DECISION MAKING

&
BRANCHING
INTRODUCTION

 Instruction of a programs are executed either

 Sequential manner
 Branching

 C language supports the following decision making

statements.
 if statement
 switch statement
 conditional operator
 goto statement
 if statement
• It is used to control flow of execution of statement.
• It is two-way decision statement and is used in conjuction with an
expression
Syntax- if (condition)
{ statement 1; Entry
……………..
} Test expression
? False

Ex: if (age is more than 55) True

Person is retired
DIFFERENT FORMS OF IF STATEMENT

simple if if-else nested if-else else if ladder

 Simple if statement
Syntax- if ( Condition)
{ entry
statement block; true
} Test expression?

statement x ;
Ex: if ( category == sports) false Statement block
{
marks=marks+bonus; Statement x
}
printf ( “%f”,marks);
 Program of simple if statement
main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
float ratio;
printf(“\n enter four integer value”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”,&a,&b,&c);
if(c-d !=0)
{
ratio= (float) (a+b)/(float)(c-d);
printf(“Ratio= %f”, ratio);
}
} Output- enter four integer values
12 23 34 45
Ratio= -3.181818
 The if…else statement entry
Syntax- if( Condition)
{ true Condition
true block statement; false
}
else True block statement False block statement
{
false block statement;
}
Statement x
statement x;

Ex-: if (code== 1) if (code==1)

boy=boy+ 1; boy=boy+1;
if ( code== 2) else
girl=girl+1; girl=girl+1;
 Program for if…else statement
main()
{
int a;
printf(“Enter an integer”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
if(a%2==0)
printf(“ %d is even number”,a);
else
printf(“%d is an odd number”,a);
}
output- Enter an integer
46
46 is an even number
 NESTING OF IF…ELSE STATEMENT
Syntax-
if( test condition 1)
{
if (test condition 2)
{
statement 1;
}
else
{
statement 2;
}
}
else
{
statement 3;
}
statement x ;
PROGRAM FOR NESTED IF…ELSE STATEMENT
 The else if ladder
syntax-:
if ( condition 1)
statement 1 ;
else if ( condition 2)
statement 2 ;
else if ( condition 3)
statement 3 ;
else if( condition n)
statement n ;
else
default statement ;
statement x;
FLOWCHART OF ELSE….IF LADDER
Program for else…if ladder
THE SWITCH STATEMENT

• The complexity of a program increases by

increasing no. of if statement.

• To overcome this C has a built in multiway

decision statement known as switch.
SYNTAX
switch (expression)
{
case value-1: case labels (257 case labels)
block1;
break;
case value-2:
block2;
break;
.
.
.
default:
default block;
break;
}
statement x;
FLOWCHART FOR SWITCH STATEMENT
PROGRAM FOR SWITCH STATEMENT

main() case 6:
{ grade=“First Division”;
int grade,mark,index; break;
printf(“Enter ur marks \n”); case 5:
scanf(“%d”,&mark); grade=“Second Division”;
index=mark/10; break;
switch(index)
{ case 4:
case 10: grade=“First Division”;
case 9: break;
case 8: default:
grade=“Honours”; grade=“Fail”;
break; break;
case 7: }
printf(“%s”,grade);
}
THE GOTO STATEMENT
• The goto statement is used for branching unconditionally.
• The goto statement breaks normal sequential execution of the program.
• The goto requires label to where it will transfer a control.
• Label is a valid variable name followed by a colon( : ).

goto label: label:

-------------- statement;

------------- ----------------------

-------------- -----------------------

label: ----------------------

statement; goto label;;

FORWARD JUMP BACKWARD JUMP

 PROGRAM TO CALCULATE SUM OF SQUARES OF
ALL INTEGERS
main()
{
int sum=0,n=1;
loop:
sum=sum+n*n;
if( n==10)
goto print;
else
{
n=n+1;
goto loop;
}
print:
printf(“\n Sum=%d”,sum);
}
LOOPING
LOOPS

• A loop allows a program to repeat a group of statements, either any number

of times or until some loop condition occurs

• Convenient if the exact number of repetitions are known

• Loop Consists of
• Body of the loop
• Control Statement
 Body of Loop
False
Test
Condition

False
True Test
Condition

Body of Loop
True

Entry Controlled/Pre-Test Loop Exit Controlled/Post-Test Loop

STEPS IN LOOPING

• Initialization of condition variable

• Execution of body of the loop
• Test the control statement
• Updating the condition variable
 COMMON LOOPS

for while do while

 Repetition occurs as long as a condition is true

false

true
Body
 FOR

Syntax:

for (expr1; expr2; expr3)

statement;
 expr1 controls the looping action,

 expr2 represents a condition that ensures loop

continuation,

 expr3 modifies the value of the control variable

initially assigned by expr1
 keyword final value of control variable
for which the condition is true
control variable i

for (i=1; i <= n; i = i + 1)

initial value
of control increment of control variable
variable

loop continuation
condition
EXAMPLES

 Vary the control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1

for (i = 1; i <= 100; i++)

 Vary the control variable from 100 to 1 in increments of -1

for (i = 100; i >= 1; i--)

 Vary the control variable from 5 to 55 in increments of 5

for (i = 5; i <= 55; i+=5)
EXAMPLES 2

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
/* a program to produce a Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion chart for the
numbers 1 to 100 */
int celsius;
for (celsius = 0; celsius <= 100; celsius++)
printf(“Celsius: %d Fahrenheit: %d\n”, celsius, (celsius * 9) / 5 + 32);
}
NESTED FOR LOOPS

• Nested means there is a loop within a loop

• Executed from the inside out

• Each loop is like a layer and has its own counter variable, its own loop expression
and its own loop body

• In a nested loop, for each value of the outermost counter variable, the complete
inner loop will be executed once
General form

for (loop1_exprs) {
loop_body_1a

for (loop2_exprs) {
loop_body_2
}
loop_body_1b
}
WHILE

expression 1; initialization
while (expression 2) condition checking
{
statements;
expression 3; updation of condition
}
 The statement is executed repeatedly as long as the expression is true (non
zero)

 The cycle continues until expression becomes zero, at which point execution
resumes after statement
 If the test expression in a while loop is false initially, the
while loop will never be executed

int i = 1, sum = 0;
while (i <= 10)
{
sum = sum + i;
i= i + 1;
}
printf(“Sum = %d\n”, sum);
FOR AND WHILE

for(expr1; expr2; expr3)

statement;

expr1;
while(expr2)
{
statement;
expr3;
}
BREAK AND CONTINUE

• These interrupt normal flow of control

• break causes an exit from the innermost enclosing loop

• continue causes the current iteration of a loop to stop and the next iteration
to begin immediately
while (expression)
{
statements;
if(condition)
break;
more_statements
}

while (expression)
{
statements
continue;
more_statements
}
DO-WHILE

 When a loop is constructed using while, the test for

continuation is carried out at the beginning of each
pass
 With do-while the test for continuation takes place at
the end of each pass
do
{
statement
} while (expression);
EXAMPLE

int i = 1, sum = 0;
do
{
sum = sum + i;
i= i + 1;
}while(i<=10);
printf(“Sum = %d\n”, sum);
WHILE VS. DO-WHILE

 while -- the expression is tested first, if the result is false, the loop body is
never executed

 do-while -- the loop body is always executed once. After that, the expression
is tested, if the result is false, the loop body is not executed again