
2 P =tan −1  
 45 − 37.5 
→  P = 40.75
→ S = 4.25

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▪ if you rotate the element cw by ▪ If you rotate ccw by 4.25 deg.
40.75 deg. you will get the you will get the maximum
principal stresses. shear stress.

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 7.5 GENERAL STATE OF STRESS

N = x i +  y j + z k

27
F n =0
 n =  x x2 +  y  y2 +  z z2 +  xy x  y +  xz x z +  yz  y z
 n =  112 +  222 +  332
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7.6 APPLICATION OF MOHR’S CIRCLE TO THE
THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF
STRESS (MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS)

 max −  min
 max =
2
(if  max and  min having opposite signs)
 max
 max =
2
(if both  max and  min having same signs)
29
1   2  0 1   2  0

30
1  0   2

31
 7.7 YIELD CRITERIA FOR DUCTILE MATERIALS
UNDER PLANE STRESS

1- Maximum-Shearing-Stress Criterion.
Failure occurs by slippage of the material
along oblique surfaces and is due
primarily to shearing stresses (form a
cone shape of angle 45o).
 max   y (No failure occurs)
 max
in uniaxial loading  max = . Thus to avoid failure
2
a   y b   y
in plane stress loading
 a −  b   y ( a and  b are having opposite signs)
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❑ Stress state located in the
blue region will not cause
failure.

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2- Maximum-Distortion-Energy Criterion.(von Mises criterion)

 a2 −  a b +  b2   y

the maximum-shearing stress

criterion is more conservative than
the maximum distortion energy
criterion.

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 7.8 FRACTURE CRITERIA FOR BRITTLE
MATERIALS UNDER PLANE STRESS

1- Maximum-Normal-Stress Criterion.

 a  U  b  U

Microscopic cracks or cavities,

which tend to weaken the material in
tension, will not affect its resistance
to compressive failure. Thus

 UC   UT

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 2- Mohr’s Criterion.

 a  U  b  U  a + and  b +
 a  U  b  U  a − and  b −

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❑ Many tests can be conducted to draw circles between the two
circles to draw the envelope (red curve)

37
3- simplified mohr’s circle criterion
or to save conducting many tests assume the envelope as a straight
tangent lines between the circles (it will then be more conservative).

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Example: Find the factor of safety using
(a) Maximum shearing stress criterion.
(b) von mises criterion.
given  Y = 250 MPa

Solution :
x + y   x − y 
2

 1,2 =    +  xy
2

2  2 
 1 = 85 MPa,  2 = −45 MPa
(a) Maximum-Shearing-Stress Criterion (b) Maximum-Distortion-Energy Criterion
1  
2
 Y =  Y = 125 MPa  a2 −  a b +  b2 =  Y 
2  F .S 
85 − (−45) F .S = 2.19
 max = = 65 MPa
2
120 MPa
F .S = = 1.92
65 MPa
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7.9 STRESSES IN THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

radius
r
if  10 (thin-walled vessel)
t
thickness
❑ Two types of vessels are mainly
considered.
1- The cylindrical vessels.
2- The spherical vessels.
❑ Since the thickness is small, the stress distribution throughout the
thickness will not vary significantly. (state of plane stress)
❑ The pressure inside the vessels is measured as gauge pressure
(i.e. The difference between the inside and the outside pressures).
40
Cylindrical vessels
1 is called hoop stress
2 is called longitudinal stress

F = 0
2 1t x = p  2r  x
pr
1 =
t

41
F = 0
 2 (2 rt ) = p   r 2
pr
2 =
2t

42
Spherical vessels

F = 0
 2 (2 rt ) = p   r 2
pr
1 =  2 =
2t
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Example :
 all = 140 MPa for both cylindrical and spherical vessels.
r = 1.2 m. and t = 12 mm. Find pall

Solution :
for cylinder
pr
 all = → pall = 2.8 MPa
t
for spherical
pr
 all = → pall = 5.6 MPa
2t

44
Example :
d = 0.9 mm
Ahoop = 125 mm 2 (steel ring)
 all = 84 MPa
p = 28 kPa
Find s

Solution :
F = 0
p  2r  s − 2 F = 0
F = prs = 12600s
F
 all = = 84 MPa
A
s = 833.33 mm 45
Example :
r = 0.6 m
t = 6 mm
p = −70 kPa
 s = 0.5
Find:
(1) Torque T to initiate the rotation of the upper hemisphere
(2) The vertical force required to seperate the hemispheres.
(3) the horizontal force required to slide the hemispheres.

Solution :
F = 0
Fy = p   r 2 = 79.12 kN (vertical force)
Fx =  s Fy = 39.56 kN (sliding force)
T = Fx  r = 23.74 kN.m
46
Example :
p = 600 kPa
t = 8 mm
 = 20o

Find
(1) The normal stress perpendicular to the weld.
(2) The shear stress parallel to the weld.
Solution :
pr
1 = = 60 MPa
t
pr
2 = = 30 MPa
2t
 w =  2 cos 2  +  1 sin 2  + 2 xy sin  cos  = 33.5 MPa
 w = −( 2 −  1 ) sin  cos  +  xy (cos 2  − sin 2  ) = 9.6 MPa
47
Example :
rin = 450 mm
t = 6 mm
p = 1.2 MPa
For point a find
 max
 max (in-plane)

Solution :
pr M a  c
x = +
2t I
1.2 106  0.456 (5 103  0.75)  (0.456)
= +
2  6 10 −3

4
( (0.456) 4 − (0.45) 4 )

= 45.6 MPa + 0.976 MPa = 46.58 MPa

pr
y = = 91.2 MPa 48
t
 T  c (5 103  0.5)  (0.456)
 xy = = = 0.325 MPa

J
2
( (0.456) 4 − (0.45) 4 )

since  xy is very small compared to  x and  y

it is good approximation to make
(verify by apply the principal stress equation)
 1 =  y = 91.2 MPa
 2 =  x = 46.58 MPa
91.2 − 46.58
 max (in-plane) = = 22.3 MPa
2
91.2
 max = = 45.6 MPa
2

49
END OF CHAPTER SEVEN

50