JavaSript Advanced:

Here are full detailed notes on Advanced JavaScript Concepts, expanding on each topic with examples and key
explanations:

🔁 Higher-Order Functions
Definition: Functions that can take other functions as arguments, or return functions as results.

➤ Use Cases:

Abstracting behavior
Reusability

Functional programming patterns (map, filter, reduce)

➤ Example:

javascript

function greet(name) {
return `Hello, ${name}!`;
}

function processUserInput(callback) {
const name = "Alice";
console.log(callback(name));
}

processUserInput(greet); // Output: Hello, Alice!

➤ Common HOFs:

Array.prototype.map()

Array.prototype.filter()

Array.prototype.reduce()

🔒 Closures
Definition: A closure is a function that remembers its lexical scope, even when the function is executed outside of
that scope.

➤ Key Insight:

Functions retain access to variables from their outer function’s scope.

➤ Example:

javascript

function outerFunction() {
let counter = 0;
return function innerFunction() {
counter++;

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 return counter;
}
}

const increment = outerFunction();

console.log(increment()); // 1
console.log(increment()); // 2

➤ Uses:

Data privacy
Function factories
Memoization

🧬 Prototypes and Prototypal Inheritance

Definition: JavaScript uses prototypes to allow objects to inherit features from one another.

➤ Prototype Chain:

Every object has an internal link to another object called its prototype ([[Prototype]] or __proto__).

➤ Example:

javascript

function Person(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Person.prototype.sayHello = function() {
return `Hi, I'm ${this.name}`;
};

const person1 = new Person("John");

console.log(person1.sayHello()); // Hi, I'm John

➤ Inheritance:

javascript

function Employee(name, position) {

Person.call(this, name);
this.position = position;
}

Employee.prototype = Object.create(Person.prototype);
Employee.prototype.constructor = Employee;

⏳ Asynchronous JavaScript
➤ Why Use It?

To prevent blocking of the main thread and allow the browser to remain responsive.

➤ Methods:

1. Callbacks

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 javascript

setTimeout(() => {
console.log("Executed after 2 seconds");
}, 2000);

2. Promises

javascript

fetch("https://api.example.com")
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => console.log(data))
.catch(error => console.error(error));

3. Async/Await

javascript

async function fetchData() {

try {
let res = await fetch("https://api.example.com");
let data = await res.json();
console.log(data);
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
}

🚀 ES6 Features
➤ Arrow Functions:

javascript

const add = (a, b) => a + b;

➤ Template Literals:

javascript

const name = "Alice";

console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);

➤ Destructuring:

javascript

const user = { name: "Bob", age: 30 };

const { name, age } = user;

➤ Let and Const:

let: block-scoped, can be reassigned.

const: block-scoped, cannot be reassigned.

➤ Classes:

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 javascript

class Animal {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
speak() {
console.log(`${this.name} makes a noise.`);
}
}

📦 Modules (ES6 Modules)

Purpose: To organize code by separating it into reusable pieces.

➤ Exporting:

javascript

// file: math.js
export function add(a, b) {
return a + b;
}

➤ Importing:

javascript

// file: main.js
import { add } from './math.js';
console.log(add(2, 3));

➤ Types:

Named exports
Default exports

🛠️ Error Handling
➤ Try/Catch:

javascript

try {
let result = riskyOperation();
} catch (error) {
console.error("An error occurred:", error);
}

➤ Error Object:

Includes properties like name, message, and stack.

➤ Throwing Errors:

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 javascript

function divide(a, b) {
if (b === 0) throw new Error("Cannot divide by zero");
return a / b;
}

🌐 Web APIs
➤ DOM API:

javascript

document.getElementById("myDiv").innerText = "Hello!";

➤ Fetch API:

javascript

fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts")
.then(res => res.json())
.then(data => console.log(data));

➤ Web Storage API:

javascript

localStorage.setItem("user", JSON.stringify({ name: "Alice" }));

let user = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("user"));

🔄 Event Loop
Definition: Mechanism that handles execution of multiple chunks of code (callbacks, promises, etc.) in a non-
blocking manner.

➤ Call Stack + Web APIs + Callback Queue

➤ Example:

javascript

console.log("Start");

setTimeout(() => {
console.log("Timeout");
}, 0);

Promise.resolve().then(() => console.log("Promise"));

console.log("End");

➤ Output:

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 sql

Start
End
Promise
Timeout

✅ Summary Table:
Concept Key Benefit Common Use Case

Higher-order Functions Abstraction & flexibility map, filter, reduce

Closures Maintain state Private variables, factory functions

Prototypal Inheritance Object sharing and memory efficiency Reuse methods across instances

Async JavaScript Non-blocking operations API calls, UI responsiveness

ES6 Features Cleaner, more concise syntax Modern JavaScript coding

Modules Code organization and reuse Import/export in large projects

Error Handling Graceful failure management Input validation, API errors

Web APIs Browser interaction DOM manipulation, network requests

Event Loop Efficient async execution Managing multiple async tasks

Let me know if you'd like a printable PDF version or visual diagrams of any of these topics!

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