*****************closures:****************************8

function createCounter() {
let count = 0;

return {
increment: function() {
count++;
},
decrement: function() {
count--;
},
getCount: function() {
return count;
}
};
}

let counter = createCounter();

console.log(counter.getCount()); // Output: 0

counter.increment();
counter.increment();
counter.increment();

console.log(counter.getCount()); // Output: 3

counter.decrement();

console.log(counter.getCount()); // Output: 2

*************Types of errors***********

In JavaScript, errors can be broadly categorized into several types, and resolving
them typically involves understanding the specific error type and its cause. Here
are some common types of errors and how to resolve them:

1. **Syntax Errors:**
- Syntax errors occur when there is a mistake in the syntax of the code, such as
missing parentheses, semicolons, or incorrect keywords.
- To resolve syntax errors, carefully review the code and correct any typos or
syntax mistakes.

2. **Reference Errors:**
- Reference errors occur when trying to access a variable or function that is
not defined.
- To resolve reference errors, ensure that all variables and functions are
properly declared and defined before they are used.

3. **Type Errors:**
- Type errors occur when attempting an operation on a data type that is not
supported or when using a variable in an unexpected way.
- To resolve type errors, ensure that the correct data types are used for
operations and that variables are used in appropriate contexts.

4. **Range Errors:**
- Range errors occur when trying to manipulate an object with a value that is
not allowed, such as accessing an array element with an index outside the range of
the array.
 - To resolve range errors, ensure that the values used for object manipulation
are within the allowed range.

5. **Unhandled Promise Rejections:**

- Promise rejections occur when a Promise is rejected but no error handler is
attached to handle the rejection.
- To resolve unhandled promise rejections, attach a `.catch()` method to the
Promise or use `try...catch` blocks to handle errors.

6. **Network Errors:**
- Network errors occur when there is a problem with network requests, such as
timeouts or failed connections.
- To resolve network errors, check network connectivity, server status, and
ensure that the URL and request parameters are correct.

7. **Runtime Errors:**
- Runtime errors occur during the execution of the code, such as division by
zero, null pointer dereference, or stack overflow.
- To resolve runtime errors, carefully review the code logic and handle edge
cases to prevent unexpected behavior.

To effectively resolve errors, it's essential to use debugging tools like browser
developer tools, linters, and error monitoring services. Additionally, writing
clean and modular code with proper error handling can help prevent and resolve
errors more efficiently.

**************** Scope chain**************************

Certainly! The scope chain is crucial for understanding how JavaScript resolves
identifiers (variables and functions) within nested scopes. When you reference a
variable or a function in JavaScript, the interpreter searches for that identifier
within the current scope and then, if not found, continues up the scope chain until
it reaches the global scope.

let globalVar = 'I am global';

function outerFunction() {
let outerVar = 'I am outer';

function innerFunction() {
let innerVar = 'I am inner';
console.log(innerVar); // Output: "I am inner"
console.log(outerVar); // Output: "I am outer"
console.log(globalVar); // Output: "I am global"
}

innerFunction();
}

outerFunction();

********** Diff between arrow and normal functions ******************

Arrow functions (`=>`) and regular functions (`function` keyword) in JavaScript

have some differences in syntax and behavior:

1. **Syntax:**
 - Arrow functions have a more concise syntax compared to regular functions.
- Arrow functions do not have their own `this`, `arguments`, `super`, or
`new.target` bindings.
- Arrow functions cannot be used as constructors and cannot have `new.target`.

2. **`this` Binding:**
- In regular functions, `this` is determined by how the function is called:
- In a method call, `this` refers to the object that the method is called on.
- In a regular function call, `this` refers to the global object (in non-
strict mode) or `undefined` (in strict mode).
- In arrow functions, `this` lexically refers to the `this` value of the
enclosing context where the arrow function is defined. It does not have its own
`this` binding, so it retains the value of `this` from its surrounding code.

3. **Arguments Object:**
- Regular functions have an `arguments` object that contains all the arguments
passed to the function.
- Arrow functions do not have their own `arguments` object. Instead, they
inherit the `arguments` object from their containing function.

4. **Use of `return`:**
- Arrow functions allow an implicit return if the function body consists of a
single expression. For example:
```javascript
let add = (a, b) => a + b;
```
- Regular functions require an explicit `return` statement to return a value.

5. **Constructors:**
- Regular functions can be used as constructors with the `new` keyword to create
new objects.
- Arrow functions cannot be used as constructors and do not have a `prototype`
property.

6. **Binding of `this` in Methods:**

- In regular functions used as object methods, `this` is dynamically bound to
the object on which the method is called.
- In arrow functions used as object methods, `this` is lexically bound to the
enclosing scope, not to the object itself. This can lead to unexpected behavior if
the arrow function is used to define methods within an object.

In general, arrow functions are preferred for their concise syntax and lexical
scoping behavior, especially for non-method functions and callback functions.
However, regular functions are still useful in certain scenarios, such as when
defining object methods that require dynamic `this` binding or when creating
constructor functions.

****************IIFE********************************
(function(message) {
console.log(message);
})("Hello, world!");

********************* Async and Defer ****************

`async` and `defer` are attributes used with the `<script>` tag in HTML to control
the loading and execution of external JavaScript files. They are particularly
useful for improving the performance and behavior of web pages.
1. **`async` Attribute:**
- When the `async` attribute is added to a `<script>` tag, it tells the browser
to load the script asynchronously while continuing to parse the HTML document.
- Scripts with the `async` attribute are downloaded in parallel with other
resources, and they execute as soon as they are downloaded, without waiting for the
HTML parsing to complete.
- Use cases:
- Loading scripts that are not dependent on the document structure and can be
executed independently.
- Enhancing performance by fetching and executing scripts asynchronously,
reducing page load times.

Example:
```html
<script async src="script.js"></script>
```

2. **`defer` Attribute:**
- When the `defer` attribute is added to a `<script>` tag, it tells the browser
to defer the execution of the script until after the HTML document has been fully
parsed.
- Scripts with the `defer` attribute are downloaded in parallel with other
resources, but they are not executed until the HTML parsing is complete.
- Use cases:
- Ensuring that scripts execute in the order they appear in the document,
regardless of their position.
- Deferring the execution of scripts that rely on the document structure until
the HTML parsing is finished.

Example:
```html
<script defer src="script.js"></script>
```

3. **Comparison:**
- Both `async` and `defer` improve page loading performance by allowing scripts
to be downloaded asynchronously while HTML parsing continues.
- The key difference is the timing of script execution:
- Scripts with `async` are executed as soon as they are downloaded,
potentially before the HTML parsing is complete.
- Scripts with `defer` are executed after the HTML parsing is complete, but
before the `DOMContentLoaded` event fires.

In summary, `async` and `defer` are valuable tools for optimizing the loading and
execution of JavaScript files in web pages. Choosing between them depends on the
specific requirements of the scripts being loaded and their dependencies on the
document structure.

********** Moduling concept in JS***************

ES6 modules are the native module system introduced in ECMAScript 2015 (ES6). They
provide a standardized way to organize and share code in JavaScript applications.
ES6 modules use the `import` and `export` keywords to define dependencies between
modules.

Here's how you can use ES6 modules with vanilla JavaScript:

1. **Creating Modules:**
- To create a module, you typically define variables, functions, or classes
within a JavaScript file. Then, use the `export` keyword to export them for use in
other modules.

```javascript
// myModule.js
export const myFunction = () => {
return "Hello from myFunction!";
};

export const myVariable = "Hello from myVariable!";

```

2. **Importing Modules:**
- To use functionality from another module, use the `import` keyword followed by
the module path and/or exported names.

```javascript
// main.js
import { myFunction, myVariable } from './myModule.js';

console.log(myFunction()); // Output: "Hello from myFunction!"

console.log(myVariable); // Output: "Hello from myVariable!"
```

3. **Default Exports:**
- You can also export a default value from a module using the `export default`
syntax. This is useful for exporting a single value or function from a module.

```javascript
// myModule.js
const myFunction = () => {
return "Hello from myFunction!";
};

export default myFunction;

```

```javascript
// main.js
import myFunction from './myModule.js';

console.log(myFunction()); // Output: "Hello from myFunction!"

```

4. **Browser Support:**
- Most modern browsers support ES6 modules natively. However, to use them in
older browsers or environments like Node.js, you may need to use a module bundler
like Webpack or Rollup.js, which can bundle your modules into a single file that is
compatible with older environments.

5. **HTML Integration:**
- To use ES6 modules in a web page, include the `type="module"` attribute in the
`<script>` tag.

```html
<!-- index.html -->
<script type="module" src="main.js"></script>
```

6. **CORS Policy:**
- When working with ES6 modules, be aware of the CORS (Cross-Origin Resource
Sharing) policy. Modules are subject to CORS restrictions, meaning they must be
served from the same origin (domain, protocol, and port) as the HTML file unless
CORS headers are configured on the server.

ES6 modules provide a powerful way to organize and share code in JavaScript
applications. They offer benefits like encapsulation, explicit dependencies, and
better code organization. When used with a module bundler, ES6 modules can be a key
part of building modern, scalable web applications.