2/22/2024

Repetition in Programs
 Three types of program control structure:

 sequence, selection, repetition

Flow Control - Loops  Loop: a control structure that repeats a group of steps in a program

 C loop control statements are:

 while, for, and do-while

 loop body: the statements that are repeated in the loop

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Repetition in Programs… Repetition in Programs…

 The purpose of a loop is to repeat the same action a number of times  Two main forms of repetition:

 We refer to each time an action is repeated as an iteration. 1) Fixed Count Loops: Repetition over a finite set (for loops).
 We continue repeating the action until a terminating condition is satisfied. 2) Variable Count Loops: Repetition as long as a given condition
 This terminating condition is called a loop guard holds (while and do-while loops).
 The loop guard is represented by a boolean expression in the same way as  Loops can be further classified as being either pre-test (while loops)

the condition of an IF statement. or post-test (do-while or repeat-until loops).

 We could add recursion to the above (routine calls itself).
 Before the loop starts we initialize variables involved in the loop
 Although not used so much in imperative languages recursion is the
 In C there are a number of ways to represent loops principal program construct used in logic and functional languages.

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Flow Diagram of Loop Choice Process Loop Kinds

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The for loop Example for loop

 three loop control components for (i = 0; i < 10; i = i ++)
 initialization of the loop control variable printf("i is %d\n", i);
 test of the loop repetition condition  i=0 is the initialization of the loop counter

 change (update) of the loop control variable  i < 10 is the loop guard i.e. repeat until i is greater or equal to 10

 /* Display nonnegative numbers < max */  i = i +1; this is the counter increment ; it is more commonly written i

for (i = 0; i < max; i ++) ++

printf("%d\n", i);  printf("i is %d\n", i); is the loop statement

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The increment operator ++ While Loop

 The increment operator ++ takes a single variable as its operand.  The most basic loop in C is the while loop.

 for (counter = 0; counter < limit; ++counter)  The general syntax of a while loop is

 prefix increment while( expression )

 ++ is placed immediately in front of its operand statement
 value of the expression is the variable’s value after incrementing  The expression represents the loop guard.

 postfix increment  While it is true repeat the statement.

 ++ comes immediately after the operand  Terminate when the expression evaluates to false
 expression’s value is the value of the variable before it is incremented

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Example While Loop While Loops

#include <stdio.h>
 Will execute only if condition is true.
main()
{  Condition is tested before execution
int x
x = 2;  Do while loops will execute once before testing the condition.
while(x < 1000)
{
printf("%d\n", x);
x = x * 2;
}
}
This program repeatedly prints out powers of two until we generate a number greater
than or equal to 1000
The terminating condition is thus when the power of two equals or exceeds 1000

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Do While Loop Example Do While Loop

do #include <stdio.h>
{} main()
while ( condition ); {
int x;
 Notice that the condition is tested at the end of the block instead of the x = 0;
beginning, so the block will be executed at least once. If the condition is true, we do
{
jump back to the beginning of the block and execute it again
/* "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time even though the
 A do..while loop is almost the same as a while loop except that the loop body is condition is false */
printf( "Hello, world!\n" );
guaranteed to execute at least once }
 A while loop says "Loop while the condition is true, and execute this block of while ( x != 0 );
getchar();
code", a do..while loop says "Execute this block of code, and then continue to
}
loop while the condition is true".

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Example Do While Loop… Sample loop questions

 Keep in mind that you must include a trailing semi-colon after the while  1: Write a program to calculate the integer square root of a number e.g. 7

in the above example. integer square is 2 etc

 A common error is to forget that a do..while loop must be terminated

with a semicolon (the other loops should not be terminated with a  2:Write a program which continually reads in integers until 45 is read in
semicolon, adding to the confusion).  3: Use a Do while loop to calculate the minimum of 100 integers being
 Notice that this loop will execute once, because it automatically executes read in.
before checking the condition.

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Read until 45 Integer Square Root

#include <stdio.h> #Include <stdio.h>
main()
main() { int i,a;
{int x; printf(“enter number \n”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
x =1; If (a < 0)
while(x != 45) {printf(“No Square Root available”)}
else
{ printf(“enter no”); { i= 0;
scanf(“%d", &x); while (i*i < a)
} {i++};
printf(“The integer square root of %d is %d”,a,i);
} }
}

Read until 45 Minimum

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h> main()
main() {int x,min,counter;
counter = 0;
{int x; do
do { printf(“enter no”);
scanf(“%d", &x);
{ printf(“enter no”); if (counter= = 0)
scanf(“%d", &x); {min = x;}
else
} {If (x < min) min = x; }
while(x != 45) ; counter++;}
While (counter < 100) ;
} printf(“minimum is %d”,min);
}

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Minimum with while loop

#include <stdio.h>
main()
More questions
{int x,min,counter;
counter = 1;  4: Read in 20 integers and
printf(“enter no”);
scanf(“%d", &x); count the even numbers
N 100
Xn
min = x;


While (counter < 100)  5: Write a program to
{ printf(“enter no”);
scanf(“%d", &x); calculate
( X 2n )
If (x < min) min = x;

N 1
counter++;}
printf(“minimum is %d”,min);
}

More Questions… No of even Integers

#Include <stdio.h>
 Write a program to calculate
main()
e = 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! Etc { int i, a,sum;
sum = 0;
Do it for 6 terms
for (i=0;i < 20; i++)
{ printf(“enter number \n”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
If ((a%2)==0)sum = sum + +;
};
printf(“total even nos is %d”,sum);
}

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Sum of function Factorial

#Include <stdio.h> #Include <stdio.h>
#Include <math.h> #Include <math.h>
main() main()
{ int n, x;
float enum,denom,sum; { int fac, n, x;
sum = 0.0; float enum,denom,sum;
printf(“enter number \n”); sum = 0.0;
scanf(“%d”,&X); for (n=1;n <= 6; n++)
If (x == 0) printf(“sum not defined”) {
else fac = 1;
{
for (n=1;n <= 100; n++) for (x =1; x <= n; x++){
{ fac = fac*x;
enum = pow(x,n); }
denom = pow(x,2*n); enum = 1;
sum = sum + (enum/denom); denom = 1.0/fac;
}; sum = sum + (enum/denom);
printf(“total %f ”,sum);
} };
} printf(“total %f ”,sum);
}

Sum of function Example Remember

#Include <stdio.h>
#Include <math.h>  Loops Consist of :
main()
{ int n,i, fac;  1: Initialization
float enum,denom,sum;
sum = 0.0;
for (n=1;n <= 100; n++)  2: Terminating Condition (Guard)
{
fac = 1;  3: Loop Body
for (i=1, i <=n, i++)
{ fac = fac*i;  4: Terminating Action
}
enum = n-1;
denom = fac*pow(n,2);
If (denom == 0) printf(“sum not defined”)
sum = sum + (enum/denom);  For Counted Loops Iterations use a For loop
};
printf(“total %f ”,sum);
}  Otherwise use a while or a do while loop

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The increment operator ++ Exercises

 The increment operator ++ takes a single variable as its operand.

 for (counter = 0; counter < limit; ++counter)

 prefix increment  Write C code to print the information contained in each of the slides that

 ++ is placed immediately in front of its operand follows:

 value of the expression is the variable’s value after incrementing

 postfix increment

 ++ comes immediately after the operand

 expression’s value is the value of the variable before it is incremented

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END

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