Programming and Data Structures

Session 3
Control Flow: Looping

E S c 101 D e c 31, 2009 1 / 36

Types of Repeated Execution

• Loop: Group of instructions that are executed

repeatedly while some condition remains true.

How loops are controlled

Condition Sentinel
Controlled Controlled
Counter Controlled
•1, 2, 3, 4, …
•…, 4, 3, 2, 1
Counter Controlled Loop

Read 5 integers counter ← 1, sum ← 0

and display the
value of their false
summation. counter < 6

true
input n

sum ← sum + n

counter++

output sum
Condition-controlled Loop

Given an exam marks as input, display the appropriate

message based on the rules below:

If marks is greater than 49, display “PASS”, otherwise

display “FAIL”

However, for input outside the 0-100 range, display

“WRONG INPUT” and prompt the user to input again
until a valid input is entered
Condition-Controlled Loop

input m

“WRONG INPUT”
true
m<0 || m>100
false
true
Condition-controlled m>49
loop with its condition “PASS”
being tested at the end false

“FAIL”
 input m
false
m<0 || m>100
true
“WRONG INPUT”

input m

Condition-controlled true
loop with its m>49 “PASS”
condition being false
tested first
“FAIL”
Sentinel-Controlled Loop

• Receive a number of positive

integers and display the
summation and average of Input: A set of integers
these integers. ending with a
• A negative or zero input negative integer or a zero
indicates the end of input
process

Output: Summation and

Average of these integers
• Input Example:
Sentinel
30 16 42 -9 Value

•
Sum = 88
Average = 29.33
 while loop

while (expression)
statement
F
expression

statement
while (i < n) { (loop body)
printf (“Line no : %d.\n”,i);
i++;
}
while Statement

• The “while” statement is used to carry out looping

operations, in which a group of statements is executed
repeatedly, as long as some condition remains
satisfied.
while (condition) {
while (condition) statement_1;
statement_to_repeat; ...
statement_N;
}
Note:
The while-loop will not be entered if the loop-control
expression evaluates to false (zero) even before the first
iteration.
break can be used to come out of the while loop.
while :: Examples
int weight;
printf ("Enter your weight: ");
scanf ("%d", &weight);

while ( weight > 65 ) {

printf ("Go, exercise, ");
printf ("then come back. \n");
printf ("Enter your weight: ");
scanf ("%d", &weight);
}
Sum of first N natural numbers int mainint
() {
N, count, sum;
scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
sum = 0;
START count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
READ N sum = sum + count;
count = count + 1;
SUM = 0 }
COUNT = 1 printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ;
return 0;
SUM = SUM + COUNT }

COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO IS YES
COUNT > N? OUTPUT SUM

STOP
Double your money

• Suppose your Rs 10000 is earning interest at 1% per

month. How many months until you double your money ?

my_money=10000.0;
n=0;
while (my_money < 20000.0) {
my_money = my_money*1.01;
n++;
}
printf (“My money will double in %d months.\n”,n);
Maximum of inputs

printf (“Enter positive numbers to find maximum, end with -1.0\n”);

max = 0.0;

scanf(“%f”, &next);
while (next != -1.0) {
if (next > max)
max = next;

scanf(“%f”, &next);
}
printf (“The maximum number is %f\n”, max) ;
 Printing a 2-D Figure

• How would you print the following diagram?

*****
*****
*****
repeat 3 times
repeat 5 times
print a row of 5 stars
print *
print new line
Nested Loops

row=1;
#define ROWS 3 while (row <= ROWS) {
/* print a row of 5 *’s */
#define COLS 5 outer
... col=1;
loop
row=1; while (col <= COLS) {
while (row <= ROWS) { printf (“* “);
/* print a row of 5 *’s */ col++; inner
... } loop
row++; printf(“\n”);
} row++;
}
do-while statement

do statement while (expression)

main () {
int digit=0; statement
do
printf(“%d\n”,digit++);
while (digit <= 9) ;
} F
expression

T
Example for do-while

Usage: Prompt user to input “month” value, keep prompting until a

correct value of moth is input.

do {
printf (“Please input month {1-12}”);
scanf (“%d”, &month);
} while ((month < 1) || (month > 12));
 int main () {
char echo ;
do {
scanf (“%c”, &echo);
printf (“%c”,echo);
} while (echo != ‘\n’) ;
}
for Statement

• The “for” statement is the most commonly

used looping structure in C.
• General syntax:
for ( expr1; expr2; expr3) statement

expr1 (init) : initialize parameters

expr2 (test): test condition, loop continues if satisfied
expr3 (update): used to alter the value of the parameters
after each iteration
statement (body): body of the loop
for ( expression1; expression2; expression3)
statement

expr1
(init) expr1;
while (expr2) {
statement
expr2 F
expr3;
(test)
}
T
statement
(body)

expr3
(update)
Sum of first N natural numbers

int main () {
int N, count, sum;
scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count;
count = count + 1;
}
printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ;
return 0;
}
 Sum of first N natural numbers

int main () {
int N, count, sum;
scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count; int main () {
count = count + 1; int N, count, sum;
}
printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ; scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
return 0; sum = 0;
} for (count=1; count<= N; count++)
sum = sum + count;

printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ;

return 0;
}
2-D Figure

Print
***** #define ROWS 3
#define COLS 5
*****
....
***** for (row=1; row<=ROWS; row++) {
for (col=1; col<=COLS; col++) {
printf(“*”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
Another 2-D Figure

Print
* #define ROWS 5
** ....
*** int row, col;
for (row=1; row<=ROWS; row++) {
**** for (col=1; col<=row; col++) {
***** printf(“* ”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
 For - Examples

• Problem 1: Write a for statement that computes the sum of all odd
numbers between 1000 and 2000.
• Problem 2: Write a for statement that computes the sum of all
numbers between 1000 and 10000 that are divisible by 17.
• Problem 3: Printing square problem but this time make the square
hollow.
• Problem 4: Print
*****
****
***
**
*
Problem 4 : solution

Print
#define ROWS 5
*****
....
**** int row, col;
*** for (row=0; row<ROWS; row++) {
** for (col=1; col<=row; col++)
* printf(" ");
for (col=1; col<=ROWS-row; col++)
printf("* ");
printf ("\n");
}
The comma operator

• We can give several statements separated by commas

in place of “expression1”, “expression2”, and
“expression3”.

for (fact=1, i=1; i<=10; i++)

fact = fact * i;

for (sum=0, i=1; i<=N, i++)

sum = sum + i * i;
for :: Some Observations

• Arithmetic expressions
– Initialization, loop-continuation, and increment
can contain arithmetic expressions.
for ( k = x; k <= 4 * x * y; k += y / x )
• "Increment" may be negative (decrement)
for (digit=9; digit>=0; digit--)
• If loop continuation condition initially false:
– Body of for structure not performed.
– Control proceeds with statement after for structure.
Specifying “Infinite Loop”

while (1) { for (; ;)

{
statements
statements
}
}

do {
statements
} while (1);
The break Statement

• Break out of the loop { }

– can use with
• while
• do while
• for
• switch
– does not work with
• if
• else

• Causes immediate exit from a while, do/while, for or switch

structure.
• Program execution continues with the first statement after the
structure.
An Example

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int fact, i;

fact = 1; i = 1;

while ( i<10 ) { /* run loop –break when fact >100*/

fact = fact * i;
if ( fact > 100 ) {
printf ("Factorial of %d above 100", i);
break; /* break out of the while loop */
}
i ++ ;
}
}
The continue Statement

• Skips the remaining statements in the body of a

while, for or do/while structure.
– Proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.
• while and do/while
– Loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately after the
continue statement is executed.
• for structure
– expression3 is evaluated, then expression2 is evaluated.
An Example with “break” & “continue”

fact = 1; i = 1; /* a program segment to calculate 10 !

while (1) {
fact = fact * i;
i ++ ;
if ( i<=10 )
continue; /* not done yet ! Go to loop and
perform next iteration*/
break;
}
Some Examples
Sum of first N natural numbers int mainint
() {
N, count, sum;
scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
sum = 0;
START count = 0;
do {
READ N sum = sum + count;
count = count + 1;
SUM = 0 } while (count <= N);
COUNT = 0 printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ;
return 0;
SUM = SUM + COUNT }

COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO IS YES
COUNT > N? OUTPUT SUM

STOP
Sum of first N natural numbers
int main () {
int N, count, sum;
START scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
sum = 0;
READ N count = 1;
for (count=1;count <= N;count++) {
SUM = 0 sum = sum + count;
COUNT = 1 printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ;
return 0;
SUM = SUM + COUNT }

COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO IS YES
COUNT > N? OUTPUT SUM

STOP
Example 5: SUM = 1 + 2 + 3 + N
2 2 2 2

int main () {
int N, count, sum;
START scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
sum = 0;
READ N count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
SUM = 0
COUNT = 1 sum = sum + count*count;
count = count + 1;
SUM = SUM + COUNT * COUNT
}
printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ;
COUNT = COUNT + 1 return 0;
}
NO IS YES
COUNT > N? OUTPUT SUM

STOP
Example: Computing Factorial

int main () {
START
int N, count, prod;
scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
READ N
prod = 1;
for (count=1;count <= N; count++) {
PROD = 1
COUNT = 1
prod =prod*count;
printf (“Factorial = %d\n”, prod) ;
return 0;
PROD = PROD * COUNT
}
COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO IS YES
COUNT > N? OUTPUT PROD

STOP
Example: Computing e series up to N terms
x

START   𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑒 =1+ + + + … ,− ∞ < 𝑥 <∞
1! 2 ! 3 !
READ X, N

TERM = 1
SUM = 0
COUNT = 1

SUM = SUM + TERM

TERM = TERM * X / COUNT

COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO IS YES
COUNT > N? OUTPUT SUM

STOP
int main () {
float x, term, sum;
int n, count;
scanf (“%d”, &x) ;
scanf (“%d”, &n) ;
term = 1.0; sum = 0;
for (count = 1; count <= n; count++) {
sum += term;
term *= x/count;
}
printf (“%f\n”, sum) ;
}
Example 8: Computing e series up to 4 decimal places
x

START

READ X, N

TERM = 1
SUM = 0
COUNT = 1

SUM = SUM + TERM

TERM = TERM * X / COUNT

COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO IS YES
TERM < 0.0001? OUTPUT SUM

STOP
int main () {
float x, term, sum;
int n, count;
scanf (“%d”, &x) ;
scanf (“%d”, &n) ;
term = 1.0; sum = 0;
for (count = 1; term >= 0.0001; count++) {
sum += term;
term *= x/count;
}
printf (“%f\n”, sum) ;
}
 Example 1: Test if a number is prime or not

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int n, i=2;
scanf (“%d”, &n);
while (i < n) {
if (n % i == 0) {
printf (“%d is not a prime \n”, n);
return(0);
}
i++;
}
printf (“%d is a prime \n”, n);
}
More efficient??

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, i=2;
scanf (“%d”, &n); if(n == 2) { printf(“2 is prime\n”); return(0);}
while (i <= sqrt(n)) {
if (n % i == 0) {
printf (“%d is not a prime \n”, n);
retun(0);
}
i = i + 1;
}
printf (“%d is a prime \n”, n);
}
 Example 2: Find the sum of digits of a number

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, sum=0;
scanf (“%d”, &n);
while (n != 0) {
sum = sum + (n % 10);
n = n / 10;
}
printf (“The sum of digits of the number is %d \n”, sum);
}
 Example 3: Decimal to binary conversion

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int dec;
scanf (“%d”, &dec);
do
{
printf (“%2d”, (dec % 2));
dec = dec / 2;
} while (dec != 0);
printf (“\n”);
}
 Example 4: Compute GCD of two numbers

#include <stdio.h> 12 ) 45 ( 3
main()
{ 36
int A, B, temp;
9 ) 12 ( 1
scanf (%d %d”, &A, &B);
if (A > B) { temp = A; A = B; B = temp; } 9
while ((B % A) != 0) {
3 ) 9 ( 3
temp = B % A;
B = A; 9
A = temp;
} 0
printf (“The GCD is %d”, A);
} Initial: A=12, B=45
Iteration 1: temp=9, B=12,A=9
Iteration 2: temp=3, B=9, A=3
B%A=0 GCD is 3
More about scanf and printf
Entering input data :: scanf function

• General syntax:
scanf (control string, arg1, arg2, …, argn);
– “control string refers to a string typically containing data
types of the arguments to be read in;
– the arguments arg1, arg2, … represent pointers to data
items in memory.
Example: scanf (%d %f %c”, &a, &average, &type);
• The control string consists of individual groups of characters,
with one character group for each input data item.
– ‘%’ sign, followed by a conversion character.
 – Commonly used conversion characters:
c single character
d decimal integer
f floating-point number
s string terminated by null character
X hexadecimal integer
– We can also specify the minimum field-width of a data item, by
specifying a number indicating the field width before the
conversion character.
Example: scanf (“%3d %5d”, &a, &b);
Writing output data :: printf function

• General syntax:
printf (control string, arg1, arg2, …, argn);
– “control string refers to a string containing formatting
information and data types of the arguments to be output;
– the arguments arg1, arg2, … represent the individual output
data items.
• The conversion characters are the same as in scanf.
• Examples:
printf (“The average of %d and %d is %f”, a, b, avg);
printf (“Hello \nGood \nMorning \n”);
printf (“%3d %3d %5d”, a, b, a*b+2);
printf (“%7.2f %5.1f”, x, y);

• Many more options are available:

– Read from the book.
– Practice them in the lab.
• String I/O:
– Will be covered later in the class.
#include < s t di o. h> P r i nti n g Machine
main()
{ La nguage Code
int i , symbol;

symbol = ( i n t ) getchar();

f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i++) {

i f ( s y m b o l < 128)
printf("0");
else {
printf("
1");
symbol
= symbol -
128;
}
symbol =
L e c t u r e s3 y()m b o l * 2 ;
 G o o d P r a c t ices

One should include only simple statements inside the for loop
brackets. :
main()
{
int digit; int number;

digit = (int) getchar() - 48;

for (number = 0; (digit >= 0) && (digit <= 9); ) {

number = number * 10 + digit;

digit = (int) getchar() - 48;
}

printf("%d\n", number);
}
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ESc Jan 13,
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