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 Subject : Mechanics of Solid
Subject Code : GPME3701
Faculty: Mohit Verma Module : Elements of Solid Mechanics
Module Code : GPME370101
Sub Module : Fundamentals of Mechanics of Solids
Sub Module Code : GPME37010101
 Learning Outcome of this Topic

• Mechanics of Solids.
• Stress Analysis.
• Mohr’s Stress Circle.
Introduction
uniaxial state of stress
Shear stresses : Where the cross sectional area of a block of material is subject to a
distribution of forces which are parallel, rather than normal, to the area concerned. Such
forces are associated with a shearing of the material, and are referred to as shear forces.

The resulting force intensities

are known as shear stresses, the
mean shear stress being equal to

where P is the total force and

A the area over which it acts.
 General State of stress at a point : Stress at a point in a material body has been defined as a force per
unit area. But this definition is some what ambiguous since it depends upon what area we consider
at that point. Let us, consider a point ‘q' in the interior of the body

Let us pass a cutting plane through a point 'q'

perpendicular to the x - axis as shown below

The corresponding force components can be shown like this

dFx =  xx . da x dFy =  xy. da x

dFz =  xz . da x
where dax is the area surrounding the point 'q' when the cutting plane
perpendicular is to x - axis.
In a similar way it can be assumed that the cutting plane is passed through the point 'q'
perpendicular to the y - axis. The corresponding force components are shown below
The corresponding force components may be written as
dFx =  yx . da y
dFy =  yy . da y
dFz =  yz . da y
where day is the area surrounding the point 'q' when the
cutting plane perpendicular to y - axis.

In the last it can be considered that the cutting plane is passed through the point
'q' perpendicular to the z - axis.
The corresponding force components may be written as
dFx =  zx . da z
dFy =  zy . da z
dFz =  zz . da z
where daz is the area surrounding the point 'q' when the
cutting plane perpendicular to z - axis.
 Cylindrical - co-ordinate system:

Sign convention : The tensile forces are termed as ( +ve ) while the compressive forces are termed as negative ( -ve ).
Normal Stress:
- tensile +ve
- compressive -ve
First subscript : it indicates the direction of the normal to the surface.
Second subscript : it indicates the direction of the stress.

It may be noted that in the case of normal stresses the double script notation may be dispensed with as the
direction of the normal stress and the direction of normal to the surface of the element on which it acts is the same.
Therefore, a single subscript notation as used is sufficient to define the normal stresses.
Cartesian - co-ordinate system: Cylindrical - co-ordinate system:
τxy , τyx , τyz, τzy, τzx, τxz τrq, τqr, τqz, τzq,τzr, τrz
 Complementary shear stresses
The existence of shear stresses on any two sides of the element
induces complementary shear stresses on the other two sides of the
element to maintain equilibrium.
 On planes AB and CD, the shear stress τ acts.
 To maintain the static equilibrium of this element, on planes AD and BC, τ'
should act,
 we shall see that τ' which is known as the complementary shear stress would
come out to equal and opposite to the τ.
Let us prove this thing for a general case as discussed below:
The figure shows a small rectangular element with sides of length Δx, Δy parallel
to x and y directions. Its thickness normal to the plane of paper is Δz in z
direction. All nine normal and shear stress components may act on the element,
only those in x and y directions are shown.
Now forces on top and bottom surfaces produce a couple which must be
balanced by the forces on left and right hand faces

 yx . x . z . y =  xy . x . z . y
  yx =  xy Similarly,  yz =  zy and  xz =  zx

The complementary shear stresses are equal in magnitude

 Till now we have dealt with either pure normal direct
stress or pure shear stress. In many instances, however
both direct and shear stresses acts and the resultant stress
across any section will be neither normal nor tangential
to the plane.
A plane state of stress is a 2-D state of stress in a sense
that the stress components in one direction are all zero i.e
σz = τyz = τzx = 0

Let the block be of unit depth now considering the equilibrium of forces on the triangle portion
ABC. Resolving forces perpendicular to BC, gives
σθ.BC.1 = σysinθ . AB . 1 Now resolving the forces parallel to BC
τθ.BC.1 = σy cosθ . AB sinθ . 1
but AB/BC = sinθ or AB = BC sinθ
again AB = BC cosθ
σθ.BC.1 = σysinθ. BC sinθ . 1
τθ.BC.1 = σy cosθ . BC sinθ . 1 or τθ = σy sinθ cosθ
σθ = σysin2θ = ½ σy (1- cos2θ)
τθ = ½ σy sin2θ
By examining the equations (1) and (2), the following conclusions may be drawn
❖ The value of direct stress σθ is maximum and is equal to σy when θ = 900.
❖ The shear stress τθ has a maximum value of 0.5σy when θ = 450
❖ The stresses σθ and τθ are not simply the resolution of σy
Shear stresses have been applied Consider the equilibrium of portion of PBC
to the sides AB and DC Assuming unit depth and resolving normal to
PC or in the direction of σθ

σθ.PC.1 = τxy. PB. cosθ.1+ τxy. BC. sinθ.1

= τxy. PB. cosθ + τxy. BC. sinθ

Now PB/PC = sinθ BC/PC = cosθ

σθ.PC.1 = τxy. cosθ sinθ PC+ τxy. cosθ.sinθ PC

σθ = 2 τxy sinθ cosθ = τxy.sin2θ ………….. (1)

Now resolving forces parallel to PC or in the direction τθ.

then τxy PC . 1 = τxy . PB sinθ - τxy . BC cosθ

-ve sign has been put because this component is in the same direction as that of τθ.
again converting the various quantities in terms of PC we have

τxyPC . 1 = τxy . PB.sin 2θ - τ xy . PCcos2θ

τθ = -[ τxy (cos2θ - sin2θ) ] = -τxycos2θ …………………….(2)

 For equilibrium of the portion ABC, resolving
perpendicular to AC
  . AC.1 =  y sin . AB.1 +  x cos . BC.1

Converting AB and BC in terms of AC so that AC cancels

out from the sides On rearranging the various terms we get

 x  y   x  y 
 =  +   cos2 .............. (3)
 2   2 
Now resolving parallel to AC:   .AC.1= - y .cos .AB.1 +  x .BC.sin .1
Again converting the various quantities in terms of AC so that the AC cancels out from the
two sides.
 =

 - x y sin2 ............................. (4)
2

❖ The maximum direct stress would be equal to σx or σy which ever is the greater, when θ
= 00 or 900
• The maximum shear stress in the plane of the applied stresses occurs when θ = 450

 max =  x - y 
2
 By looking at this state of stress, it may be observed that this
state of stress is combination of two different cases:
•
 Material subjected to pure state of stress shear. In this case the various
formulas deserved are as follows
   = yx sin2
  = -yx cos2

• Material subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct



stresses. In this case the various formula's derived are as

follows.
 x y   x  y 
 =  +   cos2
To get the required equations for the  2   2 
case under consideration, let us add the
respective equations for the above two  =  x - y 
sin2
2
cases such that
• These are the equilibrium equations for stresses at a point. They do
 x y   x  y  not depend on material proportions and are equally valid for elastic
 =  +   cos2 +  yx sin2 and inelastic behavior
 2   2  • This eqn. gives two values of 2θ that differ by 1800. Hence the planes
 =  x y sin2 - yx cos2
 - on which maximum and minimum normal stresses occur ate 900 apart.
2
Substituting the values of cos2θ and sin2 θ in equation (5) we get
This shows that the values of shear stress is
zero on the principal planes.

Maximum and minimum values of normal stresses

occur on planes of zero shearing stress. The
maximum and minimum normal stresses are
called the principal stresses, and the planes on which
they act are called principal plane the solution of
equation

will yield two values of 2θ separated by 1800

i.e. two values of θ separated by 900 . Thus the two
principal stresses occur on mutually
perpendicular planes termed principal planes.
Therefore the two dimensional complex stress system can now be reduced to the
equivalent system of principal stresses.
For the case of a material subjected to
direct stresses the value of maximum
shear stresses
Therefore, it can be concluded that the equation (2) is a negative reciprocal of equation
(1) hence the roots for the double angle of equation (2) are 90 0 away from the
corresponding angle of equation (1).
This means that the angles that angles that locate the plane of maximum or minimum shearing
stresses form angles of 450 with the planes of principal stresses.
Further, by making the triangle we get

Because of root the difference in sign

convention arises from the point of view of
locating the planes on which shear stress act.
From physical point of view these sign
have no meaning.
The largest stress regard less of sign is
always know as maximum shear stress.
Consider once again the equilibrium of a
triangular block of material of unit depth,
Assuming AC to be a principal plane on
which principal stresses σp acts, and the
shear stress is zero.
ILLUSRATIVE PROBLEMS

 2 xy 
tan 2  
 x   y 
 
 1  31 71 and  2  121 71
0 0
 STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONS
(i) Linear elastic material (ii) Rigid Materials (iii) Perfectly plastic
(non-strain hardening):

(iv) Rigid Plastic material (v) Elastic Perfectly (vi) Elastic

(strain hardening) Plastic material Plastic material
 QUIZ
1. What is mechanics of solids?

2. What is the principle of Hooke’s law?

3. Explain the reason behind externally applied forces to happen?

4. What do you mean by stress concentration?

5. Explain the procedure for analyses of stresses?

 Thank You
Any Questions?