SpirentMedicalDO 160GMIL

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 112

CONDUCTED RF EQUIPMENT POWER AMPLIFIERS

Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment


such as requested by
RTCA DO-160G and MIL-Std 704

Alain Burger / Liu Xiaohua 11.2013 www.emtest.com 1


EMC structure
EMC

EMI EMS
interferences susceptibility

conducted disturbanced radiated conducted


radiated conducted transient RF LF power phenomena

BBRE NBRE Harmonic Flicker ESD Burst Surge


Surge Power DOW
CISPR11 CISPR 11 IEC61000
IEC61000 IEC61000 IEC61000 IEC61000
CISPR 13 CISPR 13 -4-5
-3-2 -3-3 -4-2 -4-4
CISPR22 CISPR22 -4-12 IEC61000 IEC61000 IEC61000
IEC61000 IEC61000
CISPR14 CISPR14 -4-9 -4-8 -4-10
3-12 3-11
CISPR15 CISPR15

Ind. Ind.
Asym CM
conducted radiated

IEC61000 IEC61000 IEC61000


-4-16 -4-6 -4-3

3ph Freq.
AC Harmonic V fluct DC DC
unbalance variation

IEC61000
IEC61000 IEC61000 IEC61000 IEC61000 IEC61000 IEC61000
-4-11
-4-13 -4-14 -4-17 -4-27 -4-28 -4-29
-4-34

www.emtest.com 3
Aircraft EMC Standards

ABD100.1
Environmental Conditions and Tests
Requirements Procedures
for Airborne Equipment

D6-16050-4 Mil-Std 704


Electromagnetic Interference Aircraft Electric Power Characteristics
Control Requirements Mil-Std 461 Mil-Std 464

www.emtest.com 4
Aircraft Electrical Power System

Ram air turbine

Transformer
Rectifier Unit

www.emtest.com 5
Aircraft Electrical Power System

Module Boeing787 Boeing777 Boeing737 Airbus380 Airbus330 Airbus320

Electric Power 235Vac,115Vac, 250Vac,115Vac, 115Vac,26Vac,28 235Vac,115Vac,2 200Vac,115Vac


270Vdc,28Vdc 28Vdc Vdc 70Vdc,28Vdc (3phase),28Vdc

Engine 2 2 2 4 2 2

IDG Generators 4x250kVA VF 2x120kVA 2x90 kVA 4 ×150 kVA 2 ×115 kVA 2 ×90kVA
Integrated drive generator CF 400Hz CF 400Hz VF(370-770Hz) CF 400Hz CF 400Hz

APU 2x225kVA 1x120kVA 90 kVA 2 ×120 kVA 115 kVA 90kVA


Auxiliary power unit
CF400Hz CF 400Hz

Ground source 3 x 90 kVA 4 connections 2 connections


90 kVA

RAT 1 ×7.5kVA 1 ×70kVA


Ram Air Turbine

TRU 4×120A 3x50A 5×300A 3x100A


Transformer rectifier unit 1x300A APU 1x200A

www.emtest.com 6
RTCA DO-160G

Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment


such as requested by
RTCA DO-160G

7 www.emtest.com
Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment
Section Title Section Title

1 Purpose and Applicability 14 Salt Spray

2 Definitions of Terms 15 Magnetic Effect

3 Conditions of Test 16 Power Input

4 Temperature and Altitude 17 Voltage Spike Conducted

5 Temperature Variation 18 Audio frequency Conducted Susceptibility

6 Humidity 19 Induced Signal Susceptibility

7 Shock 20 RF Susceptibility (Radiated and Conducted)

8 Vibration 21 Emission of Radio Frequency Energy

9 Explosive Atmosphere 22 Lightning Induced Transient Susceptibility

10 Waterproofness 23 Lightning Direct Effects

11 Fluids Susceptibility 24 Icing

12 Sand and Dust 25 Electro Static Discharge

13 Fungus Resistance 26 Fire, Flammability

EMC

www.emtest.com 8
RTCA is the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics

– Publishes DO 160
• Latest publication is DO 160G, issued in 8 December 2010

– Section 16 “ Power Input”


– Section 18 “ Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility ”

DO-160G is recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as de facto


international standard ISO-7137.

www.emtest.com 10
Table of Contents Section 16
16.1 Purpose of the Test
16.2 Equipment Categories
16.3 Emergency Electrical System Operation
16.4 Standard Electrical Power Input Parameters
16.5 AC Power supply 16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical
16.5.1 Normal Operating Conditions (ac) Power System (ac and dc) Designation
16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency
16.7.1 Current harmonic Emissions from Loads (ac)
16.5.1.2 Voltage Modulation
16.5.1.3 Frequency Modulation 16.7.2 Allowable Phase Unbalance (3-phase ac Input Only)
16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption 16.7.3 DC Current Content in Steady State Operation
16.5.1.5 Normal Transients (All ac Equipment)
16.5.1.6 Normal Frequency Variation 16.7.4 Regenerated Energy
16.5.2 Abnormal Operating (ac) (dc, Category D Equipment Only)
16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency 16.7.5 Inrush Current Requirements (ac and dc) Designation I
16.5.2.2 Momentary Undervoltage Operation 16.7.6 Current Modulation in Steady-State Operation (ac),
16.5.1.3 Abnormal Transients Designation L
16.5.1.4 Loss of Phase Input ( 3-phase only) 16.7.7 DC Current Ripple tests (dc), Designation R
16.7.8 Power Factor (All ac Equipment), Designation P
16.6 DC Power supply
16.6.1 Normal Operating Conditions (dc)
16.6.1.1 Voltage (Average Value dc)
16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage
16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruption
16.6.1.4 Normal Surge Voltage dc
16.6.1.6 Normal Frequency Variation
16.6.2 Abnormal Operating (dc)
16.6.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency
16.6.2.2 Momentary Undervoltage Operation
16.6.1.3 Abnormal Transients
16.6.1.4 Loss of Phase Input ( 3-phase only)

www.emtest.com 11
Section 16
Power Input (Section 16.5 )

AC DC
Electrical Power Input Parameter Limits Electrical Power Input Parameter Limits
Section 16.6.2
Section 16.5.1 Section 16.5.2 Section 16.6.1

Abnormal Operate Condition Normal Operate Condition Abnormal Operate Condition


Normal Operate Condition

Momentary Momentary Loss of Momentary Low Momentary


Voltage & Voltage Frequency Power Voltage & Under Abnormal Phase Ripple Power Voltage Voltage Under
Voltage
Frequency Modulation Modulation Interruption Frequency Operation Transients Input Voltage Interruption Steady State Condition Operation

Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section
16.5.1.1 16.5.1. 2 16.5.1. 3 16.5.1. 4 16.5.2.1 16.5.2. 2 16.5.2. 3 16.5.2. 4* 16.6.1.1 16.6.1. 2 16.6.1. 3 16.6.2.1 16.6.2. 2 16.6.2. 3

Normal Exposed Normal


Normal N.Frequency Voltage Voltage & Surge Engine Voltage Surge
Transients Variations DC content Distortion Voltage Starting Decay time Voltage
A. Frequency
A.Surge A. Frequency Transients
Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section
Voltage Transients A (NF) A(WF)
16.5.1. 5 16.5.1. 6 16.5.1. 7 16.5.1. 8 16.6.1. 4 16.6.1. 5 16.6.1. 6 16.6.2. 4

Section Section Section


Total Individual 16.5.2. 3.1 16.5.2.3.2 16.5.2.3.3
Surge N. Frequency Harmonic Harmonic
Voltage Transients Distortion Content

Section Section Section Section


16.5.1.5.1 16.5.1.5.2 16.5.1. 8.1.1 16.5.1. 8.1.2

www.emtest.com 12
16.1. Purpose of the test

This section defines test conditions and procedures for ac and dc electrical power applied to
the terminals of the equipment under test. It covers the following electrical power supplies:

• 14 V dc, 28 V dc and 270 V dc

• 115 Vrms ac and 230 Vrms ac


with nominal frequency 400 Hz or a variable range  400 Hz.

Equipment categories and frequency classes, test conditions and procedures for equipment using other
electrical power supplies must be defined in applicable equipment performance sandards.

 = Function check = Determine compliance with applicable equipment performance standards

www.emtest.com 13
16.2. Equipment Categories

AC Power supply
Voltage range Up to 230 Vrms
Frequency range Up to 900 Hz + 5 Hz
Equipment Categories A(CF) Operating at 400Hz
A(NF) Operating at 360 to 650Hz
A(WF) Operating at 360 to 800Hz

DC Power Supply

Voltage range Up to 400 V + 4 V


Rise & Fall time < 1 ms
Equipment Categories A 28V dc (may have battery floating on dc bus)
B 14V or 28V dc (battery of significant capacity)
D 270V dc
Z 28V dc Equipment for use in lieu of Cat A / B
(no battery)

www.emtest.com 14
DO-160 Tests in NetWave.control

AC

Cat R(WF)
172 files

Same library for DC application (24 V, 28 V, 270 V)

www.emtest.com 16
Table of Contents Section 16
16.1 Purpose of the Test
16.2 Equipment Categories
16.3 Emergency Electrical System Operation
16.4 Standard Electrical Power Input Parameters
16.5 AC Power supply
16.5.1 Normal Operating Conditions (ac)
16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency
16.5.1.2 Voltage Modulation
16.5.1.3 Frequency Modulation
16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption
16.5.1.5 Normal Transients
16.5.1.6 Normal Frequency Variation
16.5.1.7 Voltage DC constant (ac)
16.5.1.8 Voltage distortion (ac)
16.5.2 Abnormal Operating (ac)
16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency
16.5.2.2 Momentary Undervoltage Operation
16.5.2.3 Abnormal Transients
16.5.1.4 Loss of Phase Input ( 3-phase only)
16.6 DC Power supply
16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical Power System (ac and dc)

www.emtest.com 19
16.5 Electrical Power Input Parameter Limits (ac)
The following defines quantitatively those parameters of electrical power input that are variable and
the related test conditions where applicable. The tests are divided into those associated with
NORMAL system operation and
ABNORMAL system operation.

Testing of equipment allows to use of input power

A(CF) 400Hz A(NF) 360Hz to 650Hz A(WF) 360Hz to 650Hz


A(WF) yes yes yes
A(NF) yes yes no
A(CF) yes no no

16.5.1 Normal Operating Conditions (ac)


Test are applicable to Category A(CF), A(NF), A(WF) Equipment.

CAUTION: All mentioned voltage values are for 115 Vrms ac equipment.
For 230V equipment all voltage values are multiply by 2

www.emtest.com 20
16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency (ac)

Definition
Frequency : Normal
Emergency

3-phase system
Voltage (AVG) : Min = 101.5
Max = 120.5

AC Network:
Unom = 115V
f nom = 400Hz

www.emtest.com 21
16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency (ac)

Requirement for single phase equipment


Operate equipment at maximum duty cycle for at
least 30 minutes for each test. Determine
compliance with applicable performance standards
during each 30 minute test period

Test b1

Test b2 emergency A (CF) only

www.emtest.com 22
16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency (ac)
Requirement for Three Phase Equipment
Operate equipment at maximum duty cycle for at least 30 minutes for each test with the primary power
adjusted first for a phase balance, then for a phase unbalance. Determine compliance with applicable
performance standards during each 30 minute test period.
Test c1 (1) normal

Test c1(2) emergency

Balanced
Unbalanced

www.emtest.com 23
16.5.1.1 Voltage and Frequency (ac)
Requirement for Three Phase Equipment
Operate equipment at maximum duty cycle for at least 30 minutes for each test with the primary power
adjusted first for a phase balance, then for a phase unbalance. Determine compliance with applicable
performance standards during each 30 minute test period.

Test c2 (1) A(WF) normal Test c2 (2) A (WF) emergency

Balanced
Unbalanced

www.emtest.com 24
16.5.1.2 Voltage Modulation (ac)

Definition
The voltage modulation, cyclic or random variation
will be 5Vp-p (115Vac system) maximum peak-valley
on the modulation envelope.
For 230V system modulation 10Vp-p

Requirement
Dwell time 120s for each Frequency.
The frequency step size shall be a
minimum 4 log spaces steps/decade.
Fn+1 = fn * 10^ (1/4)
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz

Caution: All voltages for 115V rms.


Multiple by 2 for 230V equipment.

www.emtest.com 25
16.5.1.3 Frequency Modulation (ac)
Definition
The frequency modulation is normally within narrow
frequency limits and occurs as a result of speed
variations in a generator coupling and/or drive
speed regulation.

Requirement
The equipment shall be operated with a mean
frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz

Test: At each repetition rate test point. Dwell the


longer of 5 repetition rate cycles, 30 seconds or for a
time as per equipment specs.
Frequency Deviation Sweep duration
±4.9Hz 1/0.014= 71.43s
±0.2Hz 1/100 = 0.01s

www.emtest.com 26
16.5.1.3 Frequency Modulation (ac)
Example : Test with 400Hz. At each repetition rate test point. Dwell the longer of 5 repetition rate
cycles, 30 seconds or for a time as per equipment specs.

- 5s for a sweep 396Hz to 404Hz = 5s - 0.05s for a sweep from 399.25Hz to 400.75Hz
-10s for a sweep from 396Hz to 404Hz and back to 396Hz - 0.1s Duration for a 399.25Hz to 400.75Hz and back to 399.25
- For max. 30s test time = 30s/ (10s) =3 cycles => 5 Cycles for test - For max. 30s test time = 30s/ (0.1s) =300 cycles for test
=50s test duration

www.emtest.com 27
16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption (ac)

a. Definition
Transfer of power sources can result in power interruption for periods up to 200ms.

b. Requirement for all Equipment


Equipment is sensitive to momentary power interruptions that can cause aberration in performance.
The interruption can be from 0 to 200ms. This test procedure selects discrete values that considered
effective for determining equipment performance.

Test Procedures
The equipment shall be operated with a mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz

Apply test conditions of Table 16-1 at least twice.


Furthermore, If the difference of maximum and minimum steady state EUT current is > 25% then both
EUT conditions are to be tested.

www.emtest.com 28
16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption (ac)
b. Requirement for all Equipment
Definitions for voltage wave shape during interruptions:
Ti Power interrupt time
Tf Time it would take for the applied voltage 
decay from Vnom to Vmin.
Tr Time it would take for the applied voltage
rise from Vmin to Vnom.
V min The minimum level ( in % of Vnom ) to which
the applied voltage is permitted to decay.

Tolerance to Ti, Tf, Tr = ±10%

Table 16-1 for testing Equipment


Test cond. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Tf [ms] <1 10 17 18 19 20 20 10 25 50 43 48 50 18 20 13 5 <1 <1
Ti [ms] 2 0 8 32 56 80 180 0 0 0 33 53 150 13 15 27 20 50 200
Tr [ms] <1 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 10 20 17 19 20 7 2 13 5 <1 <1
% Vnom (Vmin) 0 50 15 10 5 0 0 80 50 0 15 5 0 65 60 35 0 0 0

Apply test conditions of Table 16-1 at least twice.

www.emtest.com 30
16.5.1.4 Momentary Power Interruption (ac)

c. Additional Requirement (A(NF) and A(WF) Category Only)


Apply each of the test conditions of Table 16-2 at least twice.

Test Procedures

Tolerance to Ti, Tf, Tr = ±10%


A(NF) Fmax= 650Hz
A(WF) Fmax= 800Hz
F1 = frequency of equipment voltage
supply when t < ta
F2 = frequency of equipment voltage
supply when t > tb

Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted
unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.

www.emtest.com 32
16.5.1.5 Normal Transients (ac)
16.5.1.5.1 Normal Surge Voltage (ac)
Definition
A normal surge is a variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from the inherent
regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are imposed by
normal system operation, such as load switching and remedial action by the regular.

Requirement
Operate as follow:
The require surge voltages as measured at the input
terminals of the EUT shall be achieved regardless of
the required surge current.

The supply frequency shall be as follows:


A(CF) 400Hz ±5Hz

A(NF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz
2nd 650Hz +0/-5Hz
A(WF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz Voltage Surge should be monitored
2nd 800Hz +0/-5Hz

During the normal electric system surges, determine compliance with applicable performance standards

www.emtest.com 34
16.5.1.5.2 Normal Frequency Transients ( All Equipment)

Definition
A normal transients is a momentary variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from
the inherent regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are
imposed by normal system operation, such as engine speed changes and remedial action by the
regulator. This test is performed on variable frequency equipment to insure compatibility with
constant frequency equipment.

Requirement
Operate the equipment for 5
minutes with a voltage of 115V
at equipment terminals and a
frequency of 400Hz. The cycle
 
the frequency 3 times as
indicated shown in the figure.
Transition between frequency
test points shall occur <1ms.

www.emtest.com 35
16.5.1.6 Normal Frequency Variations ( A(NF) and A(WF) Category Only)

Definition
Frequency variations up to 200Hz/s, unless otherwise specified, can occur in abnormal operating
conditions as a result of quick engine speed changes more particularly during engine runaway or
failure mode scenarios.

Requirement
Operate the equipment for 5
minutes with a voltage of 115V
at equipment terminals and a
frequency of 360Hz +5/-0Hz.
The cycle the frequency 3 times 
as indicated below

www.emtest.com 36
16.5.1.7 Voltage DC Content (ac)

Definition
A voltage dc content up to ± 0.20volt may be encountered during normal steady-state electrical
system operation The dc voltage is the same for both 115V and 230V ac systems.

Requirement
Operate the equipment at max. duty cycle with a voltage of 115V / 230V and the specified frequency.
After initial power up of EUT, apply to the primary input during at least 30 minutes a dc offset of:

These test shall be performed with a


mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz  
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz

www.emtest.com 37
16.5.1.8 Voltage Distortion (ac)

Definition
Total Harmonic Distortion

Individual Harmonic Content


X1 = Fundamental value of current or voltage
Xn = nth Harmonic value of current or voltage

Requirement
Operate at maximum duty cycle with minimum voltage = 100V for at least 30 minutes with a voltage
distortion as follows:

A(CF) 400Hz 8% +2/-0%


A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz 8% +2/-0%
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz 10% +2/-0%  

www.emtest.com 38
16.5.2. Abnormal Operating Conditions (ac)
Applicable for 115Vrms ac and 230Vrms ac equipment.

16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency Limits Steady State (ac)


a. Definition
These test shall be performed with a
mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz

b. Requirement for single phase equipment


Operate the equipment at maximum  
duty cycle for at least 5 minutes.

www.emtest.com 39
16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency Limits Steady State (ac)

c. Requirement for three phase equipment


Operate the equipment at maximum
duty cycle for at least 5 minutes .

 during each 5 min period 3-phases

d. Requirement for single phase equipment A(CF) Category only


Operate the equipment at maximum
duty cycle for at least 5 minutes .

 

 

Test1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

www.emtest.com 40
16.5.2.1 Abnormal Voltage and Frequency Limits Steady State (ac)

e. Requirement for three phase equipment (A(CF) Category Equipment only)

Operate the equipment at maximum duty


cycle for at least 5 minutes for each test
with the primary power adjusted
first
- for a phase balance, then
- for a phase unbalance.

 during each 5 min period

www.emtest.com 41
16.5.2.2 Momentary Undervoltage Operations (ac)

Definition
Momentary voltages in the range from zero to 97Vrms may occur for any duration up to 7seconds.

Requirement
Decrease the input ac voltage to 60Vrms for 7 seconds. Adjust the input ac voltage to 115Vrms and ,
determine compliance with applicable performance standards.
Repeat with 10Vrms instead of 60Vrms

These test shall be performed with a  


mean frequency of:
A(CF) 400Hz
A(NF) 360Hz and 650Hz
A(WF) 360Hz and 800Hz

www.emtest.com 42
16.5.2.3 Abnormal transients (ac)

16.5.2.3.1 Abnormal Surge Voltage (ac)


Definition
A normal surge is a variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from the inherent
regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are imposed by
normal system operation, such as load switching and remedial action by the regular.

Requirement
Operate as follow for single phase equipment:
The required surge voltages as measured at the input
terminals of the EUT shall be achieved regardless of
the required surge current.

The supply frequency shall be as follows:


A(CF) 400Hz ±5Hz
A(NF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz
2nd 650Hz +0/-5Hz
A(WF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz
2nd 800Hz +0/-5Hz Voltage Surge should be monitored

During the normal electric system surges, determine compliance with applicable performance standards

www.emtest.com 43
16.5.2.3 Abnormal transients (ac)

16.5.2.3.1 Abnormal Surge Voltage (ac)


Requirement
Operate as follow for 3-phase equipment:
For 3-phase equipment apply each surge
one time at 10 seconds intervals between
tests per figure below.

The supply frequency shall be as follows: Voltage Surge should be monitored


A(CF) 400Hz ±5Hz
A(NF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz
2nd 650Hz +0/-5Hz
A(WF) first 360Hz +5/-0Hz
2nd 800Hz +0/-5Hz

During the normal electric system surges, determine compliance with applicable performance standards

www.emtest.com 44
16.5.2.3.2 Abnormal Frequency Transients (ac)

Definition
A normal transients is a momentary variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from
the inherent regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are
imposed by normal system operation, such as engine speed changes and remedial action by the
regulator. This test is performed on variable frequency equipment to insure compatibility with
constant frequency equipment.

Requirement
Test 1 All ac Equipment
Operate the equipment for 5
minutes with a voltage of 115V

at equipment terminals and a
frequency of 400Hz.
The following sequence shall be
repeated 3 times allow the
equipment to fully stabilized
between each sequence.

tr & tf < 1 ms

www.emtest.com 45
16.5.2.3.2 Abnormal Frequency Transients (ac)

tr & tf < 1 ms
Test 2 All ac equipment
Operate the equipment for 5 minutes
with a voltage of 115V at equipment
terminals and a frequency of 400Hz.
The following sequence shall be
repeated 3 times allow the equipment
to fully stabilized between each 
sequence.

Test 3 A(NF) and A(WF) ac equipment


only
Operate the equipment for 5 minutes
with a voltage of 115V at equipment
terminals and a frequency of 400Hz.
The following sequence shall be 
repeated 3 times allow the equipment
to fully stabilized between each
sequence.

www.emtest.com 46
16.5.2.3.3 Abnormal Frequency Transients (A(NF) and A(WF) Equipment Only

Definition
Frequency variations up to 400Hz/s ( decreasing), and 120Hz/s (increasing), unless otherwise
specified, can occur in abnormal operating conditions as a result of quick engine speed changes more
particularly during engine runaway or failure mode scenarios.

Requirement
Operate the equipment for
5 minutes with a voltage of 115V
at equipment terminals and a
frequency of 360Hz +5/-0Hz. The
cycle the frequency 3 times as
indicated below

www.emtest.com 47
16.5.2.4 Loss of Phase Input (Three Phase ac Input only)

Definition
All three phase ac loads are to be designed such that no damage or unsafe condition will occur during
following removal of one or more input phase connections.

Requirement (400Hz for (CF), 360 Hz & 650 Hz for (NF) and 360 Hz & 800 Hz for (WF)
a) 5 minutes with all three phases supplied followed by a minimum of 30 minutes
testing period with removed phase (most susceptible phase X).

b) Starting with power disconnected (phase X) and continue operating for a period
of 30 minutes with powered two phases.

c) Operate 5 minutes with all three phases supplied followed by a minimum of 30 minutes
testing period with removed both phase Y & Z.

d) Staring with power disconnected at phase Y & Z and run the normal operating
with the remaining phase for a period of 30 minutes.
After exposure Manual reset is permitted unless not allowed by the individual specs.

www.emtest.com 48
Table of Contents Section 16

16.1 Purpose of the Test


16.2 Equipment Categories
16.3 Emergency Electrical System Operation
16.4 Standard Electrical Power Input Parameters
16.5 AC Power supply
16.6 DC Power supply
16.6.1 Normal Operating Conditions (dc)
16.6.1.1 Voltage (Average Value dc)
16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage
16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruption
16.6.1.4 Normal Surge Voltage dc
16.6.1.5 Engine Starting Under Voltage Operation (dc)
16.6.1.6 Exposed Voltage Decay Time (dc, Category D Equipment Only)
16.6.2 Abnormal Operating (dc)
16.6.2.1 Voltage Steady State (dc)
16.6.2.2 Low Voltage Conditions (dc Category B Equipment Only)
16.6.2.3 Momentary Undervoltage Operation
16.6.2.4 Abnormal Surge Voltage (dc)
16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical Power System (ac and dc)
www.emtest.com 49
16.6 Electrical Power Input Parameter Limits (dc)
– DC tests are associated with NORMAL and ABNORMAL electrical system operation.

16.6.1 Operation condition for Power supply connection


If not otherwise specified, the power is connected as follows:

Chassis shall be the same dc potential as earth ground.


The return lead ( negative lead) for all 14V and 28V dc equipment
shall be the same dc potential as the earth ground during all tests.

270V dc equipment may be used either as:


- positive ground
- negative ground (preferred)
- floating ground

Except as noted, all 270V dc tests are to be performed with negative


lead at the same potential as earth ground during all equipment tests.

www.emtest.com 50
16.6.1.1 Voltage ( Average Value dc)

Definition
Voltage at Equipment Terminals 14V dc 28V dc 270V dc
Maximum 15.15V 30.3V 285V
Category A : 14V
Minimum 11.00V 22.0V 235V
Category B : 28V or 14V
Emergency Operation 9.00V 18.0V 235V Category Z : 28V



Determine compliance with applicable equipment performance standards.

www.emtest.com 51
16.6.1.1 Voltage ( Average Value dc)
Definition
Voltage at Equipment Terminals 14V dc 28V dc 270V dc
Maximum 15.15V 30.3V 285V
Category A : 14V
Minimum 11.00V 22.0V 235V
Category B : 28V or 14V
Emergency Operation 9.00V 18.0V 235V Category Z : 28V
Category D : 270V

Requirement 4
Category D : 270V only

With the power source‘s positive
lead referenced to PE, operate at
max. duty cycle for at least 30 min
with voltage at maximum voltage.
After determining compliance,
turn the 270V power off, verify the
voltage has dropped to a safe
level and then return the 270V
power source to have its negative
lead referenced to PE.

www.emtest.com 52
16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage (dc)

Definition
Ripple in the cyclic variation about the mean level of the voltage during steady state dc electrical
system operation.

In 28V dc network, the cyclic peak to peak ripple voltage will be:
Vnom Voltage ≥ 22V : Ripple ≤ 4 V
Vnom Voltage < 22V : Ripple ≤ 2 V

In 270V dc network, the cyclic peak to peak ripple voltage will be less than 16V

Requirements
Test according paragraph 18.3.1 of subsection 18.3

Corresponding Categories : Section 16 A, B, D and Z correspond to


Section 18 R, B, Z and Z

www.emtest.com 53
16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage (dc) according paragraph 18.3.1

14/28 Vdc

Setup for 14V and 28VDC Power Lines diff. Mode application

www.emtest.com 54
16.6.1.2 Ripple Voltage (dc) according paragraph 18.3.1

Test B

Setup for 270V DC Power Lines diff. Mode application

Test C

Setup for 270V DC Power Lines Common Mode application

www.emtest.com 55
16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruptions (dc)

a. Definition
Transfer of power sources can result in power interruptions for any period up to:
- Category A 200ms
- Category B equipment 50ms
- Category D and Z equipment 1.0s.

Requirements:
-Requirements for Equipment with digital circuits
-Requirements for All Equipment
-Double Interrupt Requirements for Equipment with Digital or Memory devices

Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted
unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.

www.emtest.com 56
16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruptions (dc)

b. Requirements for Equipment with digital circuits


Transfer of power sources can result in power interruptions for any period up to:

Ti : Power interrupt time


Tf : Time it would take for applied voltage to decay from V(nom) to zero Volts.
Tr : Time it would take for applied voltage to rise from zero to Vnom Volts.

Tolerance to Ti, Tf, Tr = ±10%


Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted
unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.

www.emtest.com 57
16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruptions (dc)

c. Requirements for All Equipment


With the test equipment operating at its design voltage, interrupt the power for a minimum of 5 times:

All Category : 50ms


A, D Category : 200ms
Z Category : 1s

  

Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted
unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.

www.emtest.com 58
16.6.1.3 Momentary Power Interruptions (dc)

d. Double Interrupt Requirements for Equipment with Digital or Memory devices


This test is applicable only to dc equipment that incorporates digital circuits and/or memory devices,
including equipment with electrical or mechanical delay devices.

Determine compliance with applicable performance standards. Manual reset is not permitted
unless otherwise specified by the individual equipment specification.

www.emtest.com 59
16.6.1.4 Normal Surge Voltage (dc)
a. Definition
A normal surge is a variation from the controlled steady-state level. It results from the inherent
regulation of the electrical power supply system in response to disturbances that are imposed by
normal system operation, such as load switching and remedial action by the regular.

b. Requirement 1 for Category A, B, Z only


Operate as follow:

Category A and B:

Category Z


The required surge voltage as measured at the
input terminals of the EUT shall be achieved
regardless of the surge current. Voltage Surge should be monitored

www.emtest.com 60
16.6.1.4 Normal Surge Voltage (dc)

c. Requirement 270V dc equipment for Category D


Operate as follow:

Category D:

Voltage Surge should be monitored

The required surge voltage as measured at the input terminals of the EUT shall be achieved
regardless of the surge current.

www.emtest.com 61
16.6.1.5 Engine Starting Under Voltage Operation (dc)

Definition
This requirement applies to Category Z and 28V Category B equipment.
During engine starting, momentary voltages in the ranges from 10.0V to 20.5V dc may occur for any
duration up to 35 seconds or as indicated in the equipment specifications.

Requirement
With equipment energized at nominal voltage,
decrease input voltage to 10.0V dc and increase 
0.3V/s for 35s, then return to rated voltage or as
indicated in the equipments specs.
During this period the equipment performance
can fall to a level stipulated in the equipment
specification. Return to nominal voltage and
determine compliance with applicable
performance standards.

www.emtest.com 62
16.6.1.6 Exposed Voltage Decay Time (dc, Category D Equipment Only)

Definition
Voltage at exposed external surfaces of the EUT are to be maintained at a safe level during normal
operation. Voltages on all external surfaces of the EUT must decay to a safe level in a reasonable
amount of time after power removed from EUT.

Requirements
1. Operate the equipment at least 1 minute with nominal voltage. Excluding female connector pins, all
exposed voltages in this condition shall < 50V peak in magnitude with respect to the chassis or to
other.

2. Monitor all 270V hot and return connection points ( male & female) on EUT with 10M Ohm <30pF
probes with respect to chassis ground. Operate one minute with nominal voltage and then abruptly
disconnect all 270V lines to EUT.

The voltages shall decay to <50V as listed below: For test with NetWave switch power OFF
a)270V connection points exposed by removing a connector from EUT while the EUT
is still mounted in the airframe are to be tested 1s (+0 -0.1s) after removal of power.
b)270V connections points on EUT that are exposed by removing the EUT from the
airframe are to be tested 10s (+0-1.0 s) after removal of power.

www.emtest.com 63
16.6.2 Abnormal Conditions (dc)
The following conditions and test are applicable for Categories A, B, D and Z
Caution : All mentioned 28V voltage values are to be divided by 2 for 14V equipment.

16.6.2.1 Voltage Steady State (dc)


Abnormal voltage limits

16.6.2.2 Low Voltage Conditions ( Category B Equipment Only)


Voltage in the range from zero to the appropriate minimum voltage
may occur for any duration up to 10 minutes.

16.6.2.3 Momentary Undervoltage Operation


Voltage may momentarily vary below nominal for any duration
up to 7 seconds.

16.6.2.4 Abnormal Surge Voltage


An Abnormal Surge is an variation from the steady state level,
resulting from a inherent regulation, such as during fault clearance.

www.emtest.com 64
16.6.2 Abnormal Conditions (dc)
The following conditions and test are applicable for Categories A, B, D and Z
Caution : All mentioned 28V voltage values are to be divided by 2 for 14V equipment.

16.6.2.1 Voltage Steady State (dc)


Definition
Abnormal voltage limits are:

+0 -1%

Requirements

1.Operate the equipment for at least 5 minutes with maximum
voltage, then return to nominal voltage and determine
compliance with applicable performance standards.

2.Operate the equipment for at least 1 minute with nominal voltage,


then adjust the minimal voltage for 5 minutes. then return to nominal 
voltage and determine compliance with applicable performance
standards.

www.emtest.com 65
16.6.2.2 Low Voltage Conditions (dc Category B Equipment Only)

Definition
Voltage in the range from zero to the appropriate minimum voltage may occur for any duration up to
10 minutes.

Requirements
Operate the equipment for at least 1 minute with nominal voltage, then adjust the minimal voltage for
1 minute. With the equipment energized reduce linearly to 0V over a min. period of 10 min. Adjust
power to nominal voltage and determine compliance with applicable performance standards.

NOTE:
If using discrete steps, the step size shall be
smaller than 0.25V and the min. dwelltime at
each step shall be 600s/ number of steps.

www.emtest.com 66
16.6.2.3 Momentary Undervoltage Operation (dc)

Definition
Voltage may momentarily vary below nominal for any duration up to 7 seconds.

Category A, B, Z Category D

  

The Equipment energized at nominal The Equipment energized at nominal voltage,


voltage, decrease the input voltage to decrease the input voltage to 140.0V for 7 seconds.
12.0V for 7 seconds. Return to nominal rated voltage and determine
Return to nominal rated voltage and compliance with applicable performance standards.
determine compliance with applicable
performance standards. Repeat test with 20.0V instead of 140V.

www.emtest.com 67
16.6.2.4 Abnormal Surge Voltage (dc)

Definition Typical transient surge voltage characteristics


An Abnormal Surge is an variation from
the steady state level, resulting from a
inherent regulation, such as during fault
clearance.

V2

V1


Apply the voltage surge 3 times at 10s interval

Voltage Surge should be monitored

www.emtest.com 68
Table of Contents Section 16

16.1 Purpose of the Test


16.2 Equipment Categories
16.3 Emergency Electrical System Operation
16.4 Standard Electrical Power Input Parameters
16.5 AC Power supply
16.6 DC Power supply
16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical Power System (ac and dc)
Designation
16.7.1 Current harmonic Emissions from Loads (ac)
16.7.2 Allowable Phase Unbalance (3-phase ac Input Only)
16.7.3 DC Current Content in Steady State Operation (All ac Equipment)
16.7.4 Regenerated Energy (dc, Category D Equipment Only)
16.7.5 Inrush Current Requirements (ac and dc) Designation I
16.7.6 Current Modulation in Steady-State Operation (ac), Designation L
16.7.7 DC Current Ripple tests (dc), Designation R
16.7.8 Power Factor (All ac Equipment), Designation P
18.0 Section 18 Audio frequency Conducted Suspectibility

www.emtest.com 69
16.7 Load Equipment Influence on Aircraft Electrical Power System
Test designation

AC Distortion Tests: Designation H


This test designation relates to ac equipment with an maximum power consumption
- > 35 VA for individual equipment
-> 150VA for installations of multiple units (same equipment type)
For such equipment, the current distortion tests of section 16.7.1 have to be performed if required by the
equipment performance standards.

AC Current Modulation Control Tests: Designation L


This test designation relates to ac equipment where the current ripple (or current modulation) drawn from
the EUT is controlled.
Equipment that meets the requirements of this test designation is to be marked with test designation L.
Equipment that does not meet is to still be tested (report levels) and is marked with test designation Z .

www.emtest.com 70
Test designation

AC Power Factor Tests: Designation P


This test designation relates to ac equipment where the power factor of the ac power drawn by the EUT is
controlled.
Equipment that meets the requirements of this test designation is to be marked with test designation P.
Equipment that does not meet is to still be tested (report levels) and is marked with test designation Z .

DC current ripple tests: Designation R


This test designation relates to dc equipment with an maximum power consumption
- >400 W for 28V or >35 W for 270V for individual equipment
- >400 W for 28V or >150 W for 270V for installations of multiple units (same equipment type) .
For such equipment, the DC current ripple tests of section 16.7.7 have to be performed if required by the
equipment performance standards.

AC or DC Inrush Current tests: Designation I


This test designation is assigned to ac or dc equipment that meets the inrush current requirements
specified for designation I.
For such equipment, the inrush current tests of section 16.7.5 have to be performed if required by the
equipment performance standards.

www.emtest.com 71
16.7.1 Current Harmonic Emission from Loads (ac), Designation H

16.7.1.1 Definitions
This chapter refer to the definition in chapter 16.5.1.8.1

Total Harmonic Distortion


The total harmonic distortion of the ac waveform is the ratio of the rms value of
the harmonics to the rms value of the fundamental. The formula defining total
harmonic distortion (THD) is provided below.

Individual Harmonic Content


Is the voltage or current, as applicable, at a given harmonic frequency, expressed
as a percentage of the fundamental. The formula defining individual harmonic
content (IHCn) is provided below. The fraction expresses the amount of distortion
at the nth harmonic.

Remarks: The variable ‘X’ may represent voltage or current, and may be expressed as an rms value or a peak value.
X1 = Fundamental value of current or voltage;
Xn = nth harmonic value of current or voltage.

www.emtest.com 72
16.7.1.2 Current Distortion
Equipment with “Designation H” shall be tested if
- Pmax. > 35 VA of the individual equipment
- Pcombination > 150 VA installations or multiple units (same equipment type).
- if required by the equipment performance standards.

The equipment shall be tested under two conditions of input voltage distortion.
For each cases the equipment shall be supplied by a source having a voltage of 115V (230V) + 2% and
the following frequencies:
• (CF) cat. : 400 Hz + 1%
• (NF) cat. : 360, 400, 500, 600 & 650 + 1 Hz
• (WF) cat. : 360, 400, 500, 600, 650, 700 & 800 + 1 Hz

Test Condition 1
AC source limits:
THDv < 1.25% @ ≤ 2 kVA
<4% @ > 2 kVA

Test Condition 2
AC source limits:
THDv (CF) & (NF) category : 8% +2/-0% The voltage distortion can be produced with a full
wave bridge controlled by a varying load on the
(WF) category : 10% +2/-0% rectifiers or by clipping the supply voltage

www.emtest.com 73
16.7.1.2 Current Harmonics limits for Single – Phase Equipment

I1= Maximum fundamental equipment current during


max. steady state power demand at a single test
frequency (360Hz, 400Hz, 650Hz, 800Hz) . This maximum shall
be used for calculate the harmonic limits.

h= order of harmonic
I h= Maximum harmonic current of order h obtained for all
normal steady states modes of operation.

www.emtest.com 74
16.7.1.2 Current Harmonics limits for Three – Phase Equipment

I1= Maximum fundamental equipment current


during max. steady state power demand at a
single test frequency (360Hz, 400Hz, 650Hz, 800Hz) . I1
is used for calculate the limits.
h= order of harmonic
Ih= Maximum harmonic current of order h obtained
for all normal steady states modes of operation.

www.emtest.com 75
16.7. 1.3 Current Distortion Verification Requirements
The report shall include the following information.

1. A description of the operating mode of equipment when the measurement was taken;

2. - Description of the test setup,


- Copy of the test procedure, and
- Description of test equipment used and their settings;

3. Plot of current and voltage waveforms, with scaling information, for each phase of the equipment;

4. For A(CF), 5. A(NF) and 6. A(WF) category equipment:


For each rated frequency the table with harmonic current and voltage between the fundamental
frequency and 40th harmonics for each phase of the equipment (magnitude and optional phase).
Spectrum analysis plot of the input current magnitude for each phase with a resolution ≤ 20Hz.

7. True RMS of input current for each phase of the equipment;

8. Total harmonic distortion of input current and voltage for each phase of the equipment.

www.emtest.com 76
16.7. 1.3 Current Distortion Verification Requirements
Operating Mode for perform the test.

RTCA DO-160 DO-160-E -F DO-160 -G


Steady state current for maximum and minimum At maximum and minimum only max if
the test . different <25%
Disregarded current of 5mA or less than 0.25% of 10mA or less than 0.25% of I fund
fundamental: I fund

Analizer requirement
The resulting error in harmonic current measurement: <5% of the permissible limit
Frequency spectrum resolution ≤ 20Hz
Sampling rate 100kHz or higher
Time window 0.05 seconds or longer
Anti aliasing filter with corner frequencies within 25kHz and 50kHz should be used
Windowing for analyse Rectangular, Hanning, Hamming or Blackman-Haris

www.emtest.com 77
Example of a result with test designation H with Test Condition 2 compliance table

Column A
Harmonic order of applied frequency (2 x 400Hz).
The table includes data up to the 40th harmonic.
Column B
List the harmonic current limit in % of the
fundamental as stated in table 16-4
Column C
Voltage harmonic component. As specified
under test condition 2. In practice the
column contain the actual harmonic
components of the applied voltage
Column D
Represent the allowed harmonic current for
the EUT.
The min. 10mA harmonic limit is applied

Table 16-6 Column E


Measured harmonic current of the EUT under
AC source limits: the distorted voltage condition.
THDv (CF) & (NF) category : 8% +2/-0% Column F
(WF) category : 10% +2/-0% Result Fail or Pass relationship between
column D and E

www.emtest.com 78
16.7.2 Allowable Phase Unbalance (Three Phase ac Input Only)
The supply voltage and frequency shall remain constant within these limits while measurements are
made.
Measure the load real power (W), apparent power (VA), and reactive power (VAR) for each of the three
input phases at both a minimum and maximum power demand modes of operation.
If the difference between Pmax and Pmin <15% only a test at maximum power is required.

• (CF) cat. : 400 Hz + 1%


• (NF) cat. : 400, 360 & 650 Hz + 1%
• (WF) cat. : 400, 360 & 800 Hz + 1 %

Unbalance for loads power demand:


-≤ 1kVA,
less than 200VA, W, or VAR
-Between 1kVA and 20kVA
according figure 16-11
- 20kVA,
not differ by more than 800VA, W, or VAR
Figure 16-11 RTCS DO-160

www.emtest.com 79
16.7.3 DC Current Content in Stead-State Operation (all ac equipment)
(Equipment with power consumption > 10 VA)
Test voltage parameter:
- 115 Vrms with a
- dc component 0.00 + 0.10 Vdc
- (CF) cat. : 400 Hz + 1%
- (NF) cat. : 360 & 650 Hz + 1%
- (WF) cat. : 360 & 800 Hz + 1 %

Test 1: Maximum steady-state current


Test 2: Minimum steady-state current (only if Imin < 75% Imax)

Limit: Current DC content <= 5 mA or 2% of the maximum RMS current nominal value

Test 1 Test 2
If the difference between maximum & minimum
steady state current is < 25%, only the maximum
steady state current operating mode needs to be
tested.
Measure the DC content of the equipment line current

www.emtest.com 80
16.7.4 Regenerated Energy (dc category D equipment only)
Measurement Setup

Regenerated energy is energy that flows from the load back to the power source. This
energy typically comes from motor braking and from abrupt changes in load demand.
Measurement:
While operating (maximum or minimum steady state current), the equipment shall induce less
than 8.0V zero to positive peak across the 10 F capacitor. Monitor both sides of the diode
in series with the 270 V source during the test.
Conditions: The 270 V is to have < 1 V zero to positive peak ripple as measured at the anode
of the series diodes during the test. D1 shall have < 1 s reverse recovery time.

www.emtest.com 81
16.7.5 Inrush Current Requirements (ac & dc), Designation I
Limits:
9 x maximum steady state load for the first 3ms
4 x maximum steady state load up to 500ms
2 x maximum steady state load up to 2s

Measure the voltage drop


between the power source
and EUT

www.emtest.com 82
16.7.5 Inrush Current Requirements (ac & dc), Designation I

Conditions:
• (CF) cat.: 400 Hz + 1%
• (NF) cat.: 360 & 650 Hz + 1%
• (WF) cat.:360 & 800 Hz + 1 %
• dc

Test Condition 1: Test Condition 2:


Unpowered period of 5 minutes prior Followed the stabilized operating mode reduce
to apply the inrush current event Voltage to < 5 % for 200 +20/-0 ms period prior
to apply the inrush current event

www.emtest.com 83
16.7.6 Current Modulation in Steady-State Operation (ac) Designation L

Definition
Current modulation is the cyclic or random variation around the mean level of the ac peak current that
may occur during steady-state equipment operation. Any equipment which load current may modulate
is potential contributing to ac voltage modulation and is therefore to be limited.

Measurement:
After the equipment has stabilized, at anytime of the
equipment line current modulation shall not exceed
factor peak to valley times the RMS value
of the equipment maximum steady-state current for
equipment:
0.28 for equipment with < 1 kVA
0.14 for equipment with >= 1 kVA

Conditions:
• (CF) cat.: 400 + 5 Hz
• (NF) cat.: 360 (+5/-0) & 650 (+0/-5) Hz
• (WF) cat.:360 (+5/-0) & 800 (+0/-5) Hz
• The load current is to be tested over at least three (3) 500 ms long sweeps
•The current probe shall be dc coupled ( Shunt or Hallprobe )

www.emtest.com 84
16.7.7 DC Current Ripple Test (dc), Designation R
Definition
Current ripple is the cyclic or random variation around the mean level of the dc current that may occur
during steady-state equipment operation. Any equipment which load current modulation is potential
contributing to dc voltage ripple and has therefore to be limited.

Measurement
After the equipment has stabilized (minimum or
maximum steady-state current), the load current
is to be tested over three (3) 500 ms long sweeps.

Requirement Limits for current ripple


28 Vdc: <= 0.14 x Imax for equipment with between 400 W and 1kW
<= 0.07 x Imax for equipment with > 1 kW total nominal power

270 Vdc: <= 0.28 x Imax for equipment < 1 kW


<= 0.14 x Imax for equipment between 1 kW and 10 kW
<= 0.07 x Imax for equipment > 10 kW

www.emtest.com 85
16.7.7 DC Current Ripple Test (dc), Designation R

Notes to the test

1.Requirements for the DC source:


Voltage ripple <= 0.1 V for 28 V networks or
Voltage ripple <= 1.0 V for 270 V networks,
whatever the voltage ripple frequency is
between 1 Hz and 200 Hz.

2.The following load demand variations are


exempt from this requirement
- Initial start up
- Transition between operating modes
- Responses to changes in input voltages
- Final shut down

3.This test is not intent to monitor current changes above 150kHz ( -3dB point).

4.The current probe is to be dc coupled.

www.emtest.com 86
16.7.8 Power Factor (all ac equipment), Designation P
Definition

Conditions
• (CF) cat. : 400 Hz + 1%
• (NF) cat. : 360, 400, 500, 600 & 650 + 1 Hz
• (WF) cat.: 360, 400, 500, 600, 650, 700 & 800 + 1 Hz

Limits for Motor loads Power Factor:


- Leading PF > 0.98 (capacitive)
- Lagging PF ( > 500 Hz) > 0.70 (inductive)
- Lagging PF (360 - 500 Hz) = 2.871E-3*Hz-0.72857
- Lagging PF (<= 360 Hz) > 0.30

Diagram Lagging PF versus frequency

www.emtest.com 87
16.7.8 Power Factor (all ac equipment), Designation P
Limits for all other loads:
For loads with maximum total power consumption of all similar equipment on the airplane
> 150 VA, the steady-state full load power factor for each load shall be between 0.80 lagging
and 0.968 leading.

Voltage Surge should be monitored

Leading Power Factor (capacitive load) between 20VA and 150VA : PF= 0.87765 * log(kVA) + 1.6911

Lagging Power Factor (inductive load) between 20VA and 150VA : PF= 0.68567 * log(kVA) + 1.36493

www.emtest.com 88
TITEL DER PRÄSENTATION 18 PT

18.0 Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility – Power Inputs

Section 18
User’s Guide Appendix 18

 DC Input Power
 AC Input Power Leads
 Test Procedures
 General Remarks

89 www.emtest.com
18.0 Frequency Conducted Susceptibility – Power Inputs

18.1 Purpose of the test


This test determines whether the equipment will accept superposed frequency components
normally expected when the equipment is installed in the aircraft. This section provides test
procedures and test levels for testing audio frequency conducted susceptibility of power
input lines.

www.emtest.com 90
18.3 Test procedures

General Test setup for AC and DC Power lines

DC input leads for categories

a) R, B and Z
b) 270V categorie Z

AC input Power leads for categories

a) R (CF) and K
b) R (NF) and K
c) R (WF) and K

- The optional current monitor is to measure the AC part of the audio frequency current , and not the EUT current. The current monitor
should be a frequency selective measuring instrument.
- Optional DC blocking network shall not affect the achieved test levels

www.emtest.com 92
18.3 Frequency Characteristics of Ripple in 14V, 28V and 270V (dc) Limit

Figure 18-3 RTCA/DO-160G

www.emtest.com 94
18.3.2 Test procedure AC Power Leads
a) Categories R(CF) and K Equipments
While EUT is operating , apply a sine wave audio frequency signal successively in series with each
ungrounded ac input power lead.
The audio frequency is varying between 700Hz and 16kHz.

R(CF) Category
Sweep: 700Hz to 16kHz
Level: min. 6% of ac input

K Category
Sweep: 700Hz to 7.6kHz
Level: min. 8% of ac input

Sweep: 7.6kHz to 16kHz


C  8uF
Level: min. 6% of ac input

Setup: Schematics and example of hardware wiring

www.emtest.com 99
Test Procedures, Guidance and Methods to
demonstrate compatibility with:
MIL-Std 704,
Aircraft electric power Characteristics

MIL HDBK 704 Guidance for test procedures for demonstration of utilization
equipment compliance to aircraft electrical power characteristics
(Part 1…8)

www.emtest.com
www.emtest.com
104
MIL-Std 704

MIL Standards Information


- Power Groups and operating condition
- Test numbering nomenclature
- MIL-Std 704F compliance test Table

www.emtest.com 106
MIL-Std 704
Power Groups
The MIL-Std-704 compliance Power Groups: Acronym
tests are organized into power Single Phase, 400Hz, 115V (AC) SAC
groups based on input electrical Three Phase, 400Hz, 115V (AC) TAC
power type to utilization equipment: Single Phase, Variable Frequency , 115V (AC) SVF
Three Phase, Variable Frequency , 115V (AC) TVF
Single Phase, 60Hz, 115V (AC) SXF
Direct Current, 28 V (DC) LDC
Direct Current, 270 V (DC) HDC

Operating Conditions
MIL-Std-704 defines six distinct aircraft Normal Electrical Power 1
electrical system operating conditions. Power Transfers 2
For these operating conditions dedicated Abnormal Electrical Power 3
test procedures and methods are been Emergency Electrical Power 4
specified: Engine Starting 5
Power Failure 6

www.emtest.com 107
Test numbering nomenclature example SAC303A.

Example for single phase, 400 Hz, 115 V utilization equipment compliance tests

Guidance on test procedure SAC 303

1. Purpose:

2. Validation criteria:

3. Apparatus:
List of applied equipment

4. Test setup information:


Drawings including specific configurations

5. Compliance test method:


Including the record of test conditions,
settings, time duration and the performance
of the EUT for each test condition.

www.emtest.com 108
Structure MIL-Std 704F

MIL-Std 704F compliance test (structure)


MIL-Std 704

AC DC

115V

VF CF 400 Hz CF 60 Hz
Variable frequency continuous frequency
28V 270V
continuous frequency

SP TP SP TP SP TP
1-phase 3-phase 1-phase 3-phase 1-phase 3-phase

Normal Abnormal
Normal Abnormal Normal Abnormal Normal Abnormal Starting
Starting Starting Starting Operate Operate
Operate Operate Operate Operate Operate Operate

Emergency
Emergency Emergency Emergency Transfer Power Fail
Transfer Power Fail Transfer Power Fail Transfer Power Fail Operate
Operate Operate Operate

Normal Abnormal Normal Abnormal Normal Abnormal Normal Abnormal


Starting Starting Starting Starting
Operate Operate Operate Operate Operate Operate Operate Operate

Emergency Emergency Emergency Emergency


Transfer Power Fail Transfer Power Fail Transfer Power Fail Transfer Power Fail
Operate Operate Operate Operate

www.emtest.com 109
Structure MIL-Std 704F
SP
SAC1 SAC2 SAC3 SAC4 SAC5 SAC6
AC 115V CF400Hz Normal Transfer Abnormal Emergency Starting Power Fail
TP
SAC101 SAC201 SAC301 SAC401 NA SAC601
No. Description

SAC102 SAC302 NA
101 Load and current Harmonic
Measurements
NA SAC303 SAC603
102 Steady State Limits for Voltage
and Freq.

103 Voltage Phase Difference SAC104


TAC1 TAC2 TAC3 TAC4 TAC5 TAC6
104 Voltage Modulation Normal Transfer Abnormal Emergency Starting Power Fail
SAC105
105 Frequency Modulation
TAC101 TAC201 TAC301 TAC401 NA TAC601
106* Voltage Distortion Spectrum
SAC106
107* Total Voltage Distortion TAC102 TAC302 TAC602
108 DC Voltage Component
SAC107
109 Normal Voltage Transients TAC103 TAC303 TAC603

110 Normal Frequency Transients SAC108


TAC104
201 Power Interrupt

301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for SAC109


TAC105
Voltage and Frequency

302 Abnormal Voltage Transients SAC110


TAC106
MIL-Std 704 F
303 Abnormal Frequency Transients
AC 115 V, 400 Hz utilization
401 Emergency Steady
equipment compliance Test
TAC107
State Limits for Voltage and
Frequency
TAC108
501 Starting Voltage Transients

601 Power Failure


TAC109
602 One and Two Phase Power Failure

603 Phase Reversal TAC110

www.emtest.com 110
Structure MIL-Std 704F

MIL-Std 704F AC requirements


No. Description Table SAC Table TAC Table SVF Table TVF Table SXF

101 Load and current Harmonic     


Measurements
102 Steady State Limits for Voltage     
and Freq.
103 Voltage Phase Difference N/A  N/A  N/A
104 Voltage Modulation     
105 Frequency Modulation     
106* Voltage Distortion Spectrum     
107* Total Voltage Distortion     
108 DC Voltage Component     

109 Normal Voltage Transients     

110 Normal Frequency Transients     

AMP200N1 + CN200N1 required  emtest system fulfill

www.emtest.com 111
Structure MIL-Std 704F

MIL-Std 704F AC requirements


No. Description Table SAC Table TAC Table SVF Table TVF Table SXF

201 Power Interrupt     

301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for     


Voltage and Frequency
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients     

303 Abnormal Frequency Transients     

401 Emergency Steady     


State Limits for Voltage and Frequency

501 Starting Voltage Transients N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

601 Power Failure     

602 One and Two Phase Power Failure N/A  N/A  N/A

603 Phase Reversal     

AMP200N1 + CN200N1 required


 emtest system fulfill

www.emtest.com 112
Structure MIL-Std 704F

MIL-Std 704

28V

DC LDC1 LDC2 LDC3 LDC4 LDC5 LDC6


Normal Transfer Abnormal Emergency Starting Power Fail
270V

LDC101 LDC201 LDC201 LDC401 LDC501 LDC601

No. Description
LDC102 LDC202 LDC602
101 Load Measurements

102 Steady State Limits for Voltage

103 Voltage Distortion Spectrum LDC103


104 Total Ripple

105 Normal Voltage Transients


LDC104
201 Power Interrupt

301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage


MIL-Std 704 F
DC 28 V utilization
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients LDC105
401 Emergency Limits for Voltage

501 Starting Voltage Transients equipment compliance Test


601 Power Failure

602 Polarity Reversal

www.emtest.com 115
Structure MIL-Std 704F

28V

DC
270V

HDC1 HDC2 HDC3 HDC4 HDC5 HDC6


Normal Transfer Abnormal Emergency Starting Power Fail

HDC101 HDC201 HDC201 HDC401 HDC501 HDC601

No. Description
HDC102 HDC202 HDC602
101 Load Measurements

102 Steady State Limits for Voltage

103 Voltage Distortion Spectrum HDC103


104 Total Ripple

105 Normal Voltage Transients


HDC104
201 Power Interrupt

301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage MIL-Std 704 F


DC 270 V utilization
302 Abnormal Voltage Transients HDC105
401 Emergency Limits for Voltage

501 Starting Voltage Transients equipment compliance Test


601 Power Failure

602 Polarity Reversal

www.emtest.com 116
Structure MIL-Std 704F

MIL-Std 704F DC requirements


No. Description Table LDC Table HDC

101 Load Measurements  


102 Steady State Limits for Voltage  
103 Voltage Distortion Spectrum  
104 Total Ripple  
105 Normal Voltage Transients  
201 Power Interrupt  
301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage  

302 Abnormal Voltage Transients  

401 Emergency Limits for Voltage  

501 Starting Voltage Transients  


601 Power Failure  
602 Polarity Reversal  

AMP200N1 + CN200N1 required  emtest system fulfill

www.emtest.com 117
MIL-Std 704 SAC107 requirement (Total Voltage Distortion)

This test procedure is used to verify that


single phase, 115 Volt, 400 Hz power
utilization equipment operates and maintains
specified performance when subjected to a
voltage waveform having a distortion factor as
specified by the applicable edition(s) of MIL-
Std-704

TAC/SVF/SXF107 have same requirement

www.emtest.com 122
MIL-Std 704 SVF107 requirement (Total Voltage Distortion)

This is an error in the standard, because all


other 107 test have a different setup

www.emtest.com 123
EMTEST solution for MIL-Std 704 SAC107 application (Total Voltage Distortion)

SAC107 test

www.emtest.com 124
MIL-Std 704F DC requirements
No. Description Table LDC Table HDC

101 Load Measurements  


102 Steady State Limits for Voltage  
103 Voltage Distortion Spectrum  
104 Total Ripple  
105 Normal Voltage Transients  
201 Power Interrupt  
301 Abnormal Steady State Limits for Voltage  

302 Abnormal Voltage Transients  

401 Emergency Limits for Voltage  

501 Starting Voltage Transients  


601 Power Failure  
602 Polarity Reversal  

AMP200N1 + CN200N1 required  emtest system fulfill

www.emtest.com 125
MIL-Std 704
LDC103-1 requirement (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)

Test Condition A & B ( 10 Hz & 25 Hz) This test procedure is used to verify that 28 volt
DC power utilization equipment operates and
maintains specified performance when subjected
to voltage distortion of frequencies and
amplitudes

Test condition A (10 Hz) and B (25 Hz)


needs for filter the small distortion
signal (< 0.5 V rms) the additional
filter box. (Models for 32A, to 100 A)

www.emtest.com 126
EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704
LDC103-1 application (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)

LDC103-1 test

www.emtest.com 127
EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704
LDC103-2 application (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
Test Condition C to K ( 50 Hz to 10 kHz)

www.emtest.com 128
EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704
LDC103-2 calibration (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)

LDC103-2 test
www.emtest.com 129
MIL-Std 704
LDC104 requirements (Total Ripple)

This test procedure is used to verify that 28 volt DC


power utilization equipment operates and maintains
specified performance when subjected to voltage
having a ripple

www.emtest.com 130
EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704
LDC104 application (Total Ripple)

LDC104 test

www.emtest.com 131
MIL-Std 704
HDC103-1 requirements (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)
This test procedure is used to verify that 270 volt DC power
utilization equipment operates and maintains specified
performance when subjected to voltage distortion of
frequencies and amplitudes

Test condition A (10 Hz) and B (25 Hz)


needs for filter the small distortion
signal (< 0.5 V rms) the additional
filter box. (Models for 32A, to 100 A)

www.emtest.com 132
EMTEST solution for MIL-Std 704
HDC103-1 application (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)

HDC103-1 test 10Hz, 25 Hz

www.emtest.com 133
MIL-Std 704
HDC103-2 requirements (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)

www.emtest.com 134
EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704
HDC103-2 calibration (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)

www.emtest.com 135
EMTEST Setup for MIL-Std 704
HDC103-2 testing (Voltage Distortion Spectrum)

www.emtest.com 136
Thank you for your attention!

www.emtest.com 164

You might also like