Programming Logic & OOP’s Concept

Basic understanding of any computer program

• Any activity whether in the real world or software world, can be broken into separate phases:
• The first phase is called the input phase
• The second phase is called the process phase
• The last phase is called the output phase

• The cycle of activities performed by a computer is referred to as the Input-Process-Output cycle or the I-P-O
cycle

• A computer consists of several components

• Each component participates in either one of the input, process, or output phases

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Cont’d…
• A computer is designed to accept input, process it, and generate output

• A set of instructions to perform a task is called a program

• A number of programs together form an application

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Role of Flowchart
Flowcharts

• A flowchart is a graphical representation of the steps to be followed for solving a problem.

• It consists of a set of symbols.

• Each symbol represents a specific activity.

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Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Used in Flowcharts

Symbol Activity

Input

Processing

Output

Decision

Subroutine

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Cont’d…
Symbols Used in Flowcharts (Contd.)

Symbol Activity

Flow lines

Terminator

On page connector

Off page connector

Annotation

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Example
Example:
Flowchart for preparing tea Start

The Steps for Preparing tea

Input Water, Sugar,

Tea Leaves, and Milk

Boil the Ingredients

Tea is Prepared

Stop

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Cont’d…
Example:
Flowchart for manipulating numbers
Start

Get a Number

Add 1 to the Number

Display the Number

Stop

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Cont’d…
Drawing Simple Flowcharts (Contd.)

Start

Input Units Sold

Input Unit Price

Multiply Units Sold

By Unit Price

Print Total Sale

Value

Stop

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Quiz Time
• Rearrange the following steps in the order of correct sequence to add two numbers and draw a flowchart for
the same:
▪ Get the First Number
▪ Display the Result
▪ Stop
▪ Add the Two Numbers
▪ Get the Second Number
▪ Start

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Cont’d…
• Draw a flowchart to accept five numbers and display the sum of the numbers.

• Draw a flowchart to input any number, multiply it by 2, and display the result.

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Example
Variables and Constants

• Example:
▪ Flowchart to display the sum of two numbers
Start

Accept the
First Number

Accept the
Second Number

Add the two Numbers

and Store the Result

Display the Result

Stop

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Variables
Variables and Constants (Contd.)

• The internal memory consists of different locations in which data is stored.

• A computer needs to identify the memory locations to be able to retrieve values from or store values in
them.

• The value of a variable changes each time the set of instructions is executed.

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Constants
• The values stored in the variables are known as constants.

Constants

10 15 25

nNum1 nNum2 nSum

Variables

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Example
• Example:
• Flowchart to display the sum of two numbers using variables

Start

Accept nNum1

Accept nNum2

nSum = nNum1 + nNum2

Display nSum

Stop

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Example
Just a minute

• Draw a flowchart to accept item name, price, and quantity. You need to calculate the value as the product of
price and quantity, and display the calculated value and the item name using variables.
Start

character cltemName
numeric nPrice, nQuantity, nValue

Accept cItemName

Accept nPrice

Accept nQuantity

nValue = nPrice * nQuantity

Display cItemName, nValue

Stop

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Decision making
• Many problems require decisions to be made.

• All decisions may or may not state an action to be taken if the condition is false.

• Following is a flowchart segment to compare two numbers and check for equality.

Is nNum1 = No
nNum2 ?

Yes

Display “The Display “The

numbers are numbers are
equal” not equal”

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Example
• Example:
▪ Accept two numbers and print the larger of the two numbers

Start

numeric nNum1,
nNum2

Accept nNum1

Accept nNum2

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Cont’d…

Is Yes Display “ The

nNum1=nNum2? numbers are equal”

No

Is Yes
nNum1>nNum2? Display nNum1

No

Display nNum2

Stop

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Example
• Example:
• Print the value of nX only if the value of nX is greater than 10 and nX is an even number

Start

numeric nX

Accept nX

Is
No
nX>10 AND
nX%2=0?

Yes

Display nX

Stop

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Quiz Time
Exercise 1

• Study the given flowchart and answer the following questions.

What will be the output when: Start

• nNum=7
numeric nNum
• nNum=3
• nNum=11 Accept nNum

Is Yes
nNum>10? Display “ GOOD”

No

Is Yes
nNum>5? Display “OK”

No

Display “REJECT”

Stop

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Cont’d…
• Draw a flowchart to accept a number and then find out whether or not the number is divisible by 5.

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Cont’d…
• Draw a flowchart to accept three numbers and display the largest number.

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Importance of Dry Run
• Helps you do a logic check

• Understand the flow of control in a flowchart

• Evaluate the output of the program with a set of sample values

• Provides a step by step evaluation of values in the variables of the program

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Example
• Flowchart to select a candidate
Start

Declare Variables

Accept Values and

Calculate nAverage

Is
nAverage>= 80 AND No Display “ Rejection
nTest1 > 75 AND letter to be sent”
nTest2 > 75 AND
nTest3 > 75 ?

Yes
Display “Interview
call letter to be sent”

Stop

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Cont’d…
Using Dry Run (Contd.)

• Dry Run Table:

S.No. nTest1 nTest2 nTest 3 nAverage Output

1. 95 90 88 91 Interview call letter to be sent

2. 80 77 83 80 Interview call letter to be sent

3. 90 92 74 85.33 Rejection letter to be sent

4. 76 76 76 76 Rejection letter to be sent

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Loops and Iterations
Iteration

• An important characteristic of a computer is its ability to execute a series of instructions repeatedly.

• A loop is a sequence of instructions that will be repeated more than once.

• A loop performs steps in a specified sequence.

• There are two types of loops:

• fixed loops where the number of repetitions is known
• variable loops where the number of repetitions is not known

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Example
Iteration (Contd.)

▪ Flowchart segment to display employee details of 25 people

nCounter = 1

Is No
nCounter<=25?

Yes Stop
Accept cName

Accept cAddress

Accept cTelno

Display cName,
cAddress, cTelno

nCounter=nCounter+1

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Cont’d…
Iteration (Contd.)

▪ Flowchart to calculate the total number of call letters and rejection letters sent

Start

Variable Declaration

Accept Values

Is
nAverage >=80 AND No
nTest1 > 75 AND nTotReject=nTotReject+1
nTest2 > 75 AND
nTest3 > 75 ?

Yes

nTotSelect=nTotSelect+1

Process
A B

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 Iteration (Contd.)

▪ Flowchart to calculate the total number of call letters and rejection letters sent (Contd.)

A
B

Display “Any more

candidates (Y/N)? ”

Accept cChoice

Is No
cChoice = “Y”?

Yes Display nTotSelect

Display nTotReject

Stop
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Modular Programming
• Long, continuous programs can be broken up into a series of individual modules that are related to each
other in a specified manner.

Main
Program

Module1 Module2 Module3

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Example
Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)

• Example:
• Flowchart to show modular programming

Start

numeric nNum1, Add

nNum2, nNum3, nSum

nSum=nNum1 + nNum2
Accept nNum1, + nNum3
nNum2, nNum3

Return
Add

Display nSum

Stop

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Cont’d…
▪ Flowchart to calculate average marks of 10 students
Accept

Accept cStudentName

Accept Average
Accept nTest1

nAverage=(nTest1+nTest2
Accept nTest2 +nTest3) / 3
Average

Accept nTest3 Return

Display cStudentName,
nAverage
Is
nTest1>=0 AND Yes
nTest2>=0 AND
nTest3>=0 ?

No
Display “Test score cannot Retur
be less than zero” n

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Example
▪ Flowchart to calculate total monthly expenditure on salaries

Accept

Is No
Accept nSalary Summation
cChoice = “Y” ?

Yes
nTotSalary=nTotSalary+nSalary
Is Yes
Accept nSalary >=500 ?

Return Return
No

Summation Display ”Salary cannot

be less than $500”

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Dry Run table
Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)
S. No. nSalary nTotSalary Output
1. - 0
2. 4500 4500
3. 5500 10000
4. 3400 13400
5. 5600 19000
6. 3000 22000
7. 5000 27000
8. 450 27000 Salary cannot be less than $500
9. 9000 36000
10. 8900 44900
11. 4500 49400 49400

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Quiz Time
• Draw a flowchart to print the product of the first 10 even numbers.

• Draw a flowchart to accept 50 numbers and also display the total number of odd and even numbers.

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Object Oriented Principles
Overview of Object-Oriented Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming is a programming pattern that makes use of objects and their interactions to
design and implement applications

• Objects are entities that serve as the basic building blocks of an object-oriented application

• An object is a self-contained entity with attributes and behaviors

• In some way everything can be an object.

• In general, an object is a person, place, thing, event, or concept.

• Because different people have different perceptions of the same object, what an object is depends upon the
point of view of the observer.
• That is, we describe an object on the basis of the features and behaviors that are important or relevant to us.

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Types of Objects
• Objects are usually classified as:
• Objects representing physical things
▪ e.g. students, furniture, buildings, classrooms
• Objects representing concepts
• e.g., courses, departments, loan

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What Are Classes and Objects?
• A class:
▪ Models an abstraction of objects
▪ Defines the attributes and behaviors of
objects
▪ Is the blueprint that defines an object
• An object:
▪ Is stamped out of the class mold
▪ Is a single instance of a class
▪ Retains the structure and behavior
of a class

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An Object’s Attributes Maintain Its State
• Objects have knowledge about their current state.
• Each piece of knowledge is called an attribute.
▪ The values of attributes dictate the objects’ state.

Object: My blue pen Attribute: Ink amount

Object: Acme Bank ATM Attribute: Cash available

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Objects Have Behavior
• An object exists to provide behavior (functionality) to the system.
• Each distinct behavior is called an operation.

Object: My blue pen Operation: Write

Object: Acme Bank ATM Operation: Withdraw

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Objects Are Modeled as Abstractions
• A Java object is modeled as an abstract representation of a real-world object.
• Model only those attributes and operations that are relevant to the context of the problem.

• Context: Product catalog

• Real-world attributes/operations that you may want to model:

▪ Attributes: Model, manufacturer, price
▪ Operations: Change price
• Real-world attributes/operations that you may not want to model:
▪ Attributes: Ink color
▪ Operations: Refill, change color, point, write

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Defining Object Composition
• Objects can be composed of other objects.
• Objects can be part of other objects.
• This relationship between objects is known as aggregation.

A PC may be an A PC may have a keyboard, A PC may have a CD

object. mouse, and network card, all drive, which may be
of which may be objects. an object.

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Cont’d…

getName

getAge()
name
setBirthdate getAge Message
address

birthdate

Client or
sender
getAddress setAddress

Person
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Collaborating Objects
• Collaborating objects work together to complete a task and form the basis of an application system.
• All methods are defined within a class and are not defined globally as in traditional languages.
• All objects are created from classes and contain all the attributes and methods of that class.
• Objects must associate with each other to collaborate on common tasks.
• Associated objects communicate by sending messages.

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Objects Interact Through Messages
• Objects communicate by sending messages.
• A sending object must be associated with or linked to the receiving object.
• The message sender requests the receiver to perform the operation that is named in the message.
• This communication is similar to calling a procedure:
▪ The sender calls a method of the receiver.
▪ The receiver executes the called method.
• Calling a method is always in the context of a particular object:
▪ myPen.write( ): Object-oriented programming
▪ write (myPen): Traditional structured programming

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What Is a Class?
• A class is a template for objects.
• A class definition specifies the operations and attributes for all instances of that class.
• A class is used to manage complexity.

When you create my blue pen, you do not have to specify

its operations or attributes. You simply say what class it
belongs to.

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How Do You Identify a Class?
• Identify the common behavior and structure for a group of objects.
• Recognize a single coherent concept.
• Caution: A common misconception is the use of the words classes and objects interchangeably. Classes define objects.

My blue pen ops: write, refill

attribs: ink amount, color of ink

Your blue pen ops: write, refill

attribs: ink amount

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Comparing Classes and Objects
▪ Classes are static definitions that you can use to understand all the objects of that class.
▪ Objects are the dynamic entities that exist in the real world and your simulation of it.
▪ Caution: OO people almost always use the words classes and objects interchangeably; you must
understand the context to differentiate between the two meanings.

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What Is Encapsulation?
• Encapsulation hides the internal structure and operations of an object behind an interface.
• A bank ATM is an object that gives its users cash.
▪ The ATM hides (encapsulates) the actual operation of withdrawal from the user.
▪ The interface (way to operate the ATM) is provided by the keyboard functions, screen, cash
dispenser, and so on.
▪ Bypassing the encapsulation is bank robbery.
• Bypassing encapsulation in object-oriented programming is impossible.

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What Is Inheritance?
• There may be a commonality between different classes.
• Define the common properties in a superclass.

Savings account Account Checking account

• The subclasses use inheritance to include those properties.

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Using the “Is-a-Kind-of” Relationship
• A subclass object “is-a-kind-of” superclass object.
• A subclass must have all the attributes and behaviors of the superclass.

Account Pen

Savings account Pencil

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What Is Polymorphism?
• Polymorphism refers to:
• Many forms of the same operation
• The ability to request an operation with the same meaning to different objects. However, each object implements the
operation in a unique way.
• The principles of inheritance and object substitution.

Load passengers

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