Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility

Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility
Conducted via Interactive Video Teletraining on the Aviation Training Network (ATN)
Is it Black Magic?
1994 D eneba S ystems,
Inc.
Developed and Presented by:
Dave Walen
FAA Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor Electromagnetic Interference and Lightning
Federal Aviation Administration

December 4, 2002
Table of Contents
GETTING STARTED How Do I Use This Guide? ........................................................ 1 I. SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CURRICULUM ...................... What Does the Curriculum Cover? ............................................ Two-Week Job Function Course ................................................ Overviews of Technical Subjects ............................................... Core Technical Subjects Courses ............................................... 2 2 3 4 5
II. IVT COURSE ORIENTATION.............................................. 7 About This Course...................................................................... 7 Who Is the Target Audience? ..................................................... 7 Who Is the Instructor? ................................................................ 8 What Will You Learn? ............................................................... 9 What Topics Does the Course Cover?........................................10 What Are Some Good References? ............................................11 APPENDIX A. IVT/Self-Study Presentation Visuals........................... A-1 Introduction.................................................................. A-2 Part 1 Terminology......................................................... A-5 Fundamentals of EMC ......................................... A-8 Part 2 Approaches for EMC ......................................... A-25 Aircraft EMC Regulatory Requirements ........... A-32 Part 3 Aircraft EMC Verification ................................. A-42 Aircraft EMC Examples..................................... A-54 EMC IVT Wrap-Up ........................................... A-67 B. Quiz.............................................................................. B-1 C. Course Evaluation Form .............................................. C-1
IVT Course Federal Aviation Administration
December, 2002
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility i
Getting Started
How Do I Use This Guide? This guide provides you with an overview of the course, how it fits with the rest of the curriculum, an orientation to IVT training, support materials needed during the broadcast, information on how to use of this guide for the self-study video option, and end of course evaluation forms. Follow these steps to complete your study. 1. Read Section I, Systems Engineering Curriculum, to learn about how this IVT fits within the whole curriculum. 2. Review Section II, IVT Course Orientation, before the broadcast or before you watch the videotape to get an overview of the purpose of the course, the target audience, the instructor, what you will learn, how this course will help you on-the-job, the topics covered in the course. 3. Turn to Appendix A, IVT Presentation Visuals. Refer to it during the broadcast and take notes as needed. 4. Complete the post-course quiz in Appendix B. If watching on the ATN, you will be prompted to respond using the ATN keypads. 5. Complete an end-of-course evaluation contained in Appendix C, Course Evaluation Form. For the live broadcast, enter your responses on the ATN keypads when prompted. For the video option, please complete the form and return to your ATM if you want to receive credit in your training history.
December, 2002
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility 1
Systems Engineering Curriculum
I.

The Systems Engineering Curriculum fits into the broader AIR Training Program that is summarized in the following figure.
What Does the Curriculum Cover?
The AIR Training Program

An Overview
ASE Systems Job Function o 2-week Course o Technical Topics-IVT/Video o Follow-on Courses Recurrent Training
ASI Job Function
ACSEP
AIR Indoctrination
Part 21
Core Job Function Communicating for Success
ASE Airframe Job Function
OJT
Quality Management of Designee Workforce
ASE Propulsion Job Function
FSO-Specific Technical Training DACT, OAT
Flight Test Job Function
First Year with Aircraft Certification Continuing Development
Within the context of the AIR Training Program, the Systems Engineering Curriculum is designed to effectively meet the critical safety mission of the FAA by addressing the following Service goals: Standardization Promote standardization throughout the organization in task accomplishment and application of airworthiness regulations in order to achieve uniform compliance.
December, 2002

Job Performance Proficiency Reduce significantly the time required for newly hired engineers to attain full job performance proficiency. Customer Service Establish and maintain appropriate, effective, and responsive communication, collaboration, leadership, and teamwork with both internal and external customers. In addition to the Service goals, the Systems Engineering Curriculum is designed to provide ASEs with job function training in three domains: Tasks and procedures governing the work of engineers in design approval, technical project management, certificate management, and designee management. 14 CFR airworthiness requirements that are the purview of electrical and mechanical systems engineers. Generally they are subpart F of 14 CFR parts 23, 25, 27, and 29. Technical subjects essential for all new engineers to meet both introductory requirements and, later, minimum technical proficiency level requirements. The resulting Systems Engineering Curriculum structure consists of three main types of training opportunities 1. Two-Week Job Function Course 2. Overviews of Technical Subjects 3. Follow-on Core Technical Subjects Courses Two-Week Job The Two-Week Job Function Course uses an instructor-led, classroom-based format with lecture, discussion, and individual Function and group activities. Supporting materials used in the course Course include print, overhead transparencies, videotapes, job aids, and documents and sample reports.
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The course is divided into the following two major sections: Week 1 Certification Tasks includes design approval, technical project management, certification management, and DER management. Week 2 14 CFR Requirements and Key 14 CFR Sections includes training in the subparts of 14 CFR that apply to electrical and mechanical systems engineers (subpart F) at two levels: an overview of those subparts across parts 23, 25, 27, and 29; and in-depth discussion of significant sections of the 14 CFRs that are important to the Service. The importance of these sections may stem from problems in interpretation and application of requirements, technical complexity of a design, high visibility projects, or safety considerations that are paramount.
Overviews of Technical Subjects
High-level overviews of 13 technical subjects are presented by NRSs or other senior engineers. These overviews are available in two modes: An initial live four-hour IVT satellite broadcast with accompanying course material is received at each Directorate and other downlink sites. A Video and Self-Study Training Guide adapted from the initial IVT presentation available through the Directorate Training Manager. Basic concepts and FAA-specific applications and examples are provided for each of the following 13 technical subjects: For electrical engineers: Advanced Communication/Datalink Advanced Display Systems/Heads-Up Displays Advanced Navigation
December, 2002

Low Visibility For mechanical engineers: Crashworthiness and Interior Compliance Doors Icing For both elecrical and mechanical engineers: Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Automatic Flight Control Systems Complex Electronic Hardware HIRF/EMI/ Lightning Human Factors Software System Safety Analysis Each technical subject overview is designed to not only provide ASEs with the FAA perspective on the topic, but also serve as an indicator of what further training may be needed.
Core Technical As a follow-on to the Overviews of Technical Subjects, the curriculum will provide more in-depth training on the following Subjects two subject areas: Courses Systems Safety Assessment Reliability & Probability These core technical subjects are essential to the technical work of the systems engineer in a regulatory environment regardless of product or technology. Training in each of the core subjects
IVT Course Federal Aviation Administration December, 2002 Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility 5

will be designed to bring systems engineers to a minimum level of technical proficiency and to help promote proficiency in the application of the technical knowledge in an office work environment. Additional technical training for engineers beyond these core subjects will depend largely on ACO organizational needs stemming from customer requirements, products certified, emerging technology, and the number of staff requiring more specialized training. In short, the more advanced the technical training required, the more individualized it becomes. Such training topics could be as follows: HIRF Lightning Software Fundumentals Dynamic Seat Testing Icing Certification Accident Investigation Human Factors Flammability Interior Compliance & Crashworthiness
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IVT Course Orientation
II. IVT Course Orientation

About This Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility provides an Course introduction to the technical fundamentals and certification aspects of aircraft electromagnetic compatibility. It removes some of the "black magic" that surrounds the issues related to aircraft EMC, and provides FAA aircraft certification engineers with a basis for aircraft certification when considering EMC. Through the four-hour Interactive Training format, Dave Walen, FAA Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor, Electromagnetic Interference and Lightning, will focus on electromagnetic compatibility among systems on an aircraft. The course includes examples of aircraft electromagnetic compatibility problems, problem resolution, and the impact on aircraft certification. This course does not cover aircraft compatibility with the external lightning and high intensity radiated fields (HIRF) environments, topics that were addressed in an earlier IVT. In addition, compatibility between circuits within a line replaceable unit (LRU) and electrical power quality will not be addressed.
Who Is the This IVT is designed for new and experienced systems and Target equipment engineers: avionics/electrical (primary); flight test Audience? engineers, and propulsion engineers (secondary).
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Who Is the Instructor? Mr. Dave Walen is the Chief Scientific And Technical Advisor for Electromagnetic Interference and Lightning, a position he has held since he joined the FAA in September, 1996. Mr. Walen specializes in aircraft electromagnetic compatibility, lightning protection, and high density radiated field (HIRF) protection. He is involved in FAA programs for aircraft certification, continued integrity of aircraft electromagnetic protection, accident investigation, technical electromagnetic protection policy development, and specialized aircraft electromagnetics training. He participates in the international HIRF and lightning protection rulemaking working group within the Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee. Prior to working with the FAA, Dave spent 19 years with the Boeing Company. His last assignment at Boeing was engineering manager for Boeing Commercial Airplane Group Electromagnetics and Antennas. He managed electromagnetic effects and antennas engineering for 737, 747, 757, 767, and 777 airplane models. He has authored and contributed to numerous technical publications associated with aircraft lightning and high intensity radiated field protection. Mr. Walen graduated in 1977 with a degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of North Dakota. He is currently a member of the RTCA SC-135 Committee for Avionics Environmental and Electromagnetic Test Standards, of the SAE AE2 Lightning Committee, of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) (and Associate Editor - IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Transactions). Dave is a Registered Professional Engineer Electrical, Washington State, and a NARTE-Certified Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineer.
Dave Walen
December, 2002

What Will You Learn? After completing this course you will be able to 1. Define and use appropriately the following terms/concepts:

Electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electromagnetic compatibility. Radio frequency interference.
2. Identify the goals of aircraft EMC. 3. Identify EMC factors that need to be considered when evaluating an application for certification, such as:

Frequency spectrum. Sources of EMI. Victims of EMI. Conducted interference. Radiated interference.
4. Given a particular aircraft (23, 25, 27, or 29), identify regulatory requirements that form a framework for evaluating the aircrafts EMC. 5. Describe key factors in each of the following four approaches to aircraft electromagnetic compatibility verification and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each:

Equipment qualification. Operational aircraft functional checks. Aircraft radio checks. Radio interference measurements.
6. Evaluate a particular EMC certification situation to identify strengths and weaknesses.
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What Topics Does the Course Cover? The following topic outline is intended to give you an overview of the course content. In addition to this outline, Appendix A of this guide contains the visual presentation material used by the instructor during the broadcast. I. II. Introduction Part 1 a. Terminology b. Fundamentals of electromagnetic compatibility Sources of interference Victims of interference Conducted interference paths Radiated interference paths Frequency spectrum Transients Part 2 a. Approaches for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Equipment circuit design System installation design Aircraft arrangement and structure design Bonding and grounding b. Aircraft EMC regulatory requirements Aircraft electromagnetic environment effects requirements System and equipment requirements Portable electronic devices Part 3 a. Aircraft EMC verification Aircraft tests System and equipment qualification b. EMC examples Summary and quiz
III.
IV.
V.
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What Are Some Good References? The following references can serve as additional resources in learning about aircraft electromagnetic compatibility. C. R. Paul, Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, Wiley-InterScience, 1992. RTCA Document DO-160D, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment, July 29, 1997. MIL-STD-461E, Requirements for the Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment, 20 August 1999. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, published quarterly. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, held August annually in US or Canada. H. W. Ott, Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, Second Edition, Wiley-Interscience, 1988. H. Johnson and M. Graham, High-Speed Digital Design, Prentice-Hall, 1993. J. D. Kraus, Electromagnetics with Applications, Fifth Edition, WCB McGraw-Hill, 1999. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
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EMC IVT Visuals
Appendix A
Appendix A
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility IVT Presentation Visuals
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Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Appendix A-1
Introduction
Introduction
EMC IVT Visuals
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Dave Walen
FAA National Resource Specialist Electromagnetic Interference and Lightning 425-227-1156 [email protected]
December 2002
1
Course Contents - Part 1

Terminology Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Compatibility
Sources of interference Victims of interference Conducted interference paths Radiated interference paths Frequency spectrum Transients Precipitation static
2
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Introduction
EMC IVT Visuals
Course Contents - Part 2a

Approaches for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Equipment circuit design System installation design Aircraft arrangement and structure design Bonding and grounding
Course Contents - Part 2b

Aircraft EMC Regulatory Requirements
Aircraft electromagnetic environment effects requirements System and equipment requirements Portable electronic devices
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Introduction
EMC IVT Visuals

Aircraft EMC Verification
Aircraft tests System and equipment qualification
EMC Examples Wrap-Up References
Scope of This Course

Oriented to aircraft certification Focus on EMC between systems on aircraft
Aircraft lightning and high intensity radiated fields (HIRF) environments in earlier IVT Compatibility between circuits within an LRU NOT addressed
Usually means LRU will not function correctly
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Part 1: Terminology
Part 1: Terminology
EMC IVT Visuals
Aircraft Electromagnetic Environment

Electrical and electronic system electromagnetic emissions System electromagnetic transients Lightning HIRF Precipitation static Electrostatic discharge
7
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Is it Black Magic?
No - but effectiveness and performance depend on many details
1994 D eneba S ystems, Inc.
December, 2002
Part 1: Terminology
EMC IVT Visuals
Abbreviations
EM EMI RF RFI Electromagnetic Electromagnetic interference Radio frequency Radio frequency interference
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
HIRF High intensity radiated fields

9
Why Use the Term EMC?

Goal for aircraft design and certification is to achieve electromagnetic compatibility among aircraft systems EMI and RFI are failures to adequately
consider electromagnetic compatibility during aircraft and

system design and installation
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Part 1: Terminology
EMC IVT Visuals
Elements of EMI
EMI Source
Transmission or Coupling Path
EMC: Control EMI source, EM coupling path, and victim immunity
EMI Victim
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Aircraft EMC Goals

Limit radiated and conducted electromagnetic emissions Limit aircraft system susceptibility to electromagnetic emissions
Ensure appropriate aircraft system performance in the complex aircraft electromagnetic environment
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Part 1: Fundamentals of EMC

EMC IVT Visuals
Fundamentals of EMC
Need to understand Sources of interference Victims of interference Conducted interference paths Radiated interference paths Frequency spectrum Transients
Leave EM field theory and Maxwells equations to university engineering curriculum
13
Frequency Spectrum
Frequencies we are interested in range from hundreds of hertz (kHz) (power and audio frequencies) to tens of gigahertz (GHz) (radars and satellite communication)
Thats a factor of a hundred million between low and high frequencies (108)
Aircraft radio systems operate from about 100 kHz to 10 GHz

14
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Aircraft and Commercial Radio Spectrum

ADF LORAN C HF AM MB TV 2-6
0.010
FM LOC VOR VHF
ELT
0.100
1.000
GS ELT ELT
10.000
100.000
TV 7-13
TV 14-69 CELL
PCS
100.000
SATCOM DME PCS TCAS GPS ATC RA MLS WXR
1000.000
WXR
1000.000
Frequency (MHz)
10000.000
15
What is a dB?
dB is abbreviation for decibel
Logarithmic (base 10) expression for amplitude ratios For power: dB(power) = 10 log10 (P1/P2) power For voltage and current: current dB(voltage) = 20 log10 (V1/V2) dB(current) = 20 log10 (I1/I2)
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dBs are Ratios

Decibels must be related to a known value to express an specific value
dBm = decibels relative to 1 milliwatt dBW = decibels relative to 1 watt dBv = decibels relative to 1 microvolt dB dBi = antenna gain relative to an isotropic antenna
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Why Use dBs?

Good for expressing amplitudes with a wide range of values
Example: RF field strengths on aircraft range from 1000 volts/meter (v/m) (HIRF) to 1 microvolts/meter for radio receivers A factor of a billion
dBs allow adding and subtracting ratios, instead of multiplying and dividing
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Some Decibel Equivalents Power

decibels
-30 dB -20 dB -10 dB 0 dB 10 dB 20 dB 30 dB
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Power Ratio
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Some Decibel Equivalents Voltage

decibels
-60 dB -40 dB -20 dB 0 dB 20 dB 40 dB 60 dB
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Voltage Ratio
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Sources of Interference
Computer clocks RF oscillators Switching power supplies Electrical load switching Transmitter fundamental and harmonic frequencies
21
Interference Effects Examples

Tones on audio system and radio receivers Nuisance radio squelch breaks Proximity sensor state changes Display jitter False fire and smoke detection Uncommanded control panel switching False navigation system indication
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Conducted Interference
RF emissions from electrical or electronic equipment conducted via signal or power wires Susceptibility can occur on other electrical or electronic equipment connected to signal or power wires
23
Conducted Interference, cont.

Interference path is through interconnecting signal or power wires Reducing conducted susceptibility typically requires modifying the emitting avionics, not the shielding
24
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EMC IVT Visuals
Conducted Interference Sources

Conducted emissions to other connected equipment at 60 kHz + harmonics, 10 MHz + harmonics, 33 MHz + harmonics
33 MHz + harmonics (66 MHz, 99 MHz, 132 MHz, etc.)
28 VDC Data bus, Discrete logic, Control signals, Analog signals
Switched-Mode Power Supply 60 kHz (60 kHz + harmonics) (120 kHz, 180 kHz, etc.) 10 MHz + harmonics (20 MHz, 30 MHz, 40 MHz, etc.)
Processor 33 MHz
Display Driver 10 MHz
25
Wire to Wire Coupling

Magnetic Fields
Conducted Emission Source
Current
To 28 VDC
Conducted RF emissions may couple from source wires to adjacent wires
To Structure
26
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EMC IVT Visuals
Wire to Wire Coupling, cont.

Factors affecting coupling between wires:
Spacing between wires closer spacing means more coupling
Frequency content of signals higher frequencies mean more coupling
Length that wires are routed together longer length means more coupling
Proximity of circuit return wires closer return wires mean less coupling
27
Radiated Interference
RF emissions from electrical or electronic equipment radiated directly from equipment or from connected signal or power wires Susceptibility can occur on other electrical or electronic equipment receiving the emissions through radio antennas, or on interconnecting wires acting as antennas Interference path is through air
28
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Radiated Emission Sources

Radiated emissions from LRU enclosure and wires at 10 MHz + harmonics, 33 MHz + harmonics
33 MHz + harmonics (66 MHz, 99 MHz, 132 MHz, etc.)
28 VDC Data bus, Discrete logic, Control signals, Analog signals
Switched-Mode Power Supply 60 kHz (60 kHz + harmonics) (120 kHz, 180 kHz, etc.) 10 MHz + harmonics (20 MHz, 30 MHz, 40 MHz, etc.)
Processor 33 MHz
Display Driver 10 MHz
29
Radiated Emission Coupling to Wires

Radiated Fields
RF Emissions from LRU case
RF emissions on wires
Emission Source
To 28 VDC
To Structure
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EMC IVT Visuals
RF Emissions Received By Antennas

Very High Frequency(VHF) Communication Antenna Emissions radiated by avionics systems can radiate to aircraft antennas through:
RF emissions from avionic system
Windows Cargo and passenger door seams Hatches
31
VHF Communication Radio Example

VHF communication radio operates from 117.975 to 137 MHz VHF receiver sensitivity
RTCA DO-186A requires at least 10 microvolt sensitivity Actual signals that break squelch can be 1 to 2 microvolts Detectable tones on an active channel may be around 0.5 microvolts
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DO-160 Emissions for VHF Frequencies

RTCA/DO-160 Section 21 defines categories for RF emissions in VHF comm bands
Cat B allows ~ 2000 microvolts per meter Cat L allows ~ 200 microvolts per meter
38 to 53 dB minimum path loss between system in transport airplane cabin and VHF receiver (from RTCA/DO-233)
33
VHF Communication Interference Results

Aircraft system can have emissions received by VHF
Section 21 Cat B 4.5 to 25 microvolts Section 21 Cat L 0.5 to 2.5 microvolts
Compare this with receiver sensitivity that ranges from 0.5 to 2 microvolts!
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EMC IVT Visuals
Methods for Limiting Radio Interference

Methods include:
Decreasing radio receiver sensitivity
(reduces communication range)
Increasing separation distance from interference source to radio antenna Reducing level of RF emissions from interference source (preferred method)
35
Pulses and Spectrum

Rise time and fall time of pulses determine spectral power Shorter rise (and fall) times produce higher frequency content Not just frequency of fundamental signal, but also rise time of signal
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EMC IVT Visuals
Pulse Waveform
1
Current (A)
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (microseconds)
37
Pulse Spectrum
1.00E-04
Amplitude (A/Hz)
1.00E-05 1.00E-06 1.00E-07 1.00E-08 1.00E-09 1.00E-10 1.00E+02 1.00E+04 1.00E+06 1.00E+08
Frequency (Hz)
38
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EMC IVT Visuals
Example - Inductive Switching Transients

Magnetic Fields Switch Relay Coil
Current
To 28 VDC
To Structure
39
Electromagnetic Transients
Fast transients high frequency content
Time Frequency
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Transient Generation
Sources of electromagnetic transients and pulses
Switching inductive loads Electrostatic discharges Power bus switching Lightning
41
Precipitation Static (P-Static) Interference
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Precipitation Static Interference

+ -- -- +
-- -
Result of highvoltage aircraft charging from snow, ice, rain and dust
Effects include:
Radio noise Visible corona (St. Elmos fire) Puncture through insulating materials (radomes & windows)
43
What is P-Static?
Impact of particles separates electrical charge from particles, so aircraft acquires charge
High-voltage corona discharge from aircraft extremities High-voltage flashover across insulating structure Arcs between isolated metal panels
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Controlling P-Static Interference

Static dischargers (wicks)
Discharge lower voltage than natural corona Reduce radio noise
Resistive paints on non-conducting surfaces, such as fiberglass fairings Electrical bonding metal structure & panels Rounding sharp corners of antennas
45
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Part 2: Approaches for EMC

EMC IVT Visuals
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Part 2
46
Course Contents - Part 2a

Approaches for Electromagnetic Compatibility
Equipment circuit design System installation design Aircraft arrangement and structure design Bonding and grounding
47
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EMC IVT Visuals
Course Contents - Part 2b

Aircraft electromagnetic environment effects requirements System and equipment requirements Portable electronic devices
48
Approaches for Electromagnetic Compatibility
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EMC IVT Visuals
Controlling EMI
Limit EMI sources
Circuit design, filter, change operating frequencies
Physically separate EMI source & victim

Move source farther from victim - generally only effective for radiated interference Revise wiring layout, with separation between source and victim wiring
50
Controlling EMI, cont.

Electromagnetically separate EMI source and victim
Add shielding to source, source wiring, victim wiring Add in-line filters and suppression
Protect (harden) EMI victim

Circuit design, filters, wiring layout Change operating frequencies
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EMC IVT Visuals
Shielding
Can be applied to:
Circuit components Wires Wire bundles LRU cases Structure
For EMI, shielding normally applied to LRU cases and wiring

52
Shielding Concepts
Factors influencing shielding effectiveness depend on frequencies you intend to shield
Quality of shield material (optical coverage,
resistance)
Quality of shield terminations, splices and joints (resistance and inductance)
Shield terminations as important as shield material itself

53
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EMC IVT Visuals
Shielding Concepts, cont.

Beware of data showing shielding effectiveness of shield material alone or claims of shielding greater than 40 dB
Claims probably havent considered shield terminations
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Shielded Wires
Effective shield terminated at both ends
Ineffective shield - not terminated at both ends
Shields over wires must be terminated with low resistance and inductance at all connectors
Except for some specific cases on audio wiring
55
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EMC IVT Visuals
Electrical Bonding and Grounding

Ground Strap or Bonding Jumper
Bonding jumpers and ground straps may be used to control electromagnetic interference
56
Electrical Bonding
Electrical bonding provides a controlled current path between equipment and aircraft structure Electrical bonding may be required for:
System performance Electrical fault protection Electromagnetic compatibility
57
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EMC IVT Visuals
Bonding Effectiveness
For electromagnetic compatibility, bonding jumpers must have:
Low resistance Low inductance
Low inductance means length must be short As EMI signal frequency increases, impedance created by inductance increases
58
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Part 2: Aircraft EMC Regulatory Requirements

EMC IVT Visuals
59

The words electromagnetic compatibility are NOT written in the regulations
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EMC IVT Visuals
14 CFR Part 23
23.1301 Function and Installation. Each item of installed equipment must . . . (d) Function properly when installed. 23.1309 Equipment, systems and installation. (a) Each item of equipment, each system, and each installation: (1) When performing its intended function, may not adversely affect the response, operation, or accuracy of any (i) Equipment essential to safe operation; . . .
61
14 CFR Part 23, cont.

23.1431 Electronic Equipment. (b) Radio and electronic equipment, controls, and wiring must be installed so that operation of any unit or system of units will not adversely affect the simultaneous operation of any other radio or electronic unit, or system of units, required by this chapter.
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AC 23-8A Flight Test Guide for Part 23 Airplanes

Chapter 5. Equipment
Provides general EMC flight test guidance for airplane navigation and radio systems Specifies HF radio interference tests at 1 MHz intervals
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AC 23-15 Small Airplane Certification Compliance

4.v. Avionics Installation
Mentions interference tests, but not specifically EMC
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14 CFR Part 25
25.1301 Function and Installation. Each item of installed equipment must . . . (d) Function properly when installed. 25.1309 Equipment, systems and installation. (a) The equipment, systems, and installations whose functioning is required by this subchapter, must be designed to ensure that they perform their intended functions under any foreseeable operating condition.
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25.1353 Electrical equipment and installations. (a) Electrical equipment, controls, and wiring must be installed so that operation of any one unit or system of units will not adversely affect the simultaneous operation of any other electrical unit or system essential to the safe operation.
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25.1431 Electronic equipment. (c) Radio and electronic equipment, controls, and wiring must be installed so that operation of any one unit or system of units will not adversely affect the simultaneous operation of any other radio or electronic unit, or system of units, required by this chapter.
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AC 25-7 Flight Test Guide for Transport Airplanes

Chapter 6. Equipment
Provides general EMC flight test guidance for airplane navigation and radio systems
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AC 25-10 Miscellaneous NonRequired Electrical Equipment

5.f. Calls out RTCA DO-160 Section 21 tests 5.m(4) Describes interference effects. For airplane ground tests, operate communication and navigation equipment at low, high, and mid-band frequencies. States that ground EMI tests adequate for follow-on approvals for like or identical equipment types
69
Flight Test Requirements for Passenger Entertainment Systems ANM-100 Policy Memo 2/25/92
Flight and ground tests may be required for initial installation Ground tests are adequate for follow-on approvals
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14 CFR Part 27
27.1301 Function and Installation. Each item of installed equipment must . . . (d) Function properly when installed. 27.1309 Equipment, systems and installation. (a) The equipment, systems, and installations whose functioning is required by this subchapter must be designed and installed to ensure they perform their intended functions under any foreseeable operating condition.
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14 CFR Part 29
29.1301 Function and Installation. Each item of installed equipment must . . . (d) Function properly when installed. 29.1309 Equipment, systems and installation. (a) The equipment, systems, and installations whose functioning is required by this subchapter must be designed and installed to ensure they perform their intended functions under any foreseeable operating condition.
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29.1353 Electrical equipment and installations. (a) Electrical equipment, controls, and wiring must be installed so that operation of any one unit or system of units will not adversely affect the simultaneous operation of any other electrical unit or system essential to safe operation.
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29.1431 Electronic equipment. (b) Radio communication and navigation equipment, controls, and wiring must be installed so that operation of any one unit or system of units will not adversely affect the simultaneous operation of any other radio or electronic unit, or system of units, required by this chapter.
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14 CFR Part 29 ACs

AC 29-2 Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft
AC 29.1353 Electrical Equipment and Installations
Recommends RTCA DO-160
AC 29.1431 Electronic Equipment AC 29 MG1 Certification Procedure for Rotorcraft Avionics Equipment
Mentions EMC flight tests

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EMC Testing for Rotorcraft with Electronic Engine Controls

Rotorcraft Policy No. ASW-2001-001
Focuses on non-required equipment installed on rotorcraft with critical electronic controls, such as FADEC Ground and flight EMC tests required for initial approval Revises guidance in AC 29-2C Miscellaneous Guidance (MG) 4 and AC 27-1B MG4
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AC 43.13-1B Aircraft Inspection and Repair

Chapter 11 Aircraft Electrical Systems
Section 15. Grounding and Bonding Section 8. Wiring Installation Inspection Requirements

11-106 Electromagnetic Interference 11-107 Interference Tests - Operate communication and navigation systems at low, high and mid-band frequencies Ground EMC tests OK for follow-on approvals
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14 CFR Part 91 Portable Electronic Devices

Sec. 91.21 Portable electronic devices.
(a) . . . no person may operate, nor may any operator or pilot in command of an aircraft allow the operation of, any portable electronic device . . . (b) Paragraph (a) does not apply to . . . (5) Any other portable electronic device that the operator of the aircraft has determined will not cause interference with the navigation or communication system of the aircraft on which it is to be used.
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December, 2002
Part 3: Aircraft EMC Verification

EMC IVT Visuals
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Part 3
79

Aircraft tests System and equipment qualification
EMC Examples Wrap-Up References
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EMC IVT Visuals
81
EMC Verification Approaches

Equipment qualification Operational aircraft functional checks Aircraft radio checks Radio interference measurements
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
Equipment Qualification
Equipment laboratory tests, such as RTCA/DO-160
Advantages
Equipment tests in lab. Standardized test procedures and categories Confident equipment will have satisfactory EMC on aircraft
Disadvantages
No guarantee of EMC on aircraft Considers EM emissions from 1 item of equipment, not entire system Does not consider susceptibility of other aircraft systems
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Equipment Qualification Standards

RTCA/DO-160 or EUROCAE/ED-14 (these are equivalent) Equivalent industry standards (for example, Boeing D6-16050-4C) TSO-specific requirements MIL-STD-461
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
RTCA/DO-160 EMC Requirements

RF Emissions - Section 21
Installed equipment should meet this or equivalent
RF Susceptibility - Section 20
May include high level HIRF tests
Audio and Induced Signal Susceptibility - Sections 18 and 19

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RTCA/DO-160 Section 21
Measures RF emissions
Conducted on signal and power wires Radiated from LRU and wires
Four emissions categories (B, L, M & H)

Category B limits allow 10 times higher emissions than other categories
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
RTCA/DO-160D Section 21 Categories B and L Radiated

100.0
RF Emission (dBv/m)
90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Category B Category L
Frequency (MHz)
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RTCA/DO-160D Section 21 Category M Radiated RF Emission (dBv/m)

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Category M
Frequency (MHz)
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
RTCA/DO-160D Section 21 Category H Radiated

100.0
RF Emission (dBv/m)
90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Category H
Frequency (MHz)
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RTCA/DO-160D Section 21 Categories B, L, M, & H Conducted

100.0
RF Emission (dBv/m)
90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0.1
Category B
Interconnecting Wires
Category B Power Wires Categories L, M, & H

Interconnecting Wires
Categories L, M, & H
Power Wires
1 10 100
Frequency (MHz)
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
Measured RF Conducted Emissions

Category M 150 kHz to 100 MHz
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Measured RF Radiated Emissions

Category M Vertical Antenna Polarization 25 to 200 MHz
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
What about FCC 47 CFR 15?

Most consumer electronics meet FCC Class B requirements in 47 CFR 15 Test setup and procedures are different than DO-160 Section 21 Uses open air test site instead of shielded room Emission limits are similar to DO-160 Section 21 Category L
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FCC and RTCA/DO-160 Emission Limit Comparison

Field Strength (dBv/m)
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10
DO-160 Cat B FCC Part 15 Class B
DO-160 Cat L
DO-160 levels adjusted for 3 meters separation between antenna and equipment under test Frequency (MHz)
100 1,000
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EMC IVT Visuals
Other Sections
Audio susceptibility - Sections 18 & 19
Determines if equipment can withstand power and audio frequency conducted interference
Inductive switching transients - Section 19

Determines if equipment can withstand transients typical during inductive load switching
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Inductive Switching Transient
200 v
20s
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EMC IVT Visuals
Operation Aircraft Functional Checks

Typically uses a source-victim matrix Advantages
Uses real aircraft operating conditions Most conditions may be performed during ground test No special-purpose RF measurement equipment required
Disadvantages
Thorough source-victim testing time-consuming Acceptance criteria more difficult to define Special test equipment required to make some systems function on ground
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Aircraft Radio Checks

Aircraft radio receivers can be tuned across channels to detect interference Advantages
No special equipment required May be performed during ground test
Disadvantages
Lengthy process to tune each channel Selected channel tuning will miss narrow-band interference Acceptance criteria must be defined
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EMC IVT Visuals
Radio Channels - Examples

VHF comm 25 kHz spacing 760 channels VHF comm 8.33 kHz spacing 2280 channels Localizer - 40 channels Glide slope - 40 channels
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Acceptance Considerations
VHF comm
No unintended squelch breaks No audio tones that interfere with communications
Localizer, glide slope, and VOR

No guidance errors No audio tones to interfere with station ID
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
Radio Interference Measurements

Interfering signals can be measured at aircraft radio receiver antenna connectors Advantages
Provides quantitative measurement of interfering signals Perform during ground test May use with radio tuning test
Disadvantages
Ambient signals mask interfering signals at specific test site Define acceptance criteria Special test equipment Applies only to radio interference
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Part 3: Aircraft EMC Examples

EMC IVT Visuals
Aircraft EMC Examples
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Example 1
Transport Airplane Localizer Interference
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EMC IVT Visuals
Transport Airplane Localizer Interference

During Category 1 autoland airplane diverged left of runway center line No autoland warning annunciated
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RF Interference Measured at Localizer Receiver

Airplane Localizer Antenna Signal dB(uV)
20 15 10 5 0 -5
Airport Localizer Signal
-10 1.08E+08
1.10E+08
1.12E+08
1.14E+08
1.16E+08
1.18E+08
Frequency (Hz)
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
Current Measured on Control Panel Wire Bundle

20
Control Panel Wire Bundle Current dB( A)
15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 1.08E+08 1.10E+08 1.12E+08 1.14E+08 1.16E+08 1.18E+08
Frequency (Hz)
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System Configuration
Airplane had autopilot with mode control panel Mode control panel wire bundles routed adjacent to weather radar wire bundles Weather radar wire bundles routed through nose bulkhead to weather radar, where localizer antennas installed
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EMC IVT Visuals
System Configuration, cont.
Mode Control Panel
Localizer Antenna
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Why Did This Happen?

Mode control panel generated RF conducted emissions from internal processor clock RF conducted currents coupled to adjacent localizer coax cable Localizer coax cable conducted RF conducted emissions to the airplane localizer antennas Localizer receiver detected emissions as a valid localizer signal
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EMC IVT Visuals
Example 2
Small Airplane Flap Control Interference
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Small Airplane Flap Control

Electronic flap position controller malfunctioned during VHF comm radio use
During flap actuation, flaps would stop at uncommanded positions or reverse if pilot transmitted on VHF comm radio
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EMC IVT Visuals
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System Configuration
Flap drive, controller and wiring installed below rear seats VHF comm antenna installed on bottom centerline of airplane, just below flap drive Flap controller wiring to flap drive uses unshielded wires Airframe primarily fiberglass, with aluminum foil for shielding & grounding
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EMC IVT Visuals
System Description
Flap actuator used electrical motordriven jackscrew Flaps have three positions: stowed, mid-extension, and full extension Magnetic proximity sensor used to detect position of jackscrew
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System Description, cont.

Electronic flap controller used pilot flap switch and magnetic sensors to command jackscrew motor Electronic flap controller used TTL circuit logic to control and command flap position
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December, 2002
EMC IVT Visuals
System Schematic
Cockpit Flap Position Switch
Electronic Flap Controller
Magnetic Jackscrew Position Sensor Flap Actuator Motor VHF Comm Antenna
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VHF Comm Transceiver

VHF comm transmitter induced RF current on flap control wires RF current was conducted into flap controller and was rectified by TTL circuit elements Rectified RF currents were interpreted as a logic change by the TTL circuit elements Flap controller was not test for RF susceptibility
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EMC IVT Visuals
Changes Required
Simultaneous flap operation and comm transmission prohibited Service bulletin created to add EMI suppression to flap system wiring
Ferrite cores added to flap control wiring
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Example 3
Helicopter Audio Interference
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EMC IVT Visuals
Helicopter Audio Interference

Medical evacuation helicopter crashed following loss of engine power Electromagnetic interference to fullauthority digital engine control (FADEC) was suspected
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EMC IVT Visuals
Facts
Medevac operation in cruise flight Pilot heard a sharp, increasing pitch tone in his headset Pilot placed FADEC switch to MANUAL position Engine experienced several excursions of shutdown and re-ignitions Helicopter autorotated to hard landing
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Helicopter Configuration
Single engine helicopter with single channel FADEC Medical equipment, additional radios, and cell phone installed Radios and cell phone connected to helicopter interphone system
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EMC IVT Visuals
Cell Phone Configuration

Helicopter audio interphone system Cell phone base Cell phone voltage converter Helicopter to cell phone voltage converter Helicopter power Pilots headset
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Cell phone voltage converter installed under cabin floor Corrosion on voltage converter circuit card resulted in voltage converter audio oscillation Audio oscillation conducted on power wires to cell phone base
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EMC IVT Visuals
Impact of Audio Interference

Audio oscillation coupled to interphone, resulted in audio tone on pilots headset Pilot apparently interpreted audio tone as FADEC FAIL warning Pilot selected FADEC MANUAL mode Rotor RPM exceeded limits, resulting in automatic engine shutdown
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Implications
Non-essential, non-required systems can have impact on required systems Even nuisance audio EMI can result in unsafe conditions
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December, 2002
Part 3: EMC IVT Wrap-Up

Part 3: EMC IVT Wrap-Up
EMC IVT Visuals
EMC IVT Wrap-Up

Focused on electromagnetic compatibility, not lightning and HIRF EMC fundamentals review Regulatory basis for EMC Approaches to compliance Examples
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EMC IVT Quiz
Appendix B
Appendix B
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Quiz
December, 2002
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Appendix B-1
EMC IVT Quiz

QUIZ 1. Achieving electromagnetic compatibility involves:
Appendix B
a. Controlling the EMI source system emissions, the electromagnetic coupling path, and the victim system immunity. b. Black magic. c. Only using equipment that meets RTCA/DO-160. d. Minimizing the use of radios.
2.
Common aircraft radio receivers operate in the frequency range from: a. 10 MHz to 100 MHz. b. 100 MHz to 1 GHz. c. 100 kHz to 10 GHz. d. 100 MHz to 100 GHz.
3.
Which are possible methods for decreasing VHF communication receiver interference? a. Decreasing the VHF receiver sensitivity. b. Increasing the separation distance from the interference source to the VHF antenna. c. Reducing the level of VHF emissions from the interference source. d. All of the above.
4.
The terminations for a wire bundle shield are: a. Better if they are very long. b. As important as the shield itself. c. Unimportant. d. Depends on the type of shield.
December, 2002
EMC IVT Quiz

5.
Appendix B
Common sources of RF emissions within avionics equipment are: a. Computer clocks b. RF oscillators. c. Switching power supplies. d. All of these.
6.
RF emissions that couple from one wire bundle to an adjacent wire bundle can be reduced by: a. Shielding the emitting wire bundle. b. Moving the susceptible wire bundle farther from the emitting wire bundle. c. Both A and B. d. Neither A or B.
7.
RF emissions that are conducted on wires from one avionic box to other systems can be reduced by: a. Modifying the emitting avionics. b. Shielding the wires from the avionics. c. Testing the avionics according to RTCA/DO-160. d. None of these.
8.
Which regulations in part 25 specifically mention electromagnetic compatibility? a. 25.1301. b. 25.1309. c. 25.1353. d. None.
December, 2002
EMC IVT Quiz

9.
Appendix B
Which sections of RTCA/DO-160 have test procedures and limits for radio frequency emissions and susceptibility? a. Sections 2 and 3. b. Sections 8 and 9. c. Sections 20 and 21. d. Sections 22 and 23.
10.
Which aircraft EMC tests are commonly used? a. Operational aircraft functional checks. b. Aircraft radio checks. c. Radio interference measurements. d. All of these.
December, 2002
Evaluation
Appendix C
Appendix C
Course Evaluation Form
If you are taking this course via IVT/ATN and you are logged on to a keypad, you will be asked to complete the course evaluation by using the Viewer Response System keypad. Your instructor will provide directions on how and when to complete the course evaluation. There are also some open-ended questions that you can respond to (in writing), and these can be faxed back to the ATN studio. If you are completing the course via self-study video, please complete the form and return to your Air Training Manager (ATM). Please note that to get credit in your training history for watching the video, you MUST return the evaluation form.
December, 2002
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Appendix C-1
Evaluation
Appendix C
IVT or Self-Study Video Evaluation Form

IVT Course # 62835; Video/Self-study # 25835 December, 2002
We want your candid opinion on the course you just completed. Your feedback will help us to provide the best possible products and services. Please respond to the questions below. If you have completed via IVT, your instructor will prompt you when to enter your answers in your keypad. If you have completed the video option, complete this form manually and return to your ATM. You must complete and return this evaluation form to your ATM in order to get credit for the video self-study option.
A = Highly Satisfactory
B = Satisfactory
C = Somewhat Satisfactory
D = Not at all Satisfactory E = Not applicable _____________________________________________________________

1. Clarity of objectives 2. Clarity of instructions 3. Ease of navigation 4. Relevance of content to your job 5. Relevance of exercises to your job 6. Effectiveness of presentation of content 7. Quality of feedback 8. Quality of instructor/student communication 9. Supervisor support in course completion 10. Overall quality of the course A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D E E E E E E E E E E
December, 2002
Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Appendix C-2
Evaluation
Appendix C

IVT Course # 62835; Video/Self-study # 25835 December, 2002
(This page is optional: complete manually)
What information was most useful to you and why?
What information was least useful to you and why?
Additional comments:
If completing this page after participating in the live ATN broadcast, please fax this sheet to the ATN studio at 405 954-0317. If completing the previous page and this one after watching the video, send to your AIR Training Manager (ATM) to get credit in your training history.
IVT Course Federal Aviation Administration Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Appendix C-3
December, 2002

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