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Lesson 1 Introduction To Principles of Communication

This document provides an overview of communications principles including: - The evolution of communications from the Stone Age to modern technologies. - The key elements of a communication system including transmitters, communication channels, and receivers. - The two main barriers to communication being language and distance. - An introduction to different types of noise that can interfere with signals, including uncorrelated and correlated noise. - A brief history of major developments in communications technologies from the printing press to modern satellites.

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Rennel Mallari
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110 views

Lesson 1 Introduction To Principles of Communication

This document provides an overview of communications principles including: - The evolution of communications from the Stone Age to modern technologies. - The key elements of a communication system including transmitters, communication channels, and receivers. - The two main barriers to communication being language and distance. - An introduction to different types of noise that can interfere with signals, including uncorrelated and correlated noise. - A brief history of major developments in communications technologies from the printing press to modern satellites.

Uploaded by

Rennel Mallari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prepared by: Engr.

Ren

PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNICATIONS
LESSON 1
Objective
 Evolution of Communications
 From Stone Age to Modern Age
 The elements of communication system
 Two main barriers in communications
 What is noise?
 Give different types of noise.
Early Forms of Communications
System
Introduction to Electronics
Communications
 Three major subfields:
 Communications
 Control
 Computer
Communications Industry
 Is concerned with electronic equipment used
for the transfer of information between two
or more points
Computer industry
 Is concerned with the development and
servicing of computer hardware and software
used by business, industry and government
for the processing, storage and retrieval of
data.
Control industry
 Is concerned with electric power as well as
various kinds of electronic components and
circuits used to operate lights, heating
elements, electric motors and other devices.
The Importance of Communications

 Communication is the basic process of


exchanging information
Two main barriers
 Language
 distance
History
 1440 – Gutenberg invents the printing press
 1844 – Morse patents the telegraph
 1866 – first successful use of a transatlantic cable
 1876 – Bell invents and patents the telephone
 1879 – Eastman develops photographic film
 1887 – Hertz discovers radio waves
cont
 1895 – Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy
 1901 – Marconi makes first transatlantic radio
transmission
 1903 – the Fleming “valve” is invented
 1906 – de Forest invents the triode vacuum tube
and the first radiotelephone broadcast
 1923 – Television is invented
cont
 1931 – Radio Astronomy is discovered
 1940-45 – Radar is perfected and helps win WWII
 1948 – The transistor is invented
 1954 – Color TV broadcasting begins
 1959 – The IC is invented
 1962 – First communications satellite
The Elements of Communications System
Transmitter
 Is a collection of electronic components and
circuits designed to convert the information
into a signal suitable for transmission over a
given communication medium
Communications channel
Is the medium by which the electronic signal is
sent from one place to another.
Receiver
 Another collection of electronic components
and circuits that accept the transmitted
message from the channel and convert it
back into a form understandable by human.
Noise
 Random, undesirable electric energy that
enters the communications system via the
communicating medium and interferes with
the transmitted message.
Categories of Noise
 Uncorrelated
 Is present regardless of whether there is a SIGNAL
PRESENT or NOT

 Correlated
 Noise that is correlated to the signal and cannot
be present in circuit unless there is an input signal
Uncorrelated Noise
 Types of Noise
 External
 Internal
External noise
 Type of noise that affects the communication
system coming from OUTSIDE environment
 Atmospheric Noise
 Extra-terrestrial Noise
 Solar Noise
 Cosmic Noise
 Industrial Noise
Internal Noise
 White, Johnson or Gaussian Noise
 Shot Noise
 Partition Noise
 Excess Noise
Thermal Agitation / White Noise
 Produced by random motion of electrons in a
conductor due to HEAT
 Pn = KTB
 Where:
 K = boltzmann constant = 1.38x10^-23 J/K
 T= abs temp in K
 B = noise bandwidth in Hz
Problem
 Calculate the noise power for a certain
communication system with an IF bandwidth
of 10.7 MHz.
 A. 4.28x10^-14 W
 B. 3.25x10^-16W
Thermal Agitation Noise
 Vn = √4 KTBR
 Where:
 Vn = noise voltage in Vrms
 R=load resistor in Ω
Problem
 An amplifier operating over a 5 MHz
bandwidth has a 100 Ω input resistance. It is
operating at 27◦C, has a voltage gain of 200.
Calculate the output rms noise.
 A. 425 uVrms
 B. 576 uVrms
Shot Noise
 Due to random variations in current flow in
ACTIVE DEVICE, such as tubes, transistors,
semiconductor diodes, etc
 In = √2qIB
 Where: q = electron charge (1.602x10^-19 C)
 I = direct diode current in A
 B = equivalent noise bw in Hz
Problem 2
 Determine the noise current for a diode with
a forward bias of 1 mA over a 1 MHz
bandwidth.
 A. 15 nA
 B. 18 nA
Partition Noise
 Similar to shot noise but occurs only in
devices where a single current separates into
two or more paths
Excess Noise
 Also called FLICKER NOISE or 1/f Noise
because noise power is inversely proportional
with frequency
 Also called PINK noise because there is
proportionately more energy at the low
frequency end of the spectrum
Intermodulation distortion
 Results when unwanted sum and difference
frequencies are generated when two or more
signals are amplified in a non-linear device
Power and Decibel
 It is the fundamental quantity representing
the RATE at which ENERGY is used
 It is more measureable since it can be
converted to HEAT
 Decibel indicates the relation between two
powers
Decibel Computation
 dB = 10log 10 P2/P1

 dBm = 10 log 10 P2/1mW


Problem
 For the equivalent noise bw of 10 MHz,
determine the noise power in dBm
Types of Electronic Communication

 one way (simplex)


 Two-way (full duplex or half duplex)
 Analog
 Digital signals
Simplex
Full Duplex
Half Duplex
Analog Signals
 Is a smoothly and continuously varying
voltage or current
Digital Signals
 Do not vary continuously but change in steps
or in discrete increments.

 Use binary or two –state codes


Modulation and Multiplexing
 Modulation – makes the information signal
more compatible with the medium
 Multiplexing – allows more than one signal to
be transmitted concurrently over a single
medium
Baseband Transmission
 Putting the original voice, video or digital
signals directly to the medium
Broadband transmission
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
 EM waves are signals that oscillate; i.e.,the
amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields
vary at a specific rate
 The frequency is measures in cycles per
seconds (cps) or hertz (Hz)
 The range of electromagnetic signals
encompassing all frequencies
Frequency
 Frequency is the number of times a particular
phenomenon occurs in a given period of time.
 Is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave
that occurs in a given period of time.
 One cps = 1 Hz
Wavelength
 The distance occupied by one cycle of wave
 Expressed in meters
 1 m = 39.37 in
 3 ft = 1 yd
 Λ = c/f
 c = 3x10^8 m/s
 f= frequency
Problem
 1 .Find the wavelengths of
 150 MHz
 430 MHz
 8 MHz
 750 kHz signal
SW: Problem
 A signal with a wavelength of 1.5 m has a
frequency of ________.
Problem
 A signal travels a distance of 75 ft in the time
it takes to complete 1 cycle. What is its freq?
Problem
 The maximum peaks of an EM wave are
separated by a distance of 8 in. What is the
freq in MHz? in GHz?
Problem
 Calculate the thermal noise power available
from any resistor at room temperature (25
deg C) for a bandwidth of 1 MHz. Calculate
the noise voltage given that R = 50 ohms.
Problem
Bandwidth
Is the portion of the EM spectrum occupied by a
signal
Frequency range over which a receiver or other
electronic circuit operates
Difference bet upper and lower freq limits of the
signal
BW = f2 – f1
Voice BW
AS
To be posted in canvas

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