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Lecture4 Structured Programming Part2

The document discusses different types of structured programming statements in C like if-else statements, loops (while, for, do-while), break and continue statements, and switch statements. It provides examples of using these statements to control program flow and iterate over data.

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15 views

Lecture4 Structured Programming Part2

The document discusses different types of structured programming statements in C like if-else statements, loops (while, for, do-while), break and continue statements, and switch statements. It provides examples of using these statements to control program flow and iterate over data.

Uploaded by

0jonnypapa0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mythili Vutukuru

IIT Bombay

Reference: “C How to Program”, Deitel and Deitel, 8th Edition, Chapter 4


 We have seen how to select from two different blocks of
code based on checking a condition using if-else
statements
 We have seen two patterns of iterations or looping in
program using while
 Counter controlled or definite iteration: number of times the loop is
to be run is known. Counter variable incremented in each iteration,
loop exits when desired value reached
 Sentinel controlled or indefinite iteration: number of times to run
loop is not known. Loop ends when a special input is received.
 In this lecture: more keywords for structured
programming
 For loop: a better way to do counter controlled iteration
 Do-while loop: a different way of using while statement
 Break and continue: ways to change execution of loops
 Switch statement: select from multiple blocks of code by
checking multiple conditions
 Counter controlled
iteration:
 A loop counter variable
 Initial value of counter
 Increment or decrement
operation by which
counter is modified in
each iteration of loop
 Condition to check how
long the loop should run
and when it should
terminate Note %u format string for unsigned int
 For statement: better way to do counter controlled iteration
 Careful about “off-by-one” errors: be sure loop runs for desired times only
 Counter variable can be declared earlier also, before for statement
 Can do increment or decrement even by more than 1
 If condition false initially itself, loop will never run
Data type double (more precision and
greater magnitudes than float)

Include math header for math


functions like exponentiation (pow)
Link to math library using –lm
option
Note how output is formatted by
providing field width and precision
Positive width = left aligned
Negative width = right aligned
 Execute body of loop before checking condition
 Loop executes at least once
 Used to
immediately break
out of body of loop
(for, while, do-
while) or switch
 Program execution
continues at
statement after
loop or switch
 Used to skip current
iteration of a loop
 What runs after
continue?
 While and do-while: loop
continuation test and
next iteration (if allowed)
 For loop: increment
expression, loop
continuation test, next
iteration (if allowed)
Read character from stdin and
assign to grade

Check for End of File (EOF)


Ctrl+d in Linux, Ctrl+Z on Windows

Match against possible values


of grade, update count
Break after checking each case
(else all following cases will match)

Ignore spaces, tabs, newlines

Default case if
nothing else matches
End of file (EOF) differs across systems
 Works only for constant
integral expressions, i.e.,
combinations of integers or
characters which evaluate
to some integer value
 Seven types of statements in C programs
 Sequence statements
 Condition statements
 Single selection statement: if
 Double selection statement: if-else
 Multiple selection statement: switch
 Iteration statements (sentinel controlled vs. counter controlled)
 Check condition and repeat: While
 Controlled iteration: For loop
 Do iteration and check condition: do-while

 Real life programs composed of combining multiple such


statements

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