Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Equine Bacterial Diseases of Biosecurity Relevance
2.1. Rhodococcus Equi (Pneumonia)
2.2. Streptococcus Equi Subspecies Equi (Strangles)
2.3. Taylorella Equigenitalis (Contagious Equine Metritis)
2.4. Burkholderia Mallei (Glanders)
3. Traditional Diagnostic Techniques for Equine Bacterial Diseases
3.1. Bacterial Isolation and Identification Diagnostic Techniques
3.2. Serological Diagnostic Techniques
3.3. Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
4. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Equine Bacterial Diseases
Current Applications of LAMP for Equine Bacterial Disease Diagnostics and Surveillance
5. Current Advancements in LAMP Technology
5.1. Chemical Additives for the Advancement of LAMP Assay Capabilities
5.1.1. Enhancement of LAMP Assay Kinetics and Proficiency
5.1.2. Reduction in Non-Specific Amplification
5.2. Advancements in LAMP Monitoring Techniques and Technology
5.2.1. Conventional Monitoring Procedures Commonly Utilized in LAMP
5.2.2. Lateral Flow Device
5.2.3. Microfluidic Devices Coupled with Biochemical Chips
6. Current and Future Priorities for Equine Bacterial Disease Diagnosis
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Causative Agent | Disease | Gold Standard Technique * Common Detection Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Rhodococcus equi | Pneumonia | Bacterial isolation (culture) * PCR 1 | [63] |
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi | Strangles | qPCR 2,* Bacterial isolation (culture) ELISA 3 | [96] |
Taylorella equingenitalis | Contagious equine metritis (CEM) | Bacterial isolation (culture) * IFAT 4 Real-time PCR | [110] |
Burkholderia mallei | Glanders | CFT 5,* Bacterial isolation (culture) ELISA PCR | [127] |
Disease | Target Gene | Sample | Monitoring | Analytical Sensitivity | Clinical Sensitivity | Specificity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contagious equine metritis | 23s rRNA | Culture isolate, Genital swabs 1 | Turbidity | 24.8 copies/rxn | 71% | 100% | [161] |
Glanders | Integrase | Culture isolate, Clinical isolate | Turbidity | 22 ng/µL | NA ^ | 100% | [162] |
BMA10229_375 | Culture isolate, Blood 1 | Turbidity | 1 pg/rxn | NA | 100% | [46] | |
Flip-IS40JA | Culture isolate, Blood 1 | Turbidity | 0.25 pg/rxn | NA | 100% | [12] | |
Pneumonia | vapA | Clinical sample (TW) 2 | Turbidity | 10 CFU/rxn | 91.4% | 93.8% | [44] |
Strangles | seM | Clinical sample (NW) 3 | Turbidity | 0.1 CFU/rxn | NA | 100% | [163] |
eqbE | Clinical samples (NP FS 4, NPW 5, GPL 6) | Fluorescence | 1 CFU/rxn | 77% | 78% | [154,164] | |
eqbE | Clinical samples (GPL) | Microfluidic device | 1 CFU/rxn | 100% | 62% | [45] |
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Knox, A.; Zerna, G.; Beddoe, T. Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Animals 2023, 13, 2663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162663
Knox A, Zerna G, Beddoe T. Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Animals. 2023; 13(16):2663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162663
Chicago/Turabian StyleKnox, Alexandra, Gemma Zerna, and Travis Beddoe. 2023. "Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)" Animals 13, no. 16: 2663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162663