Scribd
Upload
12 views

Lecture 2 Stress Analysis

The document discusses stress analysis in mechanics, focusing on the differences between material mechanics and elasticity theory. It outlines the principles of analysis and design, components of stress, and methods for determining principal and maximum shear stresses, including the use of Mohr's circle for graphical representation. The lecture emphasizes the importance of equilibrium conditions, material behavior, and geometric compatibility in analyzing load-carrying structural members.

Uploaded by

Aml Aljack
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Lecture 2 Stress Analysis

The document discusses stress analysis in mechanics, focusing on the differences between material mechanics and elasticity theory. It outlines the principles of analysis and design, components of stress, and methods for determining principal and maximum shear stresses, including the use of Mohr's circle for graphical representation. The lecture emphasizes the importance of equilibrium conditions, material behavior, and geometric compatibility in analyzing load-carrying structural members.

Uploaded by

Aml Aljack
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

PO 254 – MECHANICS

Department of Prosthetics & Orthotics


Dr Qasim YUSUF
PO 254 – MECHANICS
Lecture 2

STRESS ANALYSIS
STRESS ANALYSIS
• Why Stress Analysis
Material Mechanics & Elasticity Theory
• The mechanics of materials focuses mainly on
the more or less approximate solutions of
practical problems.
• The theory of elasticity focuses largely with more
mathematical analysis to determine the “exact”
stress and strain distributions in a loaded body.

Difference: is primarily in the nature of the


simplifying assumptions used by both methods.
Analysis and Design
Analysis of load-carrying structural members by the method of
equilibrium requires consideration of three conditions relating to
certain laws of forces, laws of material deformation, & geometric
compatibility. The basic principles of analysis, are:

• Equilibrium Conditions: The equations of equilibrium of forces


must be satisfied throughout the member.

• Material Behavior: The stress–strain or force-deformation


relations (e.g. Hooke’s law) must apply to the material behavior
of which the member is constructed.

• Geometry of Deformation: The compatibility conditions of


deformations must be satisfied: that is, each deformed portion
of the member must fit together with adjacent portions.
Components of Stress
Normal Stress (𝝈): intensity of force perpendicular
or normal to the surface at a point.

𝑭
𝝈=
𝑨

Shearing Stress (τ): intensity of force parallel to the


surface at a point.
𝝉=
𝑭 𝝉
𝑨
Components of Stress
Stress and strain 𝝈 = 𝜺𝑬 are most important concepts for a
understanding of the mechanics of solids.

2D state of stress at a point 3D state of stress at a point


Stresses at a point

General stress element Element of interest


2D or Biaxial stress variation

Body Forces
Equilibrium of 2D element

Equilibrium equations:
σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ; σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
Equilibrium of 3D element
Equilibrium of element under 3D stresses
Equilibrium equations:
σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ; σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ; σ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎
Rotated 2D stress element
General 2-D stress system – note the direct and
shear stress components 𝝈𝒏 and 𝝉

Consider the equilibrium of the triangular element ABC. Resolve the


forces in a direction perpendicular to AB:
2D stress element
Questions

Study relationships A and B in the previous slide

• Question: What do they tell us about 𝝈𝒏 and 𝝉


• Answer: As the stress components are rotated their
values change.

• If values change what can we infer? Answer: There


is a minimum and maximum value.

• How do we obtain these minimum and maximum


values of the stress components?
2D Stress State continued
Take equations for stresses on a inclined plane at a
point:

• Normal stress components:

• Shear stress components:


Principal maximum and minimum
normal stresses - Characteristics
• Act along the principal directions

• Referred to as 𝝈𝟏 and 𝝈𝟐

• Planes of these stress components are known


as principal planes and occur on planes where
the shear stress components are ZERO.
Principal maximum and minimum
normal stresses
Magnitudes:

Which occurs at directions (𝟗𝟎𝒐 apart):

The above equation defines two values 𝜽𝒔 of that are 𝟗𝟎𝒐 apart.

𝒐
Note: PRINCIPAL directions 𝟗𝟎 apart.
Maximum Shear Stresses
The maximum shear can be obtained from:

The largest shearing stress, regardless of sign, is referred to


as the maximum shearing stress (𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 ).

𝝈𝟏 and 𝝈𝟐 are referred to as the principal stresses .

Also, the planes of maximum shearing stress are inclined


at 45o with respect to the planes of principal stress.
NOTE: 3D Stress State is beyond the scope of this unit.
Problem Example:
Q1. Consider the stress element in Fig.1 below and determine
mathematically:
(i) the principal stresses and the angle of orientation of the principal
stresses
(ii) the maximum shear stress and the angle of orientation of the
shear stresses.

Take σx = 200MPa; σy = 100MPa;


and τxy = 50MPa
MOHR CIRCLE
Mohr Circle is a graphical technique for rapid transformation
of stress from one plane to another and leads also to the
determination of the maximum normal and shear stresses.
The procedure for obtaining Mohr’s circle (Fig. 1b) below is as
follows:
1. Establish a rectangular coordinate system, indicating and Both stress
scales must be identical.
2. Locate the centre C of the circle on the horizontal axis a distance
from the origin.
3. Locate point A by coordinates and these stresses may correspond to
any face of an element such as in Fig. 1a. It is usual to specify the
stresses on the positive x face, however.
4. Draw a circle with centre at C and of radius equal to CA.
5. Draw line AB through C.
Mohr’s circle construction in 2D

Figure 1. (a) Stress element (b) Mohr’s circle of Stress


(c) Interpretation of positive shearing stresses
Example: Mohr’s circle
To construct a Mohr’s for Q1 above, we need a stress element.

Assume the planar stress element with the following parameters below:
σy = 100 MPa σx = 200 MPa
τyx = - 50 MPa τxy = 50 MPa

2D MOHR’S CIRCLE CONSTRUCTION

1. Draw and locate the above parameters on the σ – τ


axes. [Note: this is not the same as the x – y axes]

2. Connect the points to get the diameter of the circle.


[Locating the center and radius of a circle is all that is
needed to fully define the circle]

3. The center must always lie on the σ - axes


Mohr’s circle
4. Calculate the radius as
follows:

R = 50 / sin θ
θ = 45°
R = 50 x √2
R = 70.71MPa

5. The center is at 150MPa,


half-way between the min &
max principal stresses.

6. Using a drawing compass,


construct the circle. Observe
that:

τmax = R = 70.71 MPa


σ1 = 220.71 MPa (1st Principal
stress)
σ2 = 79.29 MPa (2nd Principal
stress)
SEE YOU NEXT WEEK !!!!!

You might also like