DATA PROCESSING IN

RESEARCH

RASHBANA THANSI
DATA PROCESSING
It is a method that helps researcher to take raw data as input and produce information as output

Data processing occurs when data is collected and translated into usable information. Data
processing starts with data in its raw and converts it into a more readable formats(graphs, documents,
etc.).

The researcher will then use this information to gain insight , solve problems , make improvements
and ultimately generate better results.
What exactly is data processing?
• Data processing is the process of collecting and translating data into usable
information. It refers to all of the tasks involved in turning raw data into usable
information that can be acted upon. It’s an important step in any process, as it
facilitates decision-making and increases the value of the information at hand.
This data is used to improve the study and make strategic decisions.
• Sort out what we need , what we want….
• According to statistics, approximately 90 percent of data created today is
unstructured. This makes it incredibly difficult for researcher to process and
analyze.
• An enormous amount of data existing today. (2.5 quintillion bytes ).
• 73% of all stored data is never analyzed.
Data collectionThe first stage in data processing, data collection is all about
getting a hold of raw information. It should be collected from accurate and
reliable sources. Data preparationBefore doing anything with the data, It first
needs to be prepared or cleaned. Data preparation is about removing noise and
formatting your data in a way that makes sense for downstream analysis. In other
words, sorting out the collected raw data. Data InputThis step involves getting the
raw data into a digitally readable format. Getting data into the system is usually a
top priority. This could be done in any number of ways – manually or other types
of input devices that collect structured or unstructured data. The biggest
consideration at this stage is accuracy and quality – are you sure that what’s
coming in is clean and can be trusted to perform analysis on?Data ProcessingIn
this stage, data is processed for interpretation. Raw data is processed using
machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms.Data OutputUltimately, the
data is transferred and presented in a readable format to the user such as
documents, graphs, files, etc.Data StorageThe last phase of data processing is a
storage of the processed data. After data is transmitted and displayed, the data is
stored for future use and refe
Data collection
The first stage in data processing, data collection is all about getting a hold of raw
information. It should be collected from accurate and reliable sources.
Data preparation
Before doing anything with the data, It first needs to be prepared or cleaned. Data preparation
is about removing noise and formatting your data in a way that makes sense for downstream
analysis. In other words, sorting out the collected raw data.
Data Input
This step involves getting the raw data into a digitally readable format. Getting data into the
system is usually a top priority. This could be done in any number of ways – manually or
other types of input devices that collect structured or unstructured data. The biggest
consideration at this stage is accuracy and quality – are you sure that what’s coming in is
clean and can be trusted to perform analysis on?
Data Processing
In this stage, data is processed for interpretation. Raw data is processed using machine
learning and artificial intelligence algorithms.
Data Output
Ultimately, the data is transferred and presented in a readable format to the user such as
documents, graphs, files, etc.
Data Storage
The last phase of data processing is a storage of the processed data. After data is transmitted
and displayed, the data is stored for future use and references.
Data collection
The first stage in data processing, data collection is all about
getting a hold of raw information. It should be collected from
accurate and reliable sources.
Data preparation
Before doing anything with the data, It first needs to be
prepared or cleaned. Data preparation is about removing noise
and formatting your data in a way that makes sense for
downstream analysis. In other words, sorting out the collected
raw data.
Data Input
This step involves getting the raw data into a digitally readable
format. Getting data into the system is usually a top priority.
This could be done in any number of ways – manually or other
types of input devices that collect structured or unstructured
data. The biggest consideration at this stage is accuracy and
quality.
Data Processing
In this stage, data is processed for interpretation. Raw data is
processed using machine learning and artificial intelligence
algorithms.
Data Output
Ultimately, the data is transferred and presented in a readable
format to the user such as documents, graphs, files, etc.
Data Storage
The last phase of data processing is a storage of the processed
data. After data is transmitted and displayed, the data is stored
for future use and references.
• Manual data processing: Through this method, users
process data manually, meaning they carry out every step
without using electronics or automation software. Though
this method is the least expensive and requires minimal
resources, it can be time-consuming and has a higher risk of
producing errors.
• Mechanical data processing: Mechanical processing
involves the use of machines and devices to filter data, such
as calculators, printing presses or typewriters. This method
is suitable for simple data processing endeavors and
produces fewer errors but is more complex than other
techniques.
• Electronic data processing: Researchers process data using
modern data processing software and technologies, where
they feed an instruction set to the program to analyze the
data and create a yield output. Though this method is the
most expensive, it is also the fastest and most reliable for
generating accurate output.
Methods of data processing in Research

Data processing is concerned with editing , coding, classifying , tabulating, and charting , diagramming
, research data. Its includes…
Editing of Data
• Editing is the first step in data processing. Editing is the
process of examining the data collected in
questionnaires/schedules to detect errors and omissions and
to see that they are corrected and the schedules are ready for
tabulation.
• Mildred B. Parten in his book points out that the editor is
responsible for seeing that the data are;
1.Accurate as possible,
2,Consistent with other facts secured,
3.Uniformly entered,
4.As complete as possible,
5,Acceptable for tabulation and arranged to facilitate coding
tabulation.
 Editing Data

For quality Field editing

Central Editing
Editing
for tabulation
CODING
Several replies may be reduced to a small number of classes which contain the critical
information required for analysis.

Data/responses are organized into classes/categories and numerals or other symbols are given
to each item according to the class in which it falls. In other words, coding involves two
important operations; (a) deciding the categories to be used and (b) allocating individual
answers to them. 
Coding frame is developed by listing the possible answers to each question and assigning code
numbers or symbols to each of them which are the indicators used for coding.
Classification of Data

Classification or categorization is the process of grouping the statistical data under various
understandable homogeneous groups for the purpose of convenient interpretation.

A uniformity of attributes is the basic criterion for classification; and the grouping of data is made
according to similarity.

Classification becomes necessary when there is a diversity in the data collected for meaningless for
meaningful presentation and analysis.
A good classification should have the characteristics of clarity, homogeneity, equality of scale,
purposefulness and accuracy
 OBJECTIVES
1.The complex scattered and haphazard data is organized into concise, logical and intelligible form.

2.It is possible to make the characteristics of similarities and dis – similarities clear.

3.Comparative studies is possible.

4.Understanding of the significance is made easier and thereby good deal of human energy is saved.

5.Underlying unity amongst different items is made clear and expressed.

6.Data is so arranged that analysis and generalization becomes possible

General rule
1, Title of table: The table should be first given a brief, simple and clear title which may
express the basis of classification.
2, Columns and rows: Each table should be prepared in just adequate number of columns
and rows.
3, Captions and stubs: The columns and rows should be given simple and clear captions
and stubs.
4, Ruling: Columns and rows should be divided by means of thin or thick rulings.
5, Arrangement of items; Comparable figures should be arranged side by side.
6, Deviations: These should be arranged in the column near the original data so that their
presence may easily be noted.
7, Size of columns: This should be according to the requirement.
8, Arrangements of items: This should be according to the problem.
9, Special emphasis: This can be done by writing important data in bold or special letters.
10, Unit of measurement: The unit should be noted below the lines.
11, Approximation: This should also be noted below the title.
12, Foot – notes: These may be given below the table.
13, Total: Totals of each column and grand total should be in one line.
14, Source : Source of data must be given. For primary data, write primary data.
 Benefits of data processing

• Easier report building

• Higher processing speed
• Cost reduction
• Simple storage
• Greater data accuracy
• Regulatory compliance
• Enhanced security
• Smooth collaboration
THANK YOU