1. The first electronic communications device was the telephone.

F
2. Transatlantic radio communication started in 1901. T
3. A communication system may or may not include a channel. F
4. The telephone was invented in the year 1850. F
5. Radio signals first were sent across the Atlantic in the year 1901. T
6. The VHF band starts at 300 MHz. F
7. A radio signal's wavelength is the distance it travels in one cycle of the carrier. T
8. The more information per second you send, the greater the bandwidth required. T
9. In free space, radio signals travel at approximately 30 million meters per second. F
10. For radio signals, longer wavelength means higher frequency. F

The theory of radio waves was originated by

- Maxwell
The person who sent the first radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean was:
- Marconi
The transmission of radio waves was first done by:

- Hertz

A complete communication system must include:

- a transmitter, a receiver, and a channel

In a communication system, noise is most likely to affect the signal

- n the channel

Indicate the false statement. Fourier analysis shows that a sawtooth wave consists of

- fundamental and subharmonic sine waves

Indicate the false statement. Modulation is used to

- reduce the bandwidth used

Indicate the false statement. From the transmitter the signal deterioration because of noise is
usually
- predictable in character

Indicate the true statement. Most receivers conform to the

- superheterodyne group
Indicate the false statement. The need for modulation can best be exemplified by the
following.

- Antenna lengths will beapproximately A/4 long

lndicate the true statement. The process of sending and receiving started
- the 1840s

Which of the following steps is not included in the process of reception

- encoding

The acoustic channel is used for which of the following

- person-to-person voice communications

Amplitude modulation is the process of

- superimposing a low frequency on a high frequency

Communications system designed to handle transmission in both directions at the same time
- Full-duplex

AM Frequency range is at
- MF

Analog information or signals are processed with a specified degree of

- Fidelity

Any analog or digital signal, that doesn’t repeats its pattern over a period of time.
- Aperiodic signal

The physical manifestation of information as produced by the information source.

- Message

Invented superheterodyne receiver and Frequency Modulation.

- Edwin Armstrong

Identify the different types of media used in communication systems,

- Print Media, Broadcast Media, Outdoor of Home Media, Internet

Give different types of electrical innovations as methods of communications.

- Telegraph Telephone Radio Television Internet(computer)

Two general forms of information.

- Analog information and Digital information

Name the five elements in a block diagram of a communications system.

- Information source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver, Destination
a collection of electronic devices and circuits that accepts the transmitted signals from the transmission medium and
then converts those signals back to their original form.

- Receiver
refers to the random and unpredictable electrical signals produced by natural process both internal and external of
the system.

- Noise
the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies contained in the information

- Bandwidth

the process of changing one or more properties of the analog carrier in proportion with the information
signal.

- Modulation
defined as the process of exchange of information through means such as words, actions, signs, etc., between two or
more individuals

- Communication
a collection of one or more electronic devices or circuits that converts the original source information to a form more
suitable for transmission over a particular transmission medium.

- Transmimtter

provides a means of transporting signals between a transmitter and a receiver.

- Transmission medium
are time-varying voltages or currents that are continuously changing such as sine and cosine waves

- Analog signals

are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps or levels.

- Digital signals
a specific band of frequencies allocated a particular service

- Channel

QUIZ 2
Noise that is present regardless of whether there is a signal present or not
- Uncorrelated Noise

Shot noise is generated in

- transistors and diodes

The value of a resistor creating thermal noise is doubled. The noise power generator is
therefore
- unchanged

Which of broad classifications of noise are most difficult to treat

- noise generated in the receiver

Noise in a communication system originates in

- all are possible answer
- the sender
- the channel
- the receiver
Signal-to-Noise ratio is calculated as
- signal power divided by noise power

So called "1/f" noise is also called

- pink noise

Which of the following is the most reliable measurement for comparing amplifier noise
characteristics
- noise factor

When two noise voltages, V1 and V2, are combined, the total voltage VT is
- VT = sqrt(V1 x V1 + V2 x V2)

Man-made" noise can come from

- equipment that sparks

One of the following is not a useful quantity for comparing the noise performance of receivers
- Input noise voltage

The alteration of information in which the original proportions are changed, resulting from a
defect in communication system
- Distortion

Space noise generally covers a wide frequency spectrum, but the strongest
interference occurs *
- between 20 to 120 MHz
Thermal noise is generated in

- c. copper wire
- d. all are possible answer
- b. resistors
- a. transistors and diodes

For satellite communications, ________ noise can be a serious problem

- Solar Noise

One of the following types of noise becomes of great importance at high frequencies. It is the
- transit-time noise

Which of the following statements is true

- Noise is mixers is caused by inadequate image frequency rejection

Indicate the false statement.

- Impulse noise voltage is independent of bandwidth.
The power density of "flicker" noise is
- greater at low frequencies
SINAD is calculated as:
- no possible answer
- signal voltage divided by noise voltage
- signal power divided by noise power
- first add the signal power to the noise power, then divide by noise power
"Pink" noise has:
- equal power per octave
Noise Figure is a measure of:
- how much noise an amplifier adds to a signal
Indicate the noise whose source is in a category different from that of the other three
- Atmospheric noise
Noise caused by the random motion of electrons in the resistor or resistive components of the
system
- White Noise

Indicate the false statement. The square of the thermal noise voltage generated by a resistor
is proportional to
- Boltzmann’s constant
 1. All noise in a system can be eliminated by using good grounding and shielding. F
2. The sparking brushes of a DC motor can cause radio frequency noise. T
3. Flicker" noise is worst at radio frequencies. F
4. Signal-to-noise ratio is more important than noise power. T
5. Digital systems such as computers are not affected by noise. F
6. Signals with fast rise and fall times can cause radio frequency noise. T
7. Every component in an electronic system generates noise. T
8. "Shot" noise creates a "noise current" in an electronic device such as a transistor.  T
9. The hotter a component gets, the more noise it will generate. T
10. With cascaded stages in a communication system, the noise from the first stage is the
least important.  F
A microwave receiver has a noise temperature of 145 K. Find its noise figure.
- 1.5
The input to an amplifier has a signal-to-noise ratio of 100 dB and an output signal-to-noise
ratio of 80 dB. Find NF as in ratio. 
- 20dB, NF=100
Two cascaded amplifiers each have a noise figure of 5 and a gain of 10. Find the total NF for
the pair in ratio. 
- 5.4
Suppose there is 30 x 10 micro V from one noise source that is combined with 40 µV from
another noise source. Calculate the total noise voltage.
- 50 micro V
If you have 100 mV of signal and 10 mV of noise, both across the same 100-ohm load, what is
the signal-to-noise ratio in dB?
- 20 dB

QUIZ 3
AM stands for:

- Amplitude Modulation

The "envelope" of an AM signal is due to:

 - the baseband signal

If the audio Va sin(ωat) modulates the carrier Vc sin(ωct), then the modulation index, m,
is:

- m = Va / Vc

The equation for full-carrier AM is:

- v(t) = (Ec + Em sin(ωmt)) × sin(ωct)

Overmodulation causes:

- distortion
splatter
both a and b
none

The peak voltage of an AM signal goes from Emax to Emin. The modulation index, m,
is:

- m = (Emax – Emin) / (Emax + Emin)

At 100% modulation, the total sideband power is:

- half the carrier power

If Va sin(ωat)) amplitude modulates the carrier Vc sin(ωct), it will produce the

frequencies:

- ωc + ωa and ωc – ωa

If a 5-kHz signal modulates a 1-MHz carrier, the bandwidth of the AM signal will be:

- 10 kHz

The modulation index can be derived from:

- the time-domain signal

the frequency-domain signal
both a and b
-
If an AM radio station increases its modulation index, you would expect:

- the audio to get louder at the receiver

the received RF signal to increase
the signal-to-noise ratio to increase
all answers are correct

The main problem in using quadrature AM would be:

- incompatibility with ordinary AM radios

As compared to plain AM, SSB AM:

- is more efficient
requires a more complex demodulator circuit
requires less bandwidth
all answers are correct
-

The SC in SSB SC stands for:

- suppressed-carrier

PEP stands for:

- Peak Envelope Power

If an SSB transmitter radiates 1000 watts at peak modulation, what will it radiate with no
modulation

- 0 watts

Music on AM radio stations is "low-fidelity" because

- commercial AM stations have a narrow bandwidth

The type of information that can be sent using AM is:

- audio
video
 digital data
all answers are correct

Two tones modulate an AM carrier. One tone causes a modulation index of m1 and the
other tone causes a modulation index of m2. The total modulation index is:

- sqrt (m1 x m1 + m2 x m2)

To demodulate a USB SSB signal, the receiver must:

- be set to USB mode

reinserts the carrier
both a and b

Analog communication involves

- analog message, analog carrier and analog modulated signal

Amplitude modulation is defined as the system of modulation in which

- amplitude of carrier is varied in accordance with the modulated signal

The peak. amplitude of the basic amplitude modulated wave is given by

- Vc

The instantaneous voltage of the AM wave is

- Vc(1+m sinωmt)sinωct

The modulation index of AM is given by

- Vm / Vc

The AM wave will have

- carrier, LSB and USB

The bandwidth of AM wave is given by

- 2fm

If Vc, Vt and Vu are the peak amplitudes of carrier, LSB and USB, then the relation
among them in AM is

- Vc > Vt > Vu

fc >> fm, the frequency of AM wave can be approximated by

- (fc + fm)/2

The expression for total power in AM wave is

- Pc (1+m^2/2)

The maximum power of AM wave under distortion less condition is

- 2Pc/3

The expression for total modulation index in case modulation by several sine waves is
given by

- mt=√(m1^2+m2^2+m3^2+⋯)

The instantaneous voltage of DSBSC can be related to that of AM by

- vDSBSC=Vc sinωc t Vm sinωm t

The peak amplitude of the DSBSC is given by

- Vm

The instantaneous voltage of the DSBSC wave is

- mVc sinωm tsinωc t

It is easy to modulate and demodulate a carrier using AM. T

AM makes efficient use of transmitter power. F

AM signals are affected by relatively low levels of electrical noise. T

The "envelope" of an AM signal resembles the modulating signal. T

AM works by varying the carrier power. F

Modulation is not a linear process. T

In AM, the amplitude of the carrier changes in step with the modulation. F

Mathematically, AM involves multiplication of the carrier by the information signal. T

Sideband power is a linear function of the modulation index. F

The modulation index should be greater than 1 for best efficiency. F

What is the value of a carrier wave voltage if the modulating signal voltage is 7.5 volts
and the modulation is not to exceed 75 percent? *

10 V

For a modulation coefficient m = 0.2 and a carrier power = 1000 W, determine: a)

sidebands total power. b) total transmitted power. *

a) 20 W, b) 1020 W

What is the value of the carrier voltage if modulated by a 1-kHz sine wave with a side-
frequency amplitudes of 50 volts and modulation index equal to 0.80? *

125 V

A 7.0-Mhz carrier is modulated by a voice signal that has three frequency components
of 100 Hz, 200 Hz, and 300 Hz. What are the three lower sideband frequencies? *

6.9997 MHz, 6.9998 MHz, and 6.9999 MHz

The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 amperes (Ic) when only carrier is sent,
but it increases to 8.93 Amperes (It) when the carrier is modulated by a single sine
wave. a) Find the percentage modulation. b) Determine the antenna current when the
percent modulation changes to 80%. *

a) 70.14%, b) 9.19 A

Quiz 4

All transmitters produce spurious signals. T

There is a simple correlation between supply power and output power for transmitters. T

The opposite of compression is expansion. T

In full-carrier AM, modulation is typically done before the RF power amplifier. F

If the RF stages are all Class C, then AM must be done with low-level modulation. F

For good frequency stability, a crystal oscillator is generally required. T

In a transceiver, the same audio circuits are used by both the transmitter and the
receiver. T

Mixing and amplitude modulation are essentially the same process.T

The RF power amplifiers in a SSB transmitter are Class C for better efficiency.F

Frequency doublers are usually Class B. F

Indirect FM uses a phase modulator.T

Even low-power transmitters can cause an RF burn to the skin. T

Almost all modern receivers use the superheterodyne design. T

Since both fo and Q increase with frequency, the bandwidth of a resonant LC circuit
remains constant as it is tuned to higher frequencies. F

The superhet was invented by Heinrich Hertz. F

In a superhet, the local oscillator must be set to the transmitter's carrier frequency. T

In a superhet, the output of the mixer is the IF. T

In a superhet, most of the selectivity comes from the IF amplifiers.T

All superhets use a separate local oscillator.F

There can be only one mixer and one IF in a superhet receiver. F

The AGC in a receiver can cause "blocking".T

Image frequencies are eliminated by the IF.F

A detector is the same as a demodulator. T

FM receivers are similar to AM receivers in basic design. T

Squelch is the same as muting. T

The ability to change operating frequency rapidly without a lot of retuning is called:
- Agility

The difference between the DC power into a transmitter and the RF power coming out:
is a measure of efficiency
may require water cooling
heats the transmitter

all given answer are correct

Baseband compression produces:

- a smaller range of amplitude from soft to loud

With high-level AM:

- the RF amplifiers are typically Class C

Practical transmitters are usually designed to drive a load impedance of:

- 50 ohms resistive

When a transmitter is connected to a resistor instead of an antenna, the resistor is called:

- a dummy load

A direct FM modulator:
- varies the frequency of the carrier oscillator

An indirect FM modulator:
- varies the phase of the carrier oscillator

To generate a SSB signal:

- start with DSBSC

With mixing:
- the carrier frequency can be changed to any required value
Frequency multipliers are:
- essentially Class C amplifiers

The carrier is suppressed in:

- a balanced modulator

Power amplifiers must be linear for any signal that:

is complex
has variable frequency
has variable amplitude

all are possible answer

ALC stands for:

- automatic Level Control

Which of the following can be used for impedance matching?

- both pi and T network

The two basic specifications for a receiver are:

- the sensitivity and the selectivity

"Skin effect" refers to:

- the increase of wire resistance with frequency

The "front end" of a receiver can include:

the tuner

The mixer

the RF amplifier

all given answer are correct

"IF" stands for:

- intermediate frequency

AGC stands for:

- Automatic Gain Control
Basically, sensitivity measures:
- the weakest signal that can be usefully received

Distortion in a receiver can occur in:

the mixer
the IF amplifiers

the detector

all given answer are correct

An image must be rejected:

- prior to detection

A common AM detector is the:

- envelope detector

A common SSB detector is:

- a product detector

The function of a limiter is:

- to remove amplitude variations

Suppressing the audio when no signal is present is called:

- squelch

Basically, selectivity measures:

- with two signals close in frequency, the ability to receive one and reject the other

The main function of the AGC is to:

-  keep the input to the detector at a constant amplitude

TRF stands for:

- Tuned Radio Frequency

A superheterodyne receiver is tuned to 720 kHz, the local oscillator provides the mixer
at the input is 1,175 kHz, and the antenna of the receiver is connected to the mixer via a
tuned circuit whose loaded Q is 100. Determine the following: (a) the image frequency
and (b) the rejection ratio for the calculated image frequency. *

(a) 1630 kHz, (b) 182

A superheterodyne receiver having an RF amplifier with an IF frequency of 455 kHz and
Qs of the relevant coils of 50. What is the receiver image rejection ratio if the local
oscillator frequency is: (a) 1,292 kHz; (b) 1778 kHz? *

(a) 80.51, (b) 54.76

A superheterodyne receiver having an RF amplifier and an IF of 455 kHz is tuned to 612

kHz. Calculate the Qs of the RF and mixer input tuned circuits, both being the same, if
the receiver's image rejection is to be 100. *

47.96

Calculate the image-frequency rejection of a double-conversion receiver which has a

first lF of 2 MHz and a second IF of 200 kHz, an RF amplifier whose tuned circuit has a
Q of 75 (the same as that of the mixer) and which is tuned to a 30-MHz signal. The
answer is to be given in decibels. *

26.29 dB

The power amplifier of an AM transmitter draws 100 watts from the power supply with
no modulation. Assuming high-level modulation, how much power does the modulation
amplifier deliver for 100% modulation? *

50 W

Suppose you have an FM modulator that puts out 1 MHz carrier with a 100-hertz
deviation. If frequency multiplication is used to increase the deviation to 400 hertz, what
will be the new carrier frequency? *

4 MHz

Quiz 5

Electromagnetic radiation is in the form of TEM waves. T

Electromagnetic radiation is in the form of particles called photons. T

X rays are not electromagnetic radiation.F

Gamma rays are not electromagnetic radiation.F

Radio waves are electromagnetic radiation. T

Like light rays, Radio waves can be reflected. T

Free, empty space has a characteristic impedance of 377 ohms.T

An isotropic radiator radiates in one direction only. F

The wavefront of a point source radiator would be a sphere. T

Radio waves, like all other waves, must travel through some sort of medium. F

For best results, the transmitting and receiving antennas should have opposite
polarizations. F

The polarization of a plane wave is the direction of its magnetic field. F

The power absorbed by a receiving antenna depends on its shape, not its size. F

As radio waves travel outward, they are effectively attenuated by the "spreading out" of
the wavefront. T

Reflection of plane waves off a smooth surface is called "specular" reflection. T

Radio waves can be reflected, but not diffracted.F

Ground waves can follow the curvature of the earth to travel over the horizon. T

At gigahertz frequencies, radio waves are absorbed by the ionosphere. F

Because of refraction in ionized layers of air, sky waves appear to "bounce" off the sky
and come back down to earth far from the source. T

It's possible for a radio signal to be detected 1000 miles from the transmitter but not
detected 500 miles from the transmitter. T

There is no effective way to compensate for fading. F

Because of diffraction, radio waves can sometimes "bend" around a corner.T

An antenna can have a gain specification greater than one.T

Ground waves are not reliable because they are affected by bad weather. F

An antenna is a passive device.T

Communication by "bouncing" radio signals off the ionization trails of meteors is

routinely done by some organizations. T

Marconi demonstrated the existence of radio-waves in 1887. F

Space waves work on a "line-of-sight" basis. T

A "point source" would be an isotropic radiator. T

Polarization is either vertical or horizontal. T

Radio waves were first predicted mathematically by:

- Maxwell

Radio waves were first demonstrated experimentally by:

- Hertz

The technology that made cell phones practical was:

- the microprocessor chip

Which of the following are electromagnetic

Radio waves

light

gamma waves

all given answer are possible

The electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave are:

- perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of travel

TEM stands for:

- Transverse Electromagnetic

In free space, radio waves travel at a speed of:

- 300 × 10^6 meters per second

Which is a possible polarization for an electromagnetic wave:

vertical

horizontal

circular

all given answer are correct

Which polarization can be reasonably well received by a circularly polarized antenna:

vertical

horizontal

circular

all given answer are possible

The number of circular polarization modes (directions) is:

- 2

An antenna has "gain" as compared to:

- an isotropic radiator

Ground waves are most effective:

 - below about 2 MHz

EIRP stands for:

- the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

Radio waves sometimes "bend" around a corner because of:

- Diffraction

Space waves are:

- line-of-sight

Sky waves:

- "bounce" off the ionosphere

Sky waves cannot be "heard":

- in the "skip" zone

A 20-dB reduction in the strength of a radio wave due to reflection is called:

fading

A "repeater" is used to:

- extend the range of a radio communications system

A certain dielectric has permittivity of 6. 3 × 10^–10 F/m and the same permeability as free space. What
is the characteristic impedance of that dielectric? *

- 45 ohms

The troposphere is the:

 - lowest layer of the atmosphere

If a point source of radio waves transmits 1 watt, what is the power density 10,000 meters from the
source?

- 796 pW/m^2

Meteor-trail propagation is:

- used to send data by radio

The "attenuation of free space" is due to:

- the decrease in energy per square meter due to expansion of the wavefront

What power must a point-source of radio waves transmit so that the power density at 3000 meters from
the source is 1 µW/ m^2? *

- 113 watts

Radio waves would most strongly reflect off:

- a flat metallic surface of the right size

If a radio receiver needs 1 nW/ m^2 of power density to function, how far away from a 1-watt point
source will it continue to work? *

- 8,900 m

Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means of

- space waves

A line-of-sight radio link over flat terrain needs to use antenna towers 50 km apart. What,
approximately, is the minimum height for the towers assuming all the towers are the same?

- 37 meters

Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the following range:

- UHF