Grade:

11

Core Subject Title:

Statistics and Probability

No of Hours/Semester:
80 hours/semester
 Core Subject Description:
At the end of the course, the students must know
how to find the mean and variance of a random
variable, to apply sampling techniques and
distributions, to estimate population mean and
proportion, to perform hypothesis testing on
population mean and proportion, and to perform
correlation and regression analyses on real-life
problems.
Lesson 1:
Definition of
Statistics
Lesson 1:
Objective

Recall the different Key

Concept in Statistics
 Statistics
Branch of mathematics that deals with the
systematic method of collecting, classifying,
presenting, analyzing and interpreting of all
kinds of data pertinent to the study being
considered, so that meaningful conclusion
can be drawn.
 The Five Essential Processes in
Statistics
1. COLLECTION
2. CLASSIFICATION
3. PRESENTATION
4. ANALYSIS
5.INTERPRETATION
 Collection
The enumerator or investigator is the well
trained person who collects the statistical
data. The respondents (information) are the
persons whom the information is collected.
 Collection
The first step in any enquiry (investigation) is
collection of data. The data may be collected
for the whole population or for a sample only.
It is mostly collected on sample basis.
Collection of data is very difficult job.
 Collection
It involves:
a. gathering of useful and needed
information or data,
b. identifying places where to get
information or data
c. process how to get information or
data
 Classification
The process of arranging data into
homogenous group or classes according
to some common characteristics present
in the data.
 Classification
It involves:
a. identifying different traits of data

b. classifying data

c. arranging and grouping of data

Presentation
 Presentation
Data can be presented as text, in tables,
or pictorially as graphs and charts.
Figures should not normally be put into
text unless there are just two or three
numbers. Tables and graphs are much
clearer.
 Presentation
It involves:
a. presenting data in the form of text,
tables, or pictorially as graphs and
charts.
Presentation
 Analysis
It is a process of inspecting, cleaning,
transforming, and modeling data with the goal
of highlighting useful information, suggesting
conclusions, and supporting decision making.
Analysis of the data via statistical measures
and/or narrative themes should provide answers
to the assessment questions.
 Analysis
It involves:
a. comparison and contrast,
b. description,
c. statistical measurements to come up
with numerical values and
qualitative summary as a resulting
conclusion.
 Interpretation
Interpreting the analyzed data from
the appropriate perspective allows
for determination of the significance
and implications of the assessment.
 Interpretation
It involves:
a. generalizing
b. forecasting
c. recommending solutions and
interventions about the study
 Importance of Statistics
1. In Education;
statistics is used to measure and
described test results that can improve
the teaching and learning process. It is
also a tool in the evaluation for the
school administration and offices.
 Importance of Statistics
2. In Sciences;
it is used as a tool in research and
experimentation as well as in the
interpretation of the collected data.
 Importance of Statistics
3. In Business and Economics;
statistics is used in production
statistics, volume of sales, inventory
control, measures of production,
prices, volume of trade.
 Importance of Statistics
4. In Engineering;
research and experimentation are
made for reliability testing and to
improve the control of quality.
 Importance of Statistics
5. In Government;
statistics helps in maintaining
efficient system of civil
registration.
Branches of
Statistics
 Branches of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
➢gathering, classifying and presenting data
and the collection of summarizing values
to describe group characteristics of data
➢includes collection, presentation and
description of numerical data.
 Branches of Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
➢pertains to the methods of dealing with making
inference, estimate or prediction about a large set
of data using the information gathered
➢refers to techniques of interpreting the values
resulting from descriptive techniques and using
them in drawing conclusions about population on a
representative sample
 Branches of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
1. Based on the research conducted by the
department of health, 63% of those found to have 1. Drinking coffee may help reduce the sugar level
diabetes were not aware that they have such of diabetic persons.
disease.
2. According to nationwide survey, three highest
responses to persons living with older persons are:
2. Carrot juice may strengthen the lungs.
grandchild (61.8%). Spouse (59%) and daughter
(50.9%).

3. Cigarettes were associated with 29% of the 4,470 3. Drinking red wine may reduce the risk of heart
civilian fire deaths in 1989. disease by 12%.

4. According to the Court Administration of the

Philippines, 14% of trial-ready civil actions and
4. Eating chili foods may causes shrinkage of liver.
equity cases in Metro during 1993 were decided in
less than six months.
Data and
Its Type
 Data
✓ is a body of information or observations
being considered by the researcher
✓ set of values collected for the response
variable from each of the elements
belonging to the sample.
Different Ways
of Classifying
Data
 Different Ways of Classifying
Data
A. According to Nature
B. According To Source
C. According to Arrangement
 Different Ways of Classifying
Data
A. According to Nature
1. Quantitative (“Numerical Data”)
2. Qualitative (“Attributive Data” or
“Descriptive Data”)
 Data
According to Nature
1. Quantitative (“Numerical Data”)
➢Are numerical in nature and can be
ordered or ranked.
➢ Refers to quantities, counts, or
measurements.
 Data
According to Nature
1. Quantitative (“Numerical Data”)
1.1 Discrete
• is a variable whose values can be counted
using integral values
1.2 Continuous
• expressed in approximation or measurements
 Data
According to Nature
2. Qualitative (“Attributive Data” or
“Descriptive Data”)
➢ Represent differences in quality,
character, or kind but not in amount.
➢ Refers to data that can be observed but
not measured.
 Different Ways of Classifying
Data
B. According To Source
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data
 Data
According to Source
1. Primary Data
• are first-hand information, collected directly
from where they arise
2. Secondary Data
• are second-hand information, taken from
published or unpublished source
 Data
According to Source
1. Primary Data
Examples: data gathered from a survey, where the
person who collected the data is the one using it.

2. Secondary Data
Examples: information from newspaper or journals,
economic indicators. The data being used are collected
by another person or organization.
 Different Ways of Classifying
Data
C. According to Arrangement
1. Ungrouped Data
2. Grouped Data
 Data
According to Arrangement
1. Ungrouped Data
• are the data without any specific order or
arrangement. They are referred to as raw
data.
2. Grouped Data
• are data arranged or tabulated and presented
in an organized manner.