DATA PROCESSING * Data processing involves f the data collected so that they are amenable to analysis.EDITING OF DATA * Editing is the first stage in data processing. * Editing may be broadly defined to be a procedure, which uses available information and areas * In other words, editing is the process of examining the data collected through various methods to detect errors and omissions and correct them for further analysis.. ° EDITING THE DATA It consists of screening questionnaires to identify illegible, incomplete, inconsistent or ambiguous responses. Responses may be illegible if they have been poorly recorded. Certain obvious inconsistencies can be easily detected. For example, a respondent may have answered a whole series of questions relating to their perceptions of a particular bank, yet in other questions may have indicated that they have not used that particular bank or even heard of it.EDITING THE DATA * Treatment of unsatisfactory responses: Unsatisfactory responses are commonly handled by 1. returning to the field to get better data, 2. assigning missing values, and 3. discarding unsatisfactory respondents.CODING * Coding means assigning a code, usually a number, to each possible answer to each question. For example, a question on the gender of respondents may be assigned a code of 1 for females and 2 for males. For every individual question in a questionnaire, the researcher decides which codes should be assigned to all its possible answers.CODING * Coding: Assigning a code to represent a specific response to a specific question along with the data record and column position that the code will occupy.CODING * A codebook contains instructions and the necessary information about the questions and potential answers in a survey. A codebook guides the ‘coders’ in their work and helps the researcher identify and locate the questions properly.CLASSIFICATION OF DATA * The process of dividing data into different groups or classes according to their similarities and dissimilarities. * The groups should be homogeneous within and heterogeneous between themselves. Classification condenses huge amount of data and helps in understanding the important underlying features. It enables us to make comparison, draw inferences, locate facts and also helps in bringing out relationships, so as to draw meaningful conclusions. .TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION A) Classification According to External Characteristics * Geographical: In this type of classification, data are organized in terms of geographical area or region. * Chronological: When data is arranged according to time of occurrence, it is called chronological classificationTYPES OF CLASSIFICATION B) Classification According to Internal Characteristics Classification according to attributes: In this classification, data are classified by descriptive characteristic like sex, caste, occupation, place of residence etc. This is done in two ways — simple classification and manifold classification.TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION Classification According to Internal Characteristics + In also called classification according to dichotomy), data is simply grouped according to presence or absence of a single characteristics — male or female, employee or un-employee, rural or urban etc. + In also known as multiple classification), data is classified according to more than one characteristic. First, the data may be divided into two groups according to one attribute (employee and un- employee, say). Then using the remaining attributes, data is sub-grouped again (male and female based on sex).TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION ae * This classification refers to the classification of data according to some characteristics that can be measured. In this classification, there are two aspects: one is variables (age, weight, income etc;) another is frequency (number of observations which can be put into a class).TABULATION OF DATA * Arranging the data in an orderly manner in rows and columns is called tabulation of data. ° Simple Table: In this case, data are presented only for one variable or characteristics. Therefore, this type of table is also known as one way table.TABULATION OF DATA * Complex Table: A complex table may contain data pertaining to more than’ one characteristic. Population Census Year Rural 1961 360298 ion] es 1981 523867 ee 2001 741660 285355 1027015TABULATION-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ‘Table 18.1 Rating of ‘good electronic banking system’ as a criterion in selecting a bank Value label Vaue | Frequency | Percentage Cumulative W) tage | percentage | Most important erterion 1 203 188 | 189 189 Second most important 2 166 154 155 344 Third most important 3 128 128 128 412 Fourth most important 4 104 96 97 569 Fith most important 5 1 14 12 eat Not ated 6 386 358 359 | 1000 Missing 9 5 05 | missing TOTAL 1079 100.0 100.0